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The University of Chicago After the End: Animal

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The University of Chicago After the End: Animal THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AFTER THE END: ANIMAL ECONOMIES, COLLAPSE, AND CONTINUITY IN HITTITE AND POST-HITTITE ANATOLIA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY SARAH ELLEN ADCOCK CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2020 This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Shirley Norman. CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xv 1 INTRODUCTION: COLLAPSE AND THE CONTEMPORARY ................................ 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Collapse, Ruin, and the Trope of Progress .......................................................... 6 1.3 Collapse and the Contemporary ......................................................................... 13 1.4 Organization of the Dissertation ........................................................................ 15 2 COLLAPSE IN CONTEXT: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA DURING THE BRONZE AND IRON AGES ......................................... 19 2.1 Setting the Scene: The Hittites ........................................................................... 20 2.2 Characterizing the Hittite Polity ........................................................................ 24 2.3 Relations between Capital and Provinces in the Hittite Empire ........................ 26 2.4 Hittite Animal Economies .................................................................................. 27 2.5 The Hittite Collapse ........................................................................................... 30 2.6 Transition to the Iron Age and Subsequent Developments ............................... 33 2.7 Sources and Limitations ..................................................................................... 36 2.8 Sites and Excavation Contexts ........................................................................... 38 2.8.1 Hattuşa ................................................................................................... 38 2.8.2 Çadır Höyük ........................................................................................... 46 2.9 Summary ............................................................................................................ 51 3 TOWARD A ZOOARCHAEOLOGY OF COLLAPSE ............................................... 53 3.1 Social Evolution, Systems Theory, and Societal Collapse ................................ 56 3.2 Narratives of Collapse and Its Aftermath .......................................................... 61 3.3 Toward a Zooarchaeology of Collapse ............................................................... 65 3.3.1 Teotihuacan, Basin of Mexico, ca. 150 BC – AD 1500 ........................ 67 3.3.2 Cahokia, American Bottom, ca. A.D. 1020 – 1300 ................................ 68 3.3.3 Settlements in the Khabur Basin, Upper Mesopotamia, ca. 3000-2000 BC ................................................................................... 71 3.3.4 Roman Period in Britain and Subsequent Retreat, ca. A.D. 50 – 600 .... 73 3.3.5 Case Studies: Conclusions ...................................................................... 74 3.4 Final Thoughts ................................................................................................... 75 iii 4 METHODOLOGIAL AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES TO THE HITTITE COLLAPSE USING ANIMAL REMAINS .................................................................. 77 4.1 Recording, Recovery, and Taphonomy ............................................................. 78 4.1.1 Recovery Index: Analysis of First and Second Phalanges ..................... 79 4.1.2 Fragmentation Index: Analysis of First and Second Phalanges.............. 80 4.1.3 Indices of Taphonomic Loss .................................................................. 81 4.1.4 Modifications ......................................................................................... 82 4.2 Species Frequencies ........................................................................................... 82 4.2.1 Interpretive Models ................................................................................ 82 4.2.2 Methods: Quantification by Specimen Count, Weight, and Diagnostic Zone .............................................................................. 86 4.3 Survivorship and Mortality ................................................................................ 88 4.3.1 Interpretive Models ................................................................................ 88 4.3.2 Methods: Quantification by Mandibular Wear and Epiphyseal Fusion ................................................................................... 95 4.4 Biometrics .......................................................................................................... 97 4.4.1 Interpretive Models ................................................................................ 97 4.4.2 Methods: Quantification Using a Logarithmic Size Index .................. 103 4.5 Skeletal Parts .................................................................................................... 106 4.5.1 Interpretive Models .............................................................................. 106 4.5.2 Methods: Quantification of Minimum Number of Elements and of Skeletal Parts Using Minimum Animal Units ................................. 109 5 RESULTS: THE MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL RESOURCES AT HATTUŞA AND ÇADIR HÖYÜK DURING THE BRONZE AND IRON AGES ...................... 114 5.1 Recovery and Taphonomy ............................................................................... 116 5.1.1 Hattuşa Results ..................................................................................... 116 5.1.1.1 Recovery Index ........................................................................ 116 5.1.1.2 Fragmentation Index ................................................................ 117 5.1.1.3 Indices of Taphonomic Loss .................................................... 118 5.1.1.4 Modifications ........................................................................... 120 5.1.1.5 Hattuşa Recovery and Taphonomy Summary ......................... 122 5.1.2 Çadır Höyük Results ............................................................................ 123 5.1.2.1 Recovery Index ........................................................................ 123 5.1.2.2 Fragmentation Index ................................................................ 124 5.1.2.3 Indices of Taphonomic Loss .................................................... 125 5.1.2.4 Modifications ........................................................................... 127 5.1.2.5 Çadır Höyük Recovery and Taphonomy Summary ................. 129 5.2 Species Frequencies ......................................................................................... 129 5.2.1 Hattuşa Results ..................................................................................... 129 5.2.1.1 General Overview .................................................................... 129 5.2.1.2 Species Frequencies by NISP, Weight, and Diagnostic Zone ................................................................ 132 5.2.1.3 Discussion of Hattuşa Species Frequencies .............................. 135 5.2.1.4 Hattuşa Sheep to Goat Ratios .................................................. 138 5.2.1.5 Hattuşa Summary ..................................................................... 139 iv 5.2.2 Çadır Höyük Results ............................................................................ 140 5.2.2.1 General Overview .................................................................... 140 5.2.2.2 Species Frequencies by NISP, Weight, and Diagnostic Zone ....................................................................... 142 5.2.2.3 Discussion of Çadır Species Frequencies ................................ 148 5.2.2.4 Çadır Sheep to Goat Ratios ...................................................... 151 5.2.2.5 Çadır Summary ........................................................................ 152 5.2.3 Species Frequencies: Hattuşa vs. Çadır Höyük, Summary and Comparison .......................................................................................... 154 5.3 Survivorship and Mortality .............................................................................. 155 5.3.1 Caprine Survivorship/Mortality Results ............................................... 155 5.3.1.1 Hattuşa Caprine Aging Results ................................................ 155 5.3.1.2 Çadır Höyük Caprine Aging Results ....................................... 160 5.3.1.3 Hattuşa vs. Çadır Höyük Caprine Aging Comparison ............. 165 5.3.2 Cattle Survivorship/Mortality Results .................................................. 166 5.3.2.1 Hattuşa Cattle Aging Results ................................................... 166 5.3.2.2 Hattuşa vs. Çadır
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