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Missionary Life Writing: Constructing a Self – Denied

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Missionary Life Writing: Constructing a Self – Denied Missionary life writing: constructing a self – denied. Mary Jennifer Brooks Bachelor of Arts (Hons) Australian Catholic University School of Arts Faculty of Education and Arts A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Declaration This thesis contains no material that has been extracted in whole or in part from a thesis that I have submitted towards the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. ……………………………………… i Statement of Appreciation I owe a debt of thanks to many people who have made this thesis possible. Firstly, I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Dr Marguerite Nolan, for her abiding patience, encouragement and intellectual insight. Many conversations with her have helped to clarify my thinking and point me in new directions, and with her level of investment in my work I have not felt alone. Above all, she has been an inspiring example to follow. I would also like to thank Professor Shurlee Swain, my co-supervisor, for her eminently sage advice and encouragement, as well as my associate-supervisor until recently, Dr Fiona Davis, whose keen eye for detail has been greatly appreciated. The recent addition of Dr Margaret Hutchison has been an added source of advice and encouragement that has made this journey worthwhile. In addition, I would like to thank Associate Professor Simon Ryan for his early encouragement and guidance. My colleagues in the ACU Postgraduates Association have been an ongoing source of moral and practical support and I thank them for experiencing the journey with me. Finally, I wish to thank my family, without whom I could not have continued this far. My mother, Olive Davies, who at the age of ninety-eight, having given me life-long loving support, has thankfully lived to see me finish my thesis. My daughters, Rachael and Carly, have steadfastly encouraged me to keep on, offered help in innumerable ways, and always been a loving source of cheer. I also thank my son-in-law Greg, and my three grandchildren Esther, Scarlett and Asher, who have never known a time when I haven’t been working on my “big project”, but whose hugs have always restored my spirit. And last of all my husband David, who has been a rock of support throughout the writing of this thesis. He has celebrated with me all of my milestones, endured my long hours, and created a patient and loving environment in which to work. It is to him I owe my greatest debt. ii Abbreviations BMS Baptist Missionary Society CIM China Inland Mission CMS Church Missionary Society LMS London Missionary Society iii Table of Contents List of Illustrations ................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ............................................................................................................................... ix Missionary life writing: constructing a self – denied. ............................................................... ix Aims and methods ........................................................................................................................................ xiv Positioning the Research ............................................................................................................................. xvii Thesis Outline .............................................................................................................................................. xxi Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 1 The Missionary Awakening and the Fall of the Qing Empire ................................................... 1 “A conjunction of crises”: from Empire to Republic ...................................................................................... 1 The Missionary Incursion and Literary Conversion ........................................................................................ 4 Grassroots Diffusion versus Liberalised Concentration .................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 13 Missionary Publishing and Life Writing .................................................................................. 13 The Foundations............................................................................................................................................ 13 The Culture – the Community ...................................................................................................................... 17 Print Evangelism and the World ................................................................................................................... 20 The Tract ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Missionary Narratives ................................................................................................................................... 24 Missionary Autobiography: Evangelical Narrative ....................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 37 Missionary Persona .................................................................................................................. 37 Dramatis personae ......................................................................................................................................... 38 From saints to adventurers: the press and a century of archetypes ............................................................... 38 Missionary masculinity ................................................................................................................................. 42 Family values ................................................................................................................................................ 45 Missionary Femininity .................................................................................................................................. 49 Testimonies of strangerhood and the narrative of conversion ....................................................................... 55 The evangelical self: life as text .................................................................................................................... 57 Imperialism, missionaries and encountering the Other ................................................................................. 58 Constructing the Other .................................................................................................................................. 60 The Inscrutable Other.................................................................................................................................... 61 The unintelligible Other ................................................................................................................................ 65 iv Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................. 71 Cultural Ambivalence: The Dilemma of Identification ............................................................ 71 PART I ...............................................................................................................................................71 “All things to all men” .................................................................................................................................. 72 Dressing the message – two ways ................................................................................................................. 75 Griffith John ................................................................................................................................................. 77 John Macgowan ............................................................................................................................................ 79 Timothy Richard ........................................................................................................................................... 83 James Hudson Taylor ................................................................................................................................... 87 James Gilmour .............................................................................................................................................. 89 Samuel Pollard .............................................................................................................................................. 93 PART II ..............................................................................................................................................95 Imperial insulation: identification by proxy ................................................................................................. 95 Grassroots ambivalence:
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