What Is Broadband?

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What is Broadband? FCC’s Definition of broadband: The term broadband commonly refers to high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access. As part of its 2015 Broadband Progress Report, the Federal Communications Commission has voted to change the definition of broadband by raising the minimum download speeds needed from 4Mbps to 25Mbps, and the minimum upload speed from 1Mbps to 3Mbps Internet Speeds Explained One thing to consider when comparing Internet service providers is the speed of the Internet. A number of abbreviations are used when explaining Internet speeds. The slowest is Kbps, or kilobits per second. The bit is the smallest measurement of information and was used by mobile carriers until speeds got faster. A kilobit is 1,000 bits. The average dial-up modem operates at a maximum of 56 Kbps, however its speed is more often between 40 to 50 Kbps. Next up is KB/s or kilobytes per second. A byte is made up of eight bits, and bytes are often the measurement used for files on a computer. An average image on the web is around 1,000 KB, and would take around 2 minutes and 22 seconds to download on a dial-up modem running at maximum speeds. Just like 1,000 bits make a kilobit, 1,000 kilobits make a megabit. The speed of megabits is called Mbps, or megabits per second. MB/s stands for megabytes per second. A megabyte is made up of 1,000 megabits, and is the unit of measurement for larger files. A typical MP3 is around 4MB and would take 1 second to download on a more modern Internet speed of 25.6 megabits per second. The next level is Gbps, or gigabits per second. A gigabit is made up of 125 megabytes. The fastest commercial Internet speeds are currently measured in gigabits per second, such as the service provided in Minneapolis, which offers a whopping 10 Gbps. The speed rate of 10 Gbps basically means that users will be able to download their favorite flicks in under a second, according to US Internet. .

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Solutions to Chapter 3
Solutions to Chapter 3 1. Suppose the size of an uncompressed text file is 1 megabyte. Solutions follow questions: [4 marks – 1 mark each for a & b, 2 marks c] a. How long does it take to download the file over a 32 kilobit/second modem? T32k = 8 (1024) (1024) / 32000 = 262.144 seconds b. How long does it take to take to download the file over a 1 megabit/second modem? 6 T1M = 8 (1024) (1024) bits / 1x10 bits/sec = 8.38 seconds c. Suppose data compression is applied to the text file. How much do the transmission times in parts (a) and (b) change? If we assume a maximum compression ratio of 1:6, then we have the following times for the 32 kilobit and 1 megabit lines respectively: T32k = 8 (1024) (1024) / (32000 x 6) = 43.69 sec 6 T1M = 8 (1024) (1024) / (1x10 x 6) = 1.4 sec 2. A scanner has a resolution of 600 x 600 pixels/square inch. How many bits are produced by an 8-inch x 10-inch image if scanning uses 8 bits/pixel? 24 bits/pixel? [3 marks – 1 mark for pixels per picture, 1 marks each representation] Solution: The number of pixels is 600x600x8x10 = 28.8x106 pixels per picture. With 8 bits/pixel representation, we have: 28.8x106 x 8 = 230.4 Mbits per picture. With 24 bits/pixel representation, we have: 28.8x106 x 24 = 691.2 Mbits per picture. 6. Suppose a storage device has a capacity of 1 gigabyte. How many 1-minute songs can the device hold using conventional CD format? using MP3 coding? [4 marks – 2 marks each] Solution: A stereo CD signal has a bit rate of 1.4 megabits per second, or 84 megabits per minute, which is approximately 10 megabytes per minute.
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