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CHURCH HISTORY LITERACY Lesson 91 Chinese Missions – The Christian Faith Goes East China is home to 1.3 billion people, the most populated country on the globe. Have you ever wondered how many Christians are there? The estimates vary, but seem to be somewhere between at least 20 million and perhaps as many as 100 million.1 Where did all those Christians come from, especially in a communist country? The answers to those questions come from stories of church history, many that we know, and many more lost to the pages of history. We will look at a general narrative overview of China and Christianity, and then probe the stories of three key individuals in the development of Chinese Christianity today. Through these stories, we find that God has worked through human difficulties and frailties, politically and personally, to bring growth to his Church. It is important that we realize that while these stories center on China, there are similar stories that would apply to the others countries of Asia, Africa, and the world. Since Jesus commissioned his apostles to “Go into all the world and preach the good news to all creation” (Mark 16:15), the church has worked toward that end. The net result is a faith that is spreading around the globe, validating the word of God that through the seed of Abraham, “all the nations of the earth shall be blessed” (Gen 18:18; Gal. 3:8). Today, we see the work of God in China. CHINA – CHRISTIAN OVERVIEW Ruth Tucker, a Missions Professor at Calvin Theological Seminary, gives four stages of Christianity’s arrival into China. First, the Nestorian heretics that were exiled from the Byzantine Empire (see lessons 31 and 32) came into China from Persia in the 600’s. The Nestorians kept a presence in China until the 1300’s. The second stage of Christian mission work in China came from the Roman Catholic Church with a Franciscan monk in 1293, who ultimately had a church of 6,000 in Peking. Persecution ended that work very soon. The third stage was a return of Roman Catholics in the 1500’s through the efforts of Jesuits. This Catholic effort has stayed continuously, and today the number of Catholics in China number around 12 million today.2 The final stage of mission work in China came with the 1 Ecumenical News International, 14 September 2005, Just how many Christians and Communists are there in China?, http://www.eni.ch/articles/display.shtml?05-0691. 2 Ibid. Biblical-literacy.com © Copyright 2007 by W. Mark Lanier. Permission hereby granted to reprint this document in its entirety without change, with reference given, and not for financial profit. Protestant efforts that started in the early 1800’s.3 We will concentrate this class on personalities in the Protestant effort. ROBERT MORRISON The Protestant efforts in the early 1800’s started with the Presbyterian Robert Morrison. Born in England in 1782, Morrison developed an interest in missions from a young age. He decided that as long as his mother lived, he would stay near her and once she passed away, enter foreign missions. Morrison’s mother died when he was 20 years old. As Morrison contemplated where to serve as a missionary, he did so prayerfully. His prayer had been that God would station him in the most difficult area with the largest obstacles to success. Ultimately, Morrison decided that China was his mission field and he left for China in 1807. On his journey to China, the ship’s captain asked Morrison whether he expected to make an impression on the idolatrous Chinese. Morrison was noted to respond, “No, sir, but I expect God will.”4 Morrison arrived to a tough situation. He was under the oversight of the East India Company, which prohibited any religious outreach. While learning the language, Morrison set to writing a Chinese English dictionary as well as translating the Bible. The dictionary was impressive to the East India Company, and they hired him as a translator. Morrison made his translation of the Bible in secret, in light of the Company’s strict prohibition on evangelism. Once Morrison was done, company officials ordered Morrison’s dismissal. Morrison’s immediate supervisors, however, never carried out the dismissal. Morrison went through health problems, emotional problems (bouts of depression), and family problems. He died at the young age of 52 while still in the mission field. Although Morrison served 27 years in China, he could count only 10 conversions from his efforts. English were not well received in China at the time. The Chinese Emperor struggled with the opium trade finding it destructive to his people. The East India Company was a key player in the trade buying the opium in India and selling it in China for good profits. The Emperor finally banned opium in the 1830’s, and the British went to war over it (appropriately termed, “The Opium War”). The war ended with China giving England Hong 3 Tucker, Ruth, From Jerusalem to Irian Jaya (Zondervan 2004) at 176-177. 4 Eddy, Sherwood, Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade (Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1945) at 34. 2 Kong and use of five coastal ports. The Chinese identified many missionaries as a part of the opium trade, and there was a long resentment that fostered in the Chinese over the issue. Although Morrison had few converts, he is still reckoned as a key figure in Chinese missions for two reasons. First, his Bible translation opened the door for many others to preach effectively. Second, while on furlough in England for two years (1824-1826), Morrison went around and urged Christians to go to China for mission work. He especially worked hard to see that unattached women consider going to convert the Chinese women. Among the handful of conversions Morrison counted was a Chinese man named Liang Afa. Afa was a devout Buddhist printer that Morrison used to print Scripture. After reading and printing large portions of the Bible, Afa came to faith. Afa himself started writing Christian works and publishing his own material. Chinese officials arrested Afa, confiscated his house, and burned all his printing equipment. Afa never wavered in his faith. He worked to convert his family and then spent the rest of his life trying to teach all Chinese about Christ. Afa was repeatedly beat up, imprisoned, and persecuted for his active ministry, but he remained ever faithful, seeing multitudes converted to faith. J. HUDSON TAYLOR Hudson Taylor is considered “one of the greatest names in mission among evangelical circles.”5 Taylor was dedicated to God by his mother before he was actually born. The family was devout Methodists living in England when Taylor was born on May 21, 1832. Taylor decided as a young man that when he grew up, he wished to serve as a missionary in China. Taylor was just 21 when he sailed for China, having studied medicine briefly before leaving. Once in China, things were rough on Taylor. His support was not coming as promised, and the locals were not receiving his mission efforts as much as he wished. Taylor’s solution was two-fold. First, he opted to change his appearance to that of the locals. He wore Chinese clothes, died his hair, and grew it out to put into a pigtail. Second, Taylor decided to leave the safe coastal towns and head inland into the heart of China. The inland China mission efforts came out of a furlough back to England. Taylor got noticeably upset attending a worship service where hundreds of smug Christians were content in their worship ignorant of the 400 million Chinese at the 5 Anderson, et al., editors, Mission Legacies: Biographical Studies of Leaders of the Modern Missionary Movement (Orbis Books 1994) at 197. 3 time that had no idea who Jesus was. Taylor organized a group of people to return with him and evangelize the heart of China. Taylor was gifted as an administrator and organizer. His group formed an organization known as the “China Inland Mission,” a group still around today!6 Today, the organization has over 30,000 missionaries active all over the world. Although raised Methodist, Taylor was non-denominational in his mission work. When he was not in the mission field, Taylor was touring the world to gather people and support for the mission efforts. He spoke to and pleaded with people from all denominations to support their respective missionaries and seek to change the world for Christ.7 On a personal level, Taylor was marked by his humility. Before he spoke to a church in Australia, Taylor was introduced as “our illustrious guest.” Taylor started by saying, “Dear friends, I am the little servant of an illustrious Master.”8 Taylor’s courtship of Maria Dyer is worth a mention. Maria was orphaned from missionary parents in China and sent to England to live under a relative’s care. As a late teen, Maria returned to China to teach in one of the missionary schools (run by one of the “single ladies” that Morrison had convinced to enter the mission field!). Taylor was entranced with Maria and proposed to her by letter. The head of the school considered the pig-tailed, hair dyed, missionary too unworthy of Maria and instructed Maria to refuse the offer. Taylor kept secretly wooing Maria and some suggested that things might be different if Taylor would return to England and finish his formal education. Evidently, Taylor might then be deemed “worthy” of Maria. Maria’s response put an interesting twist on whether he would become worthy by leaving the mission field to finish his education.
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