Ultimate Guide to Solar for Your Home About Enlyten Energy

ENLYTEN ENERGY'S ULTIMATE GUIDE TO SOLAR FOR YOUR HOME ABOUT ENLYTEN ENERGY

We exist for 2 reasons; Love God and Love People.

Our Mission: To honor and glorify God by being faithful stewards of His resources and to love and value people by being conduits of His grace.

Our Vision: To help 10,000 home owners take control and save money on their energy needs

To learn more, please visit our website at EnlytenEnergy.com INTRODUCTION

Switching to solar energy is a major decision, and there are a number of things you must know about solar before making this decision. Everyone wants to lower their electric bill and solar panels are one thing that immediately come to mind.

Our goal for this guide is to provide you with much of the initial research to help you make an informed and educated decision.

While spending a lot of money to install a solar panel system seems to contradict saving money, in the long run, solar power will save you money.

Solar energy (PV - photovoltaic) systems have proven to be a very reliable technology and components have steadily decreased in cost over the past 10 years. Combined with state and federal incentives, there isn’t a better time than now to go solar.

By investing in solar for your home, you will have a system that reliably produces electricity for many years to come, with little to no maintenance.

In addition, solar is also a good investment. A solar system that you own will increase your home’s property value. For the average home you’ll probably see an additional $15,000 - $20,000 increase.

Finally, going solar will allow you to become “energy independent” and will free you from any future utility rate increases. You’ll have a predictable and reliable energy source for at least the next 25 years.

Thanks again for downloading this guide and we hope you get a lot of value out of this!

Sincerely,

Brian T. Peña CEO and Founder Enlyten Energy TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Reasons to go Solar...... 1

Chapter 2 How Solar Energy Works...... 12

Chapter 3 The Process of Going Solar...... 27

Chapter 4 Choosing the Right Solar Provider...... 30

Chapter 5 Frequently Asked Questions...... 41

Next Steps...... 51 CHAPTER 1: REASONS TO GO SOLAR

Solar power has made tremendous progress over the past 20 years as manufacturers have been able to improve their products and manufacturing capabilities.

At the same time educating homeowners on the benefits of solar is imperative. The assets far outweigh the liabilities compared to a couple of decades ago.

With the solar industry moving so quickly, you may be looking at yesterday's benefits. Discover why so many people are choosing this energy alternative and learn the reasons why going solar far outweigh the choices that we are now being faced with.

Solar is the Future One fact about a trend is the ability to withstand the test of time. Take the TV for instance. Once very costly in their attractive consoles, a trend of smaller models came along. Everyone wanted a tiny TV to watch at the breakfast table. Before long, this trend phased out. Flat screen TVs were in style and the bigger, the better. Look at the changes that occurred to bring us to the Wi-Fi era.

While a solar system is more expensive than a TV, the payback is enormous. This is a trend that may change in form over the coming years, but the proven idea of going green by investing in solar is one that is here to stay. 40 years is enough of a trial to recognize a positive trend.

The number of installations of solar panels for residential areas are hitting record numbers. Data on residential and commercial properties have been collected since 2010. Currently, there are approximately 2 million homes in the United States with solar panels. However, considering there are nearly 90 million single-family homes in the country, that doesn’t seem like very much.

Previous to 2010, homeowners were pretty excited about solar panels that could save them from paying high electric bills. However, charts from the IPCC show that not everyone was on-board to make this happen. The price per watt per solar panel in 1985 was nearly $7.00. Yes, the news was great, but who could afford it? Today that price has dropped to around $.447 per watt per solar panel. - 1 - CHAPTER 1: REASONS TO GO SOLAR

Nonetheless, the country is now on track to begin adding nearly one million new solar systems to homes every year. Solar is increasingly a popular option to power our homes in the near future.

Generating electricity from the sun is now the lowest-cost option globally for generating power. Even the big utility companies are moving toward solar power, as well as wind. Xcel Energy provides electrical power from Colorado to Texas and even Michigan; Xcel is poised to build large solar power facilities in Colorado. Pacific Gas & Electric in California is committed to renewable energy, pledging to make renewable energy 55% of its power production by 2031. In fact, experts believe that California will achieve 50% renewable energy by 2025. Nevada has also invested heavily in solar energy, with large solar arrays in several locations across the state.

Deciding whether to go solar may seem like a big decision that requires much thought but the benefits of solar are undeniable. Going solar now will put you ahead of the game, saving not only your money, but also contributing positively to the environment.

