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REDISCOVERING WOMEN IN THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE TEA CULTURE, FROM EDO TO MEIJI

By Rebecca Corbett

PhD

The University of Sydney

2009

This thesis meets the requirements of submission for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy at the University of Sydney REDISCOVERING WOMEN IN THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE TEA CULTURE, FROM EDO TO MEIJI

Table of Contents: Volume II

Table of Contents: Volume 11 ...... 1 Bibliography ...... 2 Appendix A: Women in the Horinouchi School's Record of New Students .. 35 Appendix B: Women in the Yabunouchi School's Record of New Students.38 Appendix C: ...... 40 Titles and descriptions of Female Attendants serving the Shogun ...... 40 Income of Female Attendants serving the 13th Shogun, Tokugawa lesada (1850s) ...... 42 Glossary of Japanese Words ...... 45 Glossary of Names ...... 54 2

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Appendix A

Women in the Horinouchi School's Record of New Students

rm P'J r~ A~J

The Horinouchi (~ 1"'1) school, which is a branch school of Omotesenke, is the only one tea school to date to have published their official register of students. 1 The record starts from 1816 and lists the name of each student next to the date on which they were registered. Sometimes it was indicated that a student was a woman below their name by the character .k (onna woman) and information about their family and place of residence was also occasionally provided. This table lists the information for each of the ten women recorded. The women were not segregated in a different section of the records, they were listed alongside male students according to the date on which they were registered. Here, though, for convenience sake, only the women are listed.

Jt~8~ 1825/ 12/J 3

12~1313

!l!f:ft:!:?X~1fip;j Mistress ofNomura Taiji ** Sakae (Woman)

~ 1825/12/13

Jf#:i:~~-­ Wife ofNomura Taiji •* Tsuru (Woman)

Jt~l2 1829/ 10/1

~ (~lOJl~S) 1iHLJ t.l v' Toyama Nui

1 Horinouchi-ke monjinroku, reprinted in full in Geinoji KenkyOkai {ed), Nilron slromin bunko slriryti sluisei, volume ten: Suki, (Tokyo: San-ichi, 1976), pp. 715-730. 36

IPJ 1829/ 10/ 1 IPJ""t;t Toyama Sue

)(~13~ 1830/12/3 IPJ <+= JJ :::... S)

IPJ (~I!JJJ:) Nagoya lf~~~ llishiya Sato

:7(-f* = ~ 1831/9/ J

:h.JJ~S

~I!J~;;fi:IBT-t: T I3 Nagoya honmachi nana-chome f51l~D~ Kikyoya Hisa

:.R-f*+ = ~ J 841 / 12 IPJJJ <+= JJ) i«i lill llifhl.J Bizen, Okayama

3:tJJ ... :fi~ Tsujiko Yutaka (Woman)

~71< -=- ~ 1850/ l/21 IEJJi:t-- S l!I-Jit~P'i Of the Konoe Family *•~ lwase (Woman)

IPJ jj IPJ s 1850/ 1121 llil.P'i Of the same, ie: Konoe, family m ~ Kaji (Woman) BMQ4S BP!4SO A ,::mpOJ1UI (UBWOM.) 010.1 OlOW!JOJI\.[

!J4SU!4S

'BP!I jO 'gmqBS O}OWO!JOW JO ::>J!M. ¥~~r=::!f!~3tEEI Nil#~}

~~+l-ff:IT 92:/ I/ IS8I =lrfiil>ff'l

L£ 38

Appendix B

Women in the Yabunouchi School's Record of New Students

liX~r~A•1

This is private document belonging to the Yabunouchi (~rAJ) school. Tani Akira of Nomura Bijutsukan, Kyoto has a copy, made available to him by the iemoto of the Yabunouchi school. 1 viewed this copy at Nomura Bijutsukan with the permission of Tani Akira on the 3rd of July, 2006 and again on the 11th of July, 2006. It covers the period from I 802 to 1891, but the entries are not systematic or regular. In this record the following eight women are listed. Sometimes it was indicated that they were a woman below their name by the character 9: (onna woman). The women were not segregated in a different section of the records, they were listed alongside male students according to the date on which they were registered. Here, though, for convenience sake, only the women are listed and they have been put into chronological order, though they were not in the original.

5.&1~ 2 ~ 1845/6/15 6)=!1513

;p}]j{~-1- Ihara H ideko

5.&1~ 3~ I 846/ 11116 11}]1613 fiil}]j{=f~-1- Kawahara Chirnoko

~71<6~ 1853/ 3/4 3)=! 4 13 ~ EE t~ tJ-:.-J;:. Yokota Takajo 39

:9:~6~ 1859/3/16

3~16f3 *fEBLI -:9: Hayashida Taka (Woman)

:9:~ 6~ 1859/3/16

3~16f3 JitEBlt -:9: Takeda Kazu (Woman)

~fu2~ 1869/ 1

JE~ lit r-kJ iP T -:9: Takeuchi Kasu (Woman)

