Pasi Jaakkola TOPELIAANINEN USKO Kirjailija Sakari Topelius Uskontokasvattajana

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Pasi Jaakkola TOPELIAANINEN USKO Kirjailija Sakari Topelius Uskontokasvattajana Pasi Jaakkola TOPELIAANINEN USKO Kirjailija Sakari Topelius uskontokasvattajana ”Esitetään Helsingin yliopiston teologisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella jul- kisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston päärakennuksen auditoriossa XV perjantaina 28. tammikuuta 2011 klo 12” 2 Teologinen tiedekunta Käytännöllinen teologia Pasi Jaakkola Topeliaaninen usko – Kirjailija Sakari Topelius uskontokasvattajana Uskonnonpedagogiikka Työn laji Arbetets art Väitöskirja 28.1.2011 252 Tutkimukseni käsittelee kirjailija Sakari Topeliusta (1818–98) uskontokasvattajana. Keskeisinä kysymyksinä pohdin, millaisia ovat hänen oppi- ja satukirjojensa teologiset ja pedagogiset sisällöt sekä miten tämä topeliaaninen uskontokasvatus nivoutuu ilmiönä osaksi aikansa historiaa. Primäärilähteinäni ovat oppikirjat Luonnonkirja (1856), Maamme kirja (1875) ja Evankeliumi lapsille (1893) sekä satukirjat Lukemisia lapsille I-VIII (1865–96). Väitöskirja on uskontokasvatushistoriallinen ja menetelmänä on ensisijaisesti käytetty taustalähtöistä systemaattista analyysiä. Topeliuksen lastenkirjojen jumalakuvalle on tunnusomaista, että Jumala kuvataan kaikkialla läsnä olevaksi hengeksi, joka Kaitselmuksena johtaa maailmanhistoriaa suunnitelmansa mu- kaan. Luterilaisuuden lisäksi kuvan syntyyn on vaikuttanut voimakkaasti nationalismi ja roman- tiikan filosofia. Teologisissa sisällöissä painottuu opetus kristillisestä elämästä, mikä on luonte- vaa normatiivisille lastenkirjoille. Topelius korostaa muun muassa henkilökohtaisen jumalasuh- teen merkitystä herätyskristittyjen tapaan, kristillis-idealistista suhdetta lähimmäiseen ja omaan kansaan sekä historiallisena erikoisuutena luonnonsuojelun tärkeyttä. Hänen kirjansa kuuluivatkin luonnonsuojelukasvatuksen pioneeriteoksiin maassamme. Topeliuksen lastenkirjat ovat 1800-luvun Suomen mittakaavassa didaktisesti korkea-laatuisia. Niiden kasvatustavoitteissa korostuu sivistyksen ja itsetietoisuuden merkitys, kansallinen soli- daarisuus sekä elävä idealismi. Pedagoginen argumentointi rakentuu lähinnä teologisille, histo- riallisille, sosiaalisille ja rationaalisille perusteluille. Topeliaanisen kasvatuksen ensisijaiset pääperiaatteet ovat kristillis-nationalistisuus, idealistis-harmonisuus ja agraaris-porvarillisuus. Kristillis-nationalistisuus on Topeliuksen uskontokasvatuksen päälinja. Isänmaa nähdään Ju- malan antamana projektina ja siitä huolehtiminen on osa jumalanpalvelusta. Idealistis- harmonisuus ilmenee romanttisena luonteen elävyytenä ja sen kokonaisvaltaisena kehittämi- senä. Agraaris-porvarillisessa periaatteessa yhdistyy talonpoikainen perinne 1800-luvun porva- rillisen kulttuurin arvomaailmaan. Topeliuksen uskontokasvatuksellisen näyn olen nimennyt kristillis-kansalliseksi sivistysprojektiksi. Sen keskeisiä teesejä ovat koti, uskonto ja isänmaa. Topelius uskoi itse vahvasti näkyynsä, eikä kyseenalaistanut sitä huolimatta siihen liittyvästä nationalistisesta chauvinismista tai sen teologisista ristiriitaisuuksista. Topeliuksen teosten edustama uskonnollinen ideologia on ollut kasvattajien suosiossa koko kansakoulun elinkaaren ajan. Se on sopinut mainiosti 1800-luvun aatemaailmasta kumpua- vaan nationalistis-kristilliseen diskurssiin. Kun oikeaan sisältöön on yhdistynyt vielä kielellinen ja pedagoginen toimivuus on kirjojen pitkä suosio kouluissa ja lastenkamareissa ollut taattu. Siten ne ovat mainioita aikansa uskontokasvatuksen ikoneita ja osoitus kirjoittajansa peda- gogisesta silmästä kansallisena uskontokasvattajana ja suomalaisuus-aatteen popularisoijana. Niiden kautta topeliaaninen usko on jättänyt jälkensä suomalaiseen uskonnollisuuteen. Avainsanat – Nyckelord Topelius, teologia, uskonto, kasvatus, nationalismi ja kansallinen projekti Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe Teologisen tiedekunnan kirjasto 3 ABSTRACT The author Zacharias Topelius as a religious educator The present study concerns the author Zacharias Topelius (1818-98) as a religious educator. The study´s main questions are as follows: What is the theological and peda- gogical content of Topelius’ books and how is his religious instruction linked with the history of his time. The primary sources are his educational books Naturens bok (The Book of the Nature, 1856), Boken om vårt land (The Book of our Land, 1875) and Evangelium för Barnen (Gospel for Children, 1893), as well as his storybooks Läsning för barn I-VIII (Reading for Children I-VIII, 1865-96). The dissertation concerns the his- tory of religious education. Its primary method is background-based systematic analysis. In Topelius’ children’s books the view of God is characterised both as an omnipresent spirit and as Providence, who guides world history according to his