A Multidisciplinary Approach to Palestinian Social History

Ibrahim Abu-Lughod Institute of International Studies Ninth International Conference November 21st - 22nd, 2004 Between the Archival Forest and the Anecdotal Trees: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Palestinian Social History July 2004 - 1 - Between the Archival Forest and the Anecdotal Trees: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Palestinian Social History First Edition - July - 2004 © All Rights Reserved ISBN 9950-316-16-2 Birzeit University, P.O.Box 14, Birzeit - Palestine Tel: +972 2 2982939, Fax: +972 2 2982946 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://home.birzeit.edu/giis Financial support for this book is contributed by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Arabic text was edited by Wisam Rafidi English text was edited by Dua’ Nakhala, Muna El-Tamemy & Helda Kojstek The conference was coordinated by Roger Heacock and Majdi Abu-Zaid The Staff: Dua’ Nakhala, Nahed Sabbah & Abeer Shaheen Design & Layout By: Al Nasher Advertising Agency - 2 - Contents English Papers Memory Research and the Autobiographical Past: Theories, Methods and Strategies of the Oral Historian of Palestine Thomas M. Ricks. ......................................................................................................... 5 From the Individual to the Wider Society: Translating Oral Accounts into Written Histories Kenneth Brown. ........................................................................................................... 15 An Attempt to Reconstruct the pre-48 Arab Commercial Center of Jerusalem George Hintlian. ........................................................................................................... 25 Survivors of the 1948 Expulsions: A Second Call for a ‘Race Against Time’ Rosemary Sayigh. ........................................................................................................ 35 From Haifa to Camden Town – and Back Again Barbara Harlow. ........................................................................................................... 47 Karamat Stories among Palestinians Sharif Kanaana. ............................................................................................................ 63 Dramas of Youth: The Intifada Generation and Its Secret Memories John Collins. .................................................................................................................. 71 The Palestinian City Reborn: the Middle Class as Historical Agent Lisa Taraki. ..................................................................................................................... 89 - 3 - Palestinian Social History Worshipping in Times of Crisis: Remembering the Past and Constructing the Present Sossie Andezian. .......................................................................................................... 99 Nazi Agrarian Colonisation of the Zamojszczyzna (South-eastern Poland). Documents, Memories and Silences Edouard Conte. .......................................................................................................... 119 WFÄU−Ã« fOz— WLKÂ µ ............................................................................................................................ .dU½ UMŠ ÕU²²ù« WLKÂ π .................................................................................................................. .wJÃULÃ« Íb−Ä WOÐdFÃ« WGKÃUÐ ‚«—Ë_« WKOÃË WKOÃ nÃ√ U¹UJŠ w WO¹—U²Ã« W¹«ËdÃ«Ë d³Ã« ±≥ .................................................................................................................... .WMÄU¦Ž qOKš WKO²LÃ«Ë WOIOI×Ã« ”bIÃ« —«uÝ√ ≤∑ ...................................................................................................................... .Í—ULð rOKÝ ±π¥∑Ë ±π≥∂ wÄUŽ WOÄuIÃ« ÊU−KÃ« w wMOD)KHÃ« ÊU)½ô« WÐd−ð ≥∑ ............................................................................................................... .ÍËU²A³Ã« œULŽ ådOÞ U¹ ‰uIð uýò µ≥ ....................................................................................................................... .dL‡½ UO½u‡Ý bONAÃ«Ë b¼UAÃ« rO¼«dÐ« Õu½ µπ ..................................................................................................................... .VO³ý `OLÝ - 4 - Memory Research and the Autobiographical Past: Theories, Methods and Strategies of the Oral Historian of Palestine Thomas M. Ricks* “Memory is the raw material of history. Whether mental, oral or written, it is the living source from which historians draw” – Jacques Le Goff, History and Memory, 1977 “There is widespread agreement that memory is an active, reconstructive process rather than a passive, reproductive process. In the process of constructing a memory narrative, errors can occur. At the same time, memory, for the most part, does it job; that is, memory descriptions usually are consistent with the general form and content of past experiences, even if particular details are lost, added, or distorted in the act of remembering” – David B. Pillemer, Momentous Events, Vivid Memories, 1998 “In challenging orthodoxies about historical sources, methods and aims, oral history has generated fierce debates; for example about the reliability of memory and the nature of the interview relationship, or more generally about the relationships between memory and history, past and present” – Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, The Oral History Reader, 1998 * Middle East and International Studies Specialist. - 5 - Palestinian Social History Introduction Overall, historians’ work is based on memory in researching historical changes and continuities over time and space. In addition, remembering the autobiographical past requires more than recalling past events, places, or people. Remembering is by definition, the creation and recreation of the historical actions, events and people gone by. The process of remembering, as psychologists have learned, is a conscious mental activity, improved over time by repetition and practice that shapes and defines the human character and personality.1 Gender and age, essential parts of the social and cultural ways through which women and men remember the past, are part of the different ways of the remembering process. Memory begins to be “complete” or comprehensive by the age of ten years. With practice and life experiences, memory improves over time so that it assumes a daily function in the person’s social encounters and interrelationships becoming in time historical or fixed. Newer research into memory has found that what was first called “flashbulb” memory of a specific events, places or people is actually a long- term or “autobiographical” memory of personal encounters with places, people and events recalled through visual and sensual associations, certain words or figures of speech and landscapes or memorials. There now appears to be more to remembering than previously thought, according to researchers in cognition and memory learning. Indeed, the memory and life learning processes are now believed to be intertwined and supportive of each other rather than distinct mental operations.2 When historians begin to collect the memory or remembering of events, peoples and places, they may do so through archival research or oral history recitations. Seeking out a variety of historical memories, the oral historian begins by asking the oral history reciter to think about well-known events in the person’s life, such as the principal events in his/her life, the social relationships that influenced him/her and the well-known natural phenomena that are fixed in his/her historical memory. The need to remind the oral reciter that time and place are critical in remembering their past becomes clearer as the oral history is recited. Indeed, such periodic reminding helps the oral reciter fix the historical memory more firmly in the remembering process, such as the date of an unusually cold winter, profitable olive harvest, an eclipse or an earthquake. Unlike archival research, the oral historian has the opportunity to question and then re-question the oral history reciter about an event, person or place. Sharing old photographs, sound recordings, written records and maps, accompany such re-questioning. The physical artifacts assist the oral history reciter in fixing the memory more firmly in mind, as well as to allow for associated images to remain in the historical memory leading to quicker recall at a later time. Thus, time, place and memory are part of the historical research arsenal used by - 6 - Memory Research and the Autobiographical Past - Thomas M. Ricks the oral historian in working with reciters who speak either about distant events, people or places from an oral tradition handed down to them from the past or about their own personal historical or “autobiographical” memory of past places, events or people. The application of both oral history theories and methods to the remembering of Palestinian history has an additional advantage; that is, the remembering of a “community’s” history that goes beyond the individual and the immediate family. Communal history is the remembered history of Palestinian towns, villages, movements and seasonal activities, such as seasonal pilgrimages, dedications of churches or mosques or the various civil demonstrations and uprisings in Palestine’s 20th century past. The present paper intends to survey a range of oral history theories, methods and strategies commonly used in today’s oral history or memory research both in the United States, Europe and in the Middle East. The review is followed by several examples of oral history research in contemporary

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