~ ff:j 6~ J87311 1

1 1 ~

ft!-Thld~ -=f Tanegashima Nobuko

~ff:j 6~ 1873/ll

1 1 ~

IRJj:f:~~-=f Mukaishi Urneko 40

Appendix C: Titles and descriptions of Female Attendants serving the Shogun. 2

J:.Jlt'H~ {f.~ j6r6 otoshiyori Ladies-in-waiting. The top position in the Inner Quarters. Many of these women came from court aristocratic families in Kyoto. ;J' J:.JJIJ koj6r6 Apprentice ladies-in-waiting. Mostly young girls from the age of ten up. {i!J{f.f,f otoshiyori The most powerful position in the Inner Quarters. These women were in charge of everything within the quarters and were said to rival the members ofthe Shogun's council of elders (r6jii). 1~~r.t~ okyaku 616 This position was generally held by women from the three branch families of the

Tokugawa or other daimy6 families. I rp{f-~ chz'jdoshiyori Acted as a deputy for the otoshiyori attached to the Shogun's wife (midaidokoro). These I women were in charge of her daily affairs. 1~ r:p Jjf,$ ochur6 Personally assisted the Shogun and his wife. The Shogun's concubines came from this group. {i!J;Jvi''J: okosh6 Maids to the Shogun's wife. Usually girls from the age of 7 or 8 up until 15 or 16. 1~tE 1-l oj6guchi In charge of the area between the 6-oku and the chii-oku, known as the upperj6~uchi. ~1se: omotezukai In charge of diplomacy within the Inner Quarters and the area between the Shogun's wife's quarters (goren) and the accounts and internal affairs section (hir6shiki) of the Inner Quarters, known as the lower j6guchi. They also administered the shopping for the Inner Quarters, acting on the instructions of the otoshiyori. m~m go yiihitsu Inspected the items for presentation from three branch families of the Tokugawa or other daimy6 before sending them to the otoshiyori. ~fj,: otsugu Responsible for carrying the utensils and items for presentation, cleaning the interview/meeting area. 1i!JW-l'Fi!i okittegaki Kept account of the people who came and

2 Translated from Hata, Hisako, Oku jochu monogarari, (Tokyo: K&lansha, 2001 ), p. 65. Citing Fuka1 Masaumi, Zukai: £do-j6 o yomtt (Tokyo: HarashobO, 1997). See also Takayanagi Kaneyoshi, £do j6 6 -okttno seikatsu (Tokyo: YOzankaku, 1965), pp. 14-20. 41

went from the nanatsuguchi boundary between the accounts and internal affairs section and the attendants rooms (naga tsubone). For example, the parents or servants of the female attendants. ~ill fJJo .IJj "i: otogi bOzu Women of around the age of fifty who had taken the tonsure, they were attached to the Shogun for doing odd jobs. When the Shogun stayed in the oku, they communicated with and attended on the midaidokoro and concubines. ~~&Zfp~ gofuku noma In charge of sewing the Shogun and midaidokoro's clothing. i~JAJ~~ ohiro zashiki Worked underneath the omotezukai and when women of daimy6 families went to the castle they assisted in the dining area. itll:::. :.z lh1 osan noma Responsible for the cleaning of the rooms of the court ladies above the position of gosan no rna and did odd jobs for the otoshiyori, okyaku 616, nakadoshiyori and the ~o chiir6. 1tllf~,@ onakai In attendance in the dining area and in charge of cooking the menu. j(:;Z_{H: ohi no ban ln charge of watching the fire for all the court ladies' and female attendants' rooms day and night. 1t!J~O)IMJ ocha noma Supplied the hot water and tea during the midaidokoro's meals. 111l~m: otsukaiban In attendance in the banheya room and administered the opening and closing of the area known as the lower joguchi, on the boundary of the accounts and internal affairs section. ~{fp~"f ohanshita Maids who did odd jobs and cleaning. 42

1 Income of Female Attendants serving the 13 h Shogun, Tokugawa Iesada (1850s).3

Position Rice Money Rice Fagots Coal Fi rewood Oi l Money ·5 and kokz/ f}'O people bundles bags bundle morning/ for Number t;TJ;K r'l )J~ ~t.-i' tJr I:R rCi:Z* night incidental of People :{i ~ )\ f& illJ items 11t!fl/ momme l * * 6 fl~:& hu

Ji~~

H/71 I J:~il~{f 50 60 10 20 15 201 15 I I I 200 I I I

'1~ •fT jon) otoshiyori 3 tl-l~ 40 40 5 15 10 17/13 I I I 200 kojor6 I ~WiT'* 50 60 10 20 15 20/15 I I I 200 I I otoshiyori 4 iW~~t~ 25 40 5 10 6 1019 124 12 o/..yoku oto 4 1W rp JJSJ 20 40 4 10 6 10/9 124 / 2 ocluiro 7 ~tiJ.J 20 30 5 10 6 1019 124 12 ojoguchi 4 ~{)!! 12 30 3 10 6 7 I I 124 I 2 I i