plan. In addition to Lutheranism this view is also influenced by Nationalism and Romanticism. The theologi- cal content of the books emphasises instruction in Christian life that is natural to norma- tive children’s books. Topelius strongly expresses the importance of a personal relation- ship to God, an idealistic Christian view of one’s fellow man and of one’s own nation as well as the value of nature conservation. The books of Topelius were some of the first educational works on nature preservation in Finland. The didactic quality of Topelius’ children’s books was high for 19th century Finland. Their main emphasis in terms of educational goals is on civilisation (Bildung), self-awareness, national solidarity and living idealism. The pedagogical argumentation is mostly based on theological, historical, social and rational reasoning. The primary principles in Tope- lius’ teaching are Christian nationalism, idealistic harmony and the agrarian bourgeois. Christian nationalism is the main element of Topelius’ religious education. He considers the fatherland as a God-given project and the taking care of it as a part of holy service. Idealistic harmony is seen as the comprehensive development of one’s character in the sense of romantic idealism. The agrarian bourgeois principle combines the Finnish peasant tradition with the values of 19th century modern bourgeois culture. I have named Topelius’ vision of religious education the Christian national project of civilisation (Bildung). Its main theses are home, religion and fatherland. The author himself strongly believed in this vision and never questioned it despite its national chauvinism and theo- logical inconsistency. The religious ideology represented in Topelius’ educational works and storybooks was popular among pedagogues during the whole era of the Finnish folk school. It fit per- fectly with the Christian national discourse stemming from 19th century ideological ten- dencies. Due to their appropriate content combined with their practical language and pedagogical methods, the books were popular both at school and in the home for a long period of time. Therefore the books of Topelius aptly symbolise the religious education of their time and manifest their author’s pedagogical talent as a national religious educa- tor and as a populariser of Christian nationalism. Topelius’ books have had a lasting influence on Finnish religiosity. Key words: Topelius, theology, religion, education, nationalism and national project 4 SISÄLLYS Esipuhe 6 1 Johdanto 7 1.1 Tutkimusaihe ja –ongelmat 7 1.2 Tutkimusnäkökulmat ja –menetelmä 10 1.3 Lähteet ja tutkimuskirjallisuus 16 2 Tutkimuksen historiallinen tausta 21 2.1. Kirjailija Topelius – biografinen tausta 21 2.1.1 Lapsuuskodin perintö ja kouluvuodet 21 2.1.2 Aleksanterin-Yliopiston palveluksessa 29 2.1.3 Vanheneva valtioneuvos 35 2.2 Kirkkohistoriallinen tausta 41 2.2.1 Romantiikka ja luonnonfilosofia 41 2.2.2 Pietismi ja herätyskristillisyys 45 2.3 Kasvatushistoriallinen tausta 47 2.3.1 Romanttinen kasvatus 47 2.3.2 Hegeliläinen kasvatusfilosofia 49 2.3.3 Uuden pedagogiikan esiinmarssi 52 2.4 Aatehistoriallinen tausta 55 2.4.1 Nationalismi ja uskonto 56 2.4.2 Kansallinen projekti 63 3 Uskontokasvatuksen teologinen sisältö 70 3.1. Jumalakuva 70 3.1.1 Jumala on henki 70 3.1.2 Kaitselmus – Jumala johdattajana 77 3.1.3 Muut jumalat ja uskonnot 81 3.2 Muut henkiolennot 83 3.2.1 Enkelit 84 3.2.2 Paholainen ja pahat henget 87 3.3 Ilmoitus 89 3.3.1 Kaksi raamattua 89 3.3.2 Luterilaisuuden ja luonnonfilosofian välimaastossa 93 3.4 Kristillinen elämä 96 3.4.1 Ihminen ja Jumala 96 3.4.2 Kirkko-oppi 104 3.4.3 Moraalioppi 108 3.4.4 Ekoteologia 117 3.4.5 Eskatologia 120 4 Uskontokasvatuksen pedagoginen sisältö 126 4.1 Kasvatuksen tavoitteet 126 4.1.1 Kognitiivinen tavoite: sivistys ja itsetietoisuus 126 4.1.2 Sosiaalinen tavoite: kansallinen solidaarisuus 131 4.1.3 Emotionaalinen tavoite: elävä idealismi 140 5 4.2 Kasvatuksen menetelmät 144 4.2.1 Didaktinen toteutus 144 4.2.2 Pedagoginen argumentaatio – neljä auktoriteettia 149 4.2.2.1 Teologinen argumentointi 149 4.2.2.2 Historiallinen argumentointi 151 4.2.2.3 Sosiaalinen argumentointi 154 4.2.2.4 Rationaalinen argumentointi 157 4.3 Kasvatuksen päämäärä – topeliaaninen lapsi 159 5 Topeliaaninen uskontokasvatus historiallisena ilmiönä 165 5.1 Uskontokasvatuksen pääperiaatteet 165 5.1.1 Kristillis-nationalistisuus 166 5.1.2 Idealistis-harmonisuus 182 5.1.3 Agraaris-porvarillisuus 186 5.2 Kristillis-kansallinen sivistysprojekti 191 6 Pohdintaa 201 6.1 Tutkimustulosten tarkastelua 201 6.2 Tutkimuksen luotettavuus 227 6.3 Topeliaaninen usko 230 Lähteet 234 Liitteet 251 6 ESIPUHE Vuosien työn tuloksena on syntynyt tämä tutkimus Sakari Topeliuksesta uskontokasvat- tajana. Se on ollut tekijälle retki tutunoloiseen maailmaan, josta monia jälkiä muistuu mieleen lapsuuden ajalta Tyrväältä. Topeliuksen lastenkirjojen
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