3 Translated and adapted from Hata. Hisako, Okujochu monogatari. (Tokyo: Kodansha, 2001 ). p. 67 C it ing Matsuo Mieko, 'Edo bakufu JOChu bungencho ni tsuite'. Gakushuin Joshi Tanki Daigaku kiyo, no. 30 ( 1992). • I koku = 180.39 litrcs ~ I ryli = 15 grams of gold, equivalent to 4000 mo11 in copper coins. 60 momme. or four bu of silver. ~ I mom me = 37.5 grams of silver, I bu = 375 grams of silver. 43 go yfihir.w 6 ~$JE 11 :1'1' 8 30 3 8 4 6 I 100 ojoguchi suke 3 tt~~ 8 25 3 8 4 6 I 100 orsugi 13 U4J l;JJ"f~ .!t 8 20 3 8 4 6 I 100 okittegaki 1 11llft~zrn9 8 30 3 8 3 6 I 100 liJi gofuku 110 ma gashira I fi~-=.Zfn9 8 25 3 8 4 6 I 100 l1Ji osanno ma gash ira I ~MIJIJJ;Jj£ 8 20 3 8 3 6 I 100 orogi bO::u 4 mn~zrJl, 8 20 3 8 3 6 I 100 gofuku 110 ma 9 fiV]kJ¥.~ 5 15 2 7 3 5 I 70 o hiro zashiki 12 f1ll_zrn9 5 15 2 7 3 5 I 70 osan 110 ma 15 f~J*Ji.lt 5 7 2 6 2 5 I 70 osuegashi ra 5 f3"4Jcp)i!;·f1lJ 5 7 2 6 2 5 0 I I 50 1~J.!r4}i9! ;fif!lft onakai kaku rsukaiban suke 8 S£ Dl!lfSLIOlfO l l l/1 I 0 l [ I l v .:4 71 ;- 00 l l uoq!nytmo Sl l/1 I 0 l ( I s t> ~ !H~! Ol uoq.tvl(llS/ 111(01( uoq OLI !1(0 OS I I 0 s l 9 l L s :W~ ¥ 45

Glossary of Japanese Words

abura (711J oil) agari (J: goal square on a sugoroku) amamonzeki (Jt:, P9 fftJ)i Imperial convents) arnayaki {Jt!JJf nun ware) bijin ( fk A beautiful women) bu ()1- 375 grams of silver) bunraku or j6ruri C:5c~~ / rP-Ififfil~ puppet theatre) ch 'inlshichigenkin ( t~z~ a seven stringed Chinese musical instrument similar to a Japanese koto) chaire (~ }\ ceramic tea caddy) chaire bon (Jft)\1£. tray for a ceramic tea caddy) chakai (~~ tea gathering) chakaiki (~ ~itc record of a tea gathering) chakin (~ 111 a linen cloth used to wipe tea bowls) chanoyu (~O)l~ literally 'hot water for tea', this is the general term for the cultural practice of making and serving powdered green tea) chasen (1f.;~ whisk) chashaku (1f.; +9 tea scoop) chawan (1f.;Wi! tea bowl) chikoku hei tenka (iiii~ 'JZ..::R~ state govemance) ch6h6ki (n'Ei:£: ~C. treasury) chonin (IHJ .A urban commoner) 46

chz~gen (frl1111 footman)

daimy6 (X~ domain lord)

daimyo-cha (.k~ ~ warrior style of tea)

daisu (1:1-T utensil stands)

date kurabe (f)t)2IT_ljtr-:=: fashion contests)

dekawarimono (Wf~-f]· hired servants)

dokuza kannen (~!hJ~rtJL£ sitting alone in meditation)

e-sugoroku <*i; ~ /--'-;;, pictorial sugoroku) fuchi (~t--!f stipend calculated according to units of people, ie: the ration of rice deemed necessary to support one person) fudai daimy6 (im-{'t.k~ hereditary daimyo whose ancestors supported Tokugawa leyasu before the battle of Sekigahara) jiJdaimono (ir1H't::fi· hereditary servants) fuk6 (1~~ unfilial) ji1kusa ( llHfJ; silk cloth used to wipe utensils in temae)

Jurisode (tiHU!long sleeved kimono)

Juro (J!ll\~ brazier also denotes the summer season in tea when this is used) fusuma (~ sliding screens)

Juteisetsu ( 1'ftJni infidelity/disloyalty to one's spouse)

geimei (~~ artistic names)

gidayu (~)\:jc a form of ballad chanting)

go (~ board game of capturing territory, similar in strategy to chess)

gomei (1tEP~ poetic name)

gosai gin (3i~~ money for incidentals)

goten (1tEP~ mansion) 47

gotoku (3i~ tripod for the kettle) goza (~~ rebuilding of the charcoal) haikai W!:~t linked verse style of poetry using seventeen syllables) hanaire U~A flower vase) hashitame (~~ k servant girl) hatamoto (h1t;;$: direct shogunal retainer)

hayashi (~-T orchestral music such as accompanies the no theatre) hentaigana ( ~{-$:{&~ phonetic, cursive script) hiden (W1ii secret traditions)

hin (JlP social position)

hina d6gu (~till ~ dolls utensils)

hirademae ('Ji.,~M plain or basic tea making procedure)

hishaku (:Wif-J ladle)

ichigo, ichie c-WI-:22 one time, one meeting)

ie <* household)

iemoto <*5C head of the school and family)

iemoto seido <*;c1!J1Jflt iemoto system - A pyramid like system with the iemoto at the top possessing absolute authority and transmitting complete knowledge of rituals, procedures and forms to only one disciple, the next iemoto. This limited the potential for new schools to be established but allowed for continuing growth in the student base of the school. It was developed in the eighteenth century. Previously, it had been common for tea masters to transmit complete knowledge to several disciples, which had naturally led to the dispersal of knowledge to an even wider group of practitioners. )

ikebana e.t:t~ flower arrangement)

itsutsu gasane (3i --:>]fit;). five layered kimono worn by elite women in the Edo period) jiku (!lilb hanging scroll) 48

jochu (~ cp female attendants. It could also just mean 'woman' in the Edo period depending on the context.)

Jodo shinshu (t'.P ±.n::.¥- Shin sect of Pure Land Buddhism)

Jodo sin~ (t'ft :L:.m Pure Land sect ofBuddhism) jokun/jokunsho (.tdJ!I/ kwll 1;!i guides for women's edification)

}oro otoshiyori (l:HFJ1~if::f.t ladies-in-waiting) jomri (i$-FroM a form of ballad chanting) josho/nyosho (9: ~women's books) kabuki ($\~{1( kabuki theatre) kai-awase (!~-g-;b-tt shells used in a matching game) kaidori (iJ'I.t' t:.• I) a kind of uchikake worn by lower ranking court officials and samurai women) kaiseki ct~1i the meal served in a tea gathering)

kama(~ kettle)

kamuro (~ a courtesan's young attendant) kana-majiribun ({&~ ~ C:.IJ X writing with a mixture of Chinese and phonetic characters) kanbun (i~X classical Chinese) kansei (!¥H?i sensitivity) kashihonya ();.t/ts:~ lending libraries) katei <*J~ home) kemari (ij[~ kickball) kinmo zui (tiJII~~m illustrated encyclopaedia) kirimai (1;/J* stipend paid in units of rice) kodo (~ill incense appreciation) 49

k6g6 (~-g. incense container) koicha (~~ a bowl of powdered green tea which has been whisked to a thick, vtscous, consistency) koku (..fi 180.30 litrcs [ofrice]) konrei dogu (~iHLi.UJl.- bridal trousseau) k61yoku gane (~1J<(,: money) kosho ('J,!tt page/secretary) kuchi-kiri ( !=li;IJ opening the new jar of tea for the year) kuge (~~*court aristocracy) kyogen (51:"§ comic theatre) machi (Jllf ward) makie daisu (iiJi:k:i'iil -7- lacquer-ware utensil stands) manju <* lv t::.~P ? steamed bun with filling) matcha (i~ii~ powdered green tea) mibzmsei (f.l')J-jtiJ official status system) miyazukae ('.';.; 11: ;t service at court or in an elite household) mizukoshi (A< ill L water filter) mizusashi (Jklli' cold water jar) moga ( .:::C jj modem girl) momme C:ic 8 37.5 grams of silver) monjinroku (P9 .AiR register of students) nakadachi (ll 1 :ft i? a break or intermission in the tea gathering during which time the guests retire from the tearoom to a waiting area and the host prepares the room for the next serving of tea) natsume (ifi tea caddy) 50

no (tili no theatre) nyobo (J;:JiJ wife/female attendant at court)

6-oku (X~ the inner quarters of the shogun's palace) ocha (:f-J* tea) ocha-no-ma (iMJ~O)I1lJ The Tea Room) ohanshita (1jp2~ r maids) oiran C/t}tti took over from tayii as the top rank of courtesan from the mid-eighteenth century) okayu ( :fJ~~ rice gruel) oku (~ inner quarters) omemie (:iO 13 .R. ;t interview) onna gidayii (.tc?i:::tx women's ballad chanting) onnagata (:tc% male player of female roles in the kabuki theatre) oraimono (11*!\&.J primer/textbook) oshi-e (stiff paper cut-outs wrapped with fabric that are pasted on silk or paper) otokoyaku (~~female actor of male roles) rakugo (~Mf comic storytelling)

Rikyu shichitetsu (fiJi* l::;f& Rikyii's seven disciples) ro (1? sunken hearth, also denotes the winter season in tea when this is in use) rokujurokubu (:A 1-:AY'-B itinerant monks) ronin (7&A masterless samurai) rykau (~ omission) ryo (~ l 5 grams of gold, equivalent to 4000 rnon in copper coins, 60 rnornrne, or four bu of silver) 51 tyosai kenbo en.~~ m: good wives and wise mothers)

1yurei shiki C'L tLJ:\: a temae which can be done using tables and chairs) sadolchado ( ~ill the way of tea) saho (ftt.t etiquette) saiken (~;(IIQ who's who books ofthe pleasure quarters) san Sen-ke ( --:. T-* the three branches and tea schools of the Sen family) sankin kotai ( ~!fi)J~f-\; alternate attendance system in which the Shogun required daimyo to spend every other year in Edo) sen-kejushoku (T-*1{~ Sen-ke affiliated craftsmen) sencha om~ Chinese style steeped tea drinking popular among the literati in the Edo period) setsuyoshz~ (ftp}ljj;R dictionary) sewamono (t!tiT~~ plays dealing with the lives of ordinary people) shahon ('l.J:* hand copied manuscript) shaku (Wl court rank) shijuku Ctk!fJJ private academies) shimotaya fi~ ~ ~ entrepreneurs) shin no daisu temae en (f) iJ 1- ,#- M a method of preparing tea using the formal shelf unit [daisu] for holding and displaying utensils which is lacquered in the shin nuri style and has four posts) shinmyo (~rM; seamstress) sh6go ( lE lf noon tea gathering) shoji (~f.£+ sliding doors) shokugy6 fujin (~~~911LA. working woman) shoza ( .fJJJ~ laying of the charcoal) 52 shushin (f~~ self-cultivation) shusse (l±lt\t success) shiiyo (fl.~~ self-improvement) sorobzm (f~Jt epistolary style hybrid Sino-Japanese) sugoroku (~:A board game of moving between squares to reach a goal, similar on layout and strategy to snakes and ladders) sumi (f:k. coal) tairo (.k ~ chief minister) laki eRr fagots) tayzi (Ax top-ranking courtesan) temae UF.i.M procedures for making tea) tenmoku (.SR 13 a tea bowl with a short foot which is placed on a stand) tenmoku dai (R g 1:1 stand for the tenmoku tea bowl) terakoya (~-T~ temple schools) tokonoma (.*(f) 11:!-J alcove where utensils and flowers are displayed) toriawase (l&~b-lt selection and arrangement of utensils for a tea gathering) tsumagure daisu (JTUU:il-1- a type of stand for utensils which is partly painted vermilion) uchikake (fTi?tP~ta long outer robe worn over a kimono) usucha (Wf~ a bowl of powdered green tea which has been whisked to a thin, frothy consistency) wabi-cha (t=t~ austere style of tea) wabilsabi (fttfl~tf rustic simplicity) wabun (fuJt Japanese sentences as opposed to Chinese sentences [kanbun]) 53 waka (flJ~ thirty-one syllable form of poetry) yamabushi (~{.)(mountain ascetics) yugei (i1it~ arts of play) yugei kaseginin (iQI~~~-}... genteel entertainers) yuno ki (i-PJO)~ firewood) yuzuke (i~i~ rice with hot water poured over it) 54

Glossary of Names

Ano Yasoemon (lliiJ!Rf }\. t-~~~rr9).

Aoyama Yogozaemon UrllJ4-1i.lrJ~rPY)- Jlead Steward of the oku (~1~Jffi1)}: oku go yoyaku) of the li family.

Atomi Kakei (JiJlF.R.-It~ 1840-1926)- Founder of a Girls' School in Tokyo, Atomi Gakuen, which put tea on the curriculum.

Chikamatsu Monzaemon (ifrf~PYti:J:f:rP9 1653-1 725) - Playwright whose works for the puppet theatre dealt with popular contemporary themes such as 'love suicide'.

Chiyohime ("=fft~~)- Daughter ofTokugawa Iemtisu, married Tokugawa Mitsumoto in 1639.

Ch6boen Sanky6 (!fJHJlhll*~£ 1726-1792) - Poetry master under whom Kikusha studied.

Fujita Tsuguji

Fukuzawa Yukichi (fi!dR;mqfi 1835-1901) - Meiji period intellectual, author and educator.

Fumta Oribe ( 6-m~,f& IT~ 1543-1615) Daimyo tea master who was a retainer of Jlidcyoshi and follower ofRikyu.

Gcngensai (~ ~ ~ 181 0-1877) - Eleventh generation iemoto of the Urasenke school of tea.

Gcnshitsu (Sensa) ( 1!1J ~ 1622-1697) - Son of Sen Satan who established the Urasenke school.

Gomizunoo (1& A<~ 1596-1680) - Emperor (r. 1611-1629).

Gosai (1& "@ 1637-1685)- Shinanomiya 's half brother and Emperor (r.l654-1663). llagiwara Kanezumi (;f.,X)Jj\)l(t?~) - The head of Yoshida shrine in Kyoto.

Hasema Zenemon (~n.~~~1~!P~)- Head Purveyor to the oku (~.f;fflfA]}fj ~~ oku gonai yotatsu yaku) of the li family.

Hashimoto Taemon (fr.iAs;::t:~f~!P~)- A vassal ofli Naosuke. 55

Hiramatsu Akira ('¥1:t~Pj] ?.':) -Court aristocrat who held the rank of Dainagon, with whom Kikusha studied ch 'in.

Hosokawa Sansai (Tadaoki) (~:Ill) II -:.. tfi Ui~,OO) 1563-1646) - Daimyo of Kumamoto and tea master, he was one ofRikyG's seven disciples (.f!Ji*t-j:q" Rikyu shichitetsu).

H6unsai Sen S6shitsu XV (.ILim:lf* f;t~* 1 5 {~ 1923-) - Fifteenth generation iemoto ofUrasenke. After retirement in 2003 known by the name Genshitsu (!:*>·

Hyakuchab6 ( ll~:I;Jj)- Buddhist priest and mentor of K.ikusha. lhara Saikaku (HJ}jfPylf~ 1642-1693)- Popular author whose works dealt with the lives of urban commoners and the culture of the 'floating world'.

Ii Naosuke {;Jj:1Jtu15rPJ 1815-1860)- Doimyo of Hikone and tea master, also known for his political activities, most notably the Ansei purge of those who opposed his signing of a treaty with the Americans. li Masako (}j:{Jt~ 1-)- li Naouske's wife.

Ii Yachiyo UHJt!PJ\=f{~ / )\ 1- {~)- Ii Naosuke's daughter.

Ii Y6ky6'in (}j:{jtnJmliiG)- Ii Naosuke's adoptive mother.

Ii Yoshimaro (}t{)l~Itn- Ii Naosuke's son.

Iijima SandayG (~Jj~ :=_ )(J;:) - A Physician to the oku (~12I8ifi oku ishi) of the Ii family.

Imamura Tamonji ("T.f;tfthF9{j,:) An attendant (W!HSt kushiyaku) ofii Naosuke.

Ishida Baigan ( --G IJJ mnM 1685-1744) - Scholar who founded the Shingaku movement.

Ito Mokunoj6 ({}t~~.Lft.)- Person whose premises Kikusha borrowed to hold a tea gathering.

Ito Munenaga ({Jt!Jljj"di)- Tea master under whom Kikusha studied.

Jigan'in miya (!~U&I~1{ 1749-1776)- Abbess of the Imperial convent Chiiguji.

Joshinsai Tennen (.tiD•L'* ft.?~ 1705-1751)- 7th generation iemoto ofOmotesenke.

Kagawa Kageki (~)II :ftt.fbj 1768-1843) - Poet under whom Rengetsu studied.

Kamazawa Risai (~iR .fl]~)- Head of the Kamazawa family ofSen-ke affiliated Cf *~~ sen-kejushoku) woodworkers. 56

Kamibayashi Jorin/Doan ( J:.#i:lllflt)- Tea master and associate of Kikusha.

Kamiya Sotan (trpffi ~rllt 1553-1635) - llakata merchant and associate of RikyG and II ideyoshi who kept records of tea gatherings he attended.

Kashiwabara Yohei (.f(lfffi-9-f~qt{[)- A Chamberlain (fJtlj~ sobayaku) of the Ji family.

Katagiri Sekishu (Jl~11~~~ 1605-1673)- Founder ofthe Sekishu school oftea.

Katagiri Soen (Jl~ *~ 1774-1864)- Tea master under whom li Naosuke studied.

Katagiri Sotetsu (Jl ~ni%Hi!) - Wife of Katagiri S6en, she instructed the women of the Ii household in tea. Possibly the tea master listed as S6gyu <*'I:.) in records of Naosuke's tea gatherings.

Kawakami Fuhaku (J II 1:/G (J 1719-1807) - Disciple of Joshinsai and founder of Edosenke.

Keish6in (..ft ~1m 1627 -1705) - Daughter of a commoner family who married the Tokugawa third shogun, Iemitsu.

Kishi ( ~ \...,)-A female attendant who served the li family.

Kobayakawa Hideotoshi (previously Hideaki) {IJ,.!F-)11:%-{~ (~!:tO):%-:&\) 1577-1602)­ Adopted son of Kobayakawa Takakage and nephew of Hideyoshi.

Kobayakawa Takakage ('J' 'llJ II ~j( 1533-1597) - A senior retainer of Hideyoshi, who held the title chijnagon {f1 1 k:fli ~- an Imperial Court rank of Middle Councillor).

Kobori EnshG ('J\Jfal)~:1'H J 579-1647) - Daimyo tea master who was a disciple of Furuta Oribe and is credited with developing an aesthetic of kireisabi (beautiful worn elegance).

Kondo Sh6ichi (lli.ifilE- )- Meiji period educator and the author of numerous works for women on subjects such as the home and education.

Konoe lehiro (lli1:fl~]ffi 1667-1736) - Son of Konoe Motohiro and Shinanomiya. Imperial Chief Advisor from 1707-1712.

Konoe lehisa C*R 1687-1737)- Son ofKonoe lehiro.

Konoe Motohiro (Jli~{jtj~l@ 1648-1722)- Husband of Shinanomiya.

Koshin S6sa ( ii !!sf 1613-1672) - Son of Sen S6tan and the first iemoto of Ornotesenke, however, he is counted as fifth in the lineage which begins with RikyG. 57

Kusu (~~)-A female attendant who served the Ii family.

Kuni ( < '.:.)-A female attendant who served the li family.

Kyfikosai (®: rJ:~ I 8 I 8-1860)- Tenth generation iemoto of Omotesenke.

Lord Saienji (iJii~#~~)- Held the court rank Minister of the Right (;t5-;k'r!iUdaijin), associate of Kikusha.

Maki (li &) - A female attendant who served the Ii family.

Makio ( f~Jf / Jjtf)f. )- A female attendant who served the li family.

Mantei Oga ( Jj r'f J.~~ ~ 1818-1890) - Popular author.

Masuda Takashi (!~IE~ 1848-1938) - Wealthy businessman, art collector and tea practitioner.

Masuho Zanko (lf/.fiJ.H..:ll-1 1665-1742)- Shinto scholar.

Matsudaira Kuranosuke ( .f~ ~ !AI A* M) Attended tea gatherings hosted by

Kawakami Fuhaku, possibly a retainer ofFuhaku.

Matsudaira Yoritoshi (.f".1~¥:&.tJPii~1834-1903) - Jleir of Takamatsu domain and husband ofYachiyo, Ii Naosuke's daughter.

Miura Gor6emon c=.nfiJiR I5 -;t51~1P 9) - A Steward of the Ii family.

Miura Naizen ( - rrti!AJRifO - A Ilouse Elder ( ~_g. karo) of the Ii family.

Miwata Masako < --= ~111~-fti:-T- 1843-1927)- Founder of Miwata Women's Higher School, contributor of articles to magazines such as Jogaku sekai and author of several books on women's education.

Mori Motoyoshi (Baimon) ( ::f:;~ IJ j(;.m rtfiJr~ J 785-1843)- Daimyo ofNagato.

Moto ( b ~) - A female attendant who served the Ii family.

Mukuhara Shume (tffi}Jjtj:J!§)- A Steward (ffJA yonin) of the Ii family.

Murata Daisuke (HIE A +iff)- An attendant cmiH~ kushiyaku) ofli Naosuke.

Murata Shuko/Juk6 (,H·[IIJ.*J't 1423-1502)- Tea master credited with developing the idea that tea could be a form of spiritual practice and the wabi aesthetic. 58

Mutsu (V""J)- A female attendant who served the li family.

Nagaoka Kyflmu (~fMH~W)- Son ofllosokawa Sansai.

Nagaoka Kyusai (Et [M]f*~) -Younger brother of Hosokawa Sansai.

Nakagawa Shuri (rt'JII{i~lm)- Daimyo ofBungo-Takeda province.

Nakamura Kyuji (cj:lf·tR!X) - A Purveyor (17'1ffli1HSt nai yotatsu yaku) of the Ii family.

Nakamura S6tetsu V ( rpf-tiTd§"..:ii {~ 1764-1811) - A lacquerware master for the Sen-ke, associate ofTagami Kikusha.

Nishikawa Joken (pt:iJIIPnY! 1648-1724)- Popular author.

Nishimiya Hide (~'81§)- Daughter of a low-ranking samurai who served Yoshiko, wife ofTokugawa Nariaki.

Nishimura Magozaemon (pliHf,.f-.ti:~rPY)- Head Purveyor to the oku (~i&IJP'JnJi:fH~ oku gonai yotatsu yaku) of the Ii family.

Nonomura Ninsei (!llf ~ Ht: tr? 1574-I 660) - Potter famous for his lavish and colourful tea utensils.

Oda Nobunaga <*liii { ~ k I 534-1582) - Daimyo of Owari, the first of the three great unifiers who changed he political landscape of Japan, ending years of civil war. I le was also keenly aware of the political value of artistic and cultural practice.

Ogata Scian {IJ,!JM~Jm:)- A physician of the li family.

Oguchi Shoo Ckl=lf.~~ (also Gansui -2;"~) 1689-1764)- Tea master in the SekishG school. lie wrote Toji no tamoto along with other texts on tea.

Ogyfl Sorai (~~ill~ 1666-1728)- Confucian scholar.

Okuno Tobei (;tglfffi~tw) -An attendant (-tmi1~ kushiyaku) of li Naosuke.

Onishi Kansai (..kfJfit~~) - Father-in-law of Oguchi Shoo and a tea master in the SekishG school.

Ono no Komachi {I]'!Jl.tl]'fHT 809-901) - Female waka poet noted as one of the six great poets in the Heian period poetry anthology the Kokinshu.

6tagaki Rengetsu (..k W l!Il!f!Jl 1791-1875)- Buddhist nun, artist and poet. 59

Raku KeinyG (~!R!A J 81 7-1902) -Eleventh generation head of the Raku family of potters.

Raku SanyG (?.!Rh:.A 1685-J739) - Sixth generation head of the Raku family of potters.

Rikkansai Taiso ( ~ I}M-Gf~§ll 1694-1726)- Sixth generation iemoto ofUrasenke.

Rokurokusai (fitk k :0 J 83 7-191 0) - Eleventh generation head of Omotcsenke.

Satake Ushu (1£tfr~~ 1·1 •1)- Daimy6 ofDewa.

Sato {Vi~ / iO .ffi/ .ffi.:¥0)- Ii Naosuke's concubine and the mother ofYoshimaro.

Sayo ( ~ J:) - Commoner's daughter who returned to her hometown to teach after serving in a daimyo mansion.

Sekiguchi Toemon (I~J 1-l iiJ~{~iP~ 1764-1849) - Rural entrepreneur who sent his three daughters into service at daimyo mansions.

Sen Chie ( r "i? ;{_ )-Daughter ofYugensai.

Sen no Rikyii ("=f ;fiJ~ 1521-1591)- Merchant tea master regarded as the 'founder' of chanoyu.

Sen Shina Cf,-& }jfS)- Wife ofYugensai.

Sen Solan (I-* r:l 1578-1 658) - Grandson of RikyG who divided the Sen estate among his three sons, thereby establishing the three Sen lineages.

Shibata KyGo (~ mMJ ~ J783- l 839)- Shingaku scholar.

Shikitei Sanba (~\;,·:~: ..=. .~ J776- J 822)- Popular author.

Shinanomiya Tsuneko (rflP'EI ~ -=f 1642-1702)- Sixteenth daughter ofGomizunoo.

Shizu ($ri!/W¥t7I/ i0®)- Ii Naosuke's concubine and mother ofYachiyo.

Sono (~ 0) )- A female attendant who served the li family.

Sarin O.ll~) -Buddhist nun.

Sosen ( fD. 1ll.J) - Buddhist nun. Younger sister of Rikkansai Taiso.

Soshun ( .ffl.* ) -Buddhist nun. 60

Sugiki Fusai (:f~-*~~ 1628-1706)- Tea master who famously banned women from practicing tea.

Sumiyama Yoho ({l:I.IJ1JHfi)- Omotesenke adherent under Joshinsai.

Tachibana Moribe (Mi7f!m 1781-1849)- National learning scholar.

Tadano Makuzu (..Rll!tJ.l~ 1763-1825)- Author and intellectual.

Tagami Kikusha (fn 1:.~~ 1753- 1826) - Buddhist nun and artist, pen name lchijian <-*Mt).

Takeno J66 (ftt:9lfit.Rilt5 1502-1555) - Merchant tea master who carried on the teachings ofMurata Shuk6.

Takeuchi Masuo (t'fiAJ~~)- A female attendant who served the li family.

Tamura Kajiko ( llH·H~ 1-) -Commoner's daughter who returned to her hometown to teach after serving in a daimyo mansion.

Tase (~t!t / ~o/.1)- A female attendant who served the li family.

Tatsuo (mRl-~)- A female attendant who served the li family.

TOfukomon'in Masako ( Jft t~ P9 ~Jc ;f'D 1- 1607-1678) - Empress. Married to Gomizunoo, daughter ofTokugawa Hidetada.

Tokudaiji Kinmasa (~.k~~~~ 1678-1719))- Son-in-law ofKonoe Jehiro.

Tokugawa llidetada (1.W.Jil3'fj.~, 1579-1632)- The second Tokugawa shogun.

Tokugawa Iemtisu (~Jll*7t 1623-1651)- The third Tokugawa shogun.

Tokugawa lesada (t'5Jll*:lE 1824-1858) -The thirteenth Tokugawa shogun.

Tokugawa Ietsuna (1:~) II *~ 1639-1680)- The fourth Tokugawa shogun.

Tokugawa Mitsumoto (~Jli]CJT:. 1625-1700)- Daimy6 ofOwari.

Tokugawa Nariaki (t~Jil1f0{3 1800-1860)- Daimy6 ofMito.

Toyotomi Ilideyoshi (tl~1J6 1537-1598) - Military ruler who unified Japan and patron and practitioner of arts such as tea.

Tsuchimikado Yasushige (±1i!JP9~11! 1586-1661) - Jlead of the Tsuchimikado family of court diviners. 61

Tsurumi Kohei (~~If! 'f-)

Ueda Fuminobu ( J: llJ )C O)~ )- A physician of the Ji family.

Usui Yasunoj6 (Fl.!*:b: ..Z 715)- A vassal ofli Naosuke.

Utagawa Kunisada (Toyokuni III) (~JII~ J'a [~~ .=:. {~] 1786-1865)- Woodblock print artist.

Utsugi Mikinoshin ( ?- rlt~~..ZiJt)- A Secretary to the Lord (;J'!l!t kosh6) as well as a Valet, or personal attendant, to the Lord (;J,kfi F' konando) of the Ii family.

Utsugi Rokunoj6 ('f r41 -*=:Az;~)- A Chamberlain as well as Steward to the Lord ( 1~JfJ.A k6y6nin) of the li family.

Watarai BunryGsai (}j[f:; .::X:mtm) - Artist with whom Kikusha collaborated on a painting, at the request of Mori Motoyoshi (Baimon).

Yanagisawa Nobutoki (fYIIiR{r~M 1724-1792)- Daimy6 ofYamato Koriyama.

Yoshida Ito (i*iiTl 1t' c 1824-?)) -Daughter of a provincial artisan family who studied under the nationalleaming scholar Tachibana Moribe in Edo.

Yoshida Kancmi Cg fll~ft..R. 1535-1610)- The head ofYoshida Shrine in Kyoto.

Yoshida Michiyo CsUl ¥~1- { 't )- Daughter of Yoshida Kanemi.

Yoshida Seijo (til£ W!;:,) -Wife ofYoshida Kanemi.

Yoshino I (n~f 1606-1643)- A top ranking courtesan ofthe Shimabara in Kyoto.

Yoshino Michi O~i ll!-f li- "!? 1808-1883) - Daughter of a rural peasant family who served at two daimy6 mansions in Edo.

YGgensai ltt6 ( Jl. ~i1l -m 1719-1771) - Eighth generation iemoto of Urasenke. RARE BOOKS UB.

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