SEIA Goals The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA)was formed in 1974 as a driving force to educate, advocate and implement the use of solar power. You will find them on the floor of the Senate and with solar manufacturers in developing a rise in the industry. Considered the national trade association for the U.S. solar energy industry. They employ over 242,000 Americans and have over 1,000 member companies. Their future goals are to achieve a 20% electricity production rate by solar power by the year 2030. The approximate number today is 2.5%.

Solar Installation Education and Certification Price for solar panels is not the only thing that has changed from 30 years ago. Solar panel installation cost in the 1980’s was out of sight. We were all on unfamiliar ground with this new green energy and installers were difficult to find. When you were able to locate a qualified solar panel installer, the price tag was astronomical. Installers were basically electrical contractors that understood how to convert ac to dc for powering a house. There were few classes to train installers which led to problems with the installation process. Today, solar panel installation cost has - 2 - CHAPTER 1: REASONS TO GO SOLAR

declined due to certified employees being able to complete the task more efficiently and in less time.

Newly Created Career Options Today, solar photovoltaic installers have learned a specialized skill that puts them ahead of any generalized group of installers. They must be able to work with power tools and hand tools at great heights. Their knowledge of electrical wiring has to be precise. Often installer must be problem solvers, able to repair damaged systems or replace malfunctioning components.

The Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) supports the growing solar workforce with training programs, professional development and career building. Many other career options have unfolded with over 240,000 solar energy employees. An entire research, training and education framework has been created to keep career opportunities available to anyone that finds solar power exciting and a positive trend of the future.

Storage Problems In past years, there were an array of industrial batteries that had to hold the solar power. Utility companies were not yet involved in tying solar power to their grids. It was not until 2013 that electric companies found a safe solution for handling solar power. Homeowners were alone and confused as to how the entire process worked. These pioneers were determined to make solar energy work, but unfortunately, the rest of the country did not have the time, money or resources to invest into such an infant process.

Hello Net Metering Net Metering (or net energy metering) is an incentive allowing a homeowner to send electricity back to the grid and basically use the utility company as a type of storage in today's world.

When the solar system produces more electricity than the household needs, the extra electricity is transmitted to the grid for credits. At night or at times when your solar panels aren't producing, such as cloudy days, you can use the credits for electricity from the grid. - 3 - CHAPTER 1: REASONS TO GO SOLAR

The right size solar system can allow you to produce enough electricity for your home, but the amount of electricity your system produces will vary. Net metering can help you off-set these differences.

Generally, most solar homes produce more than enough electricity in the summer, but will use more power from the grid during the winter. Since these variations are pretty predictable, the utility company won’t send you a check if your solar produces more electricity than you need. Rather, they will let you accrue credits during the summer to use at night and during the winter when you need that extra electricity. If designed correctly, your solar system can generate enough electricity to keep you going all year, including net metering credits.

Solar energy production typically peaks during the afternoon, when most people aren’t home. In contrast, home electricity usage typically is higher during the morning and evening. Net metering can help you compensate for these variations in your daily electricity usage and production.

Net metering feeds that excess electricity into the grid when your solar produces more electricity than you need. When net metering kicks in, your electric meter will actually run in reverse. When your solar is not producing enough electricity for your needs, you can draw it off the grid just like before you installed solar.

Net metering ensures that any excess energy production will still be utilized. Likewise, it ensures if you come up short, your electric needs will still be met. It's like the excess electricity your solar system produces is saved up for the times when it's not producing enough.

If your solar energy system makes more electricity than you use during the month, your utility company will give you a credit on your bill. This is based on the total number of kilowatt-hours you sent to the grid. If your solar produces less energy than you need during the month, you will need to buy electricity from the electric company to compensate for the difference. In this case, you could pay for it using your net metering credits.

Net metering allows a homeowner to accrue credit for the electricity their solar

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systems generate at the same rates they would pay to their utility company. As a result, homeowners can save many thousands of dollars on their electricity bills over the lifetime of their solar energy system.

You are able to send them your solar energy until it is needed. Using credits as a form of stored kilowatts, customers are also allowed to roll over these credits from month to month. For example, power that was produced in July and sent to the electric company will be available to use when it is needed in December. Unless you plan on going totally off-grid, this is a win-win proposition for clients and the utility company.

Financial Reasons Solar power no longer has to be costly. In fact, solar panels for your home have reached the point in energy savings that they are actually beginning to make money from their investment. Compare this analogy to homeowners versus renters. Homeowners can watch the value of their homes increase by making the right improvements. Renters may not have the upkeep of property, but their money continues to go into someone else's pocket. Solar power is a home improvement project that increases the value of your property.

Freedom at Last In addition, you no longer have to feel as if you are being held prisoner to a large entity that can increase your rates at any time. You are in charge of what your utility bill looks like because you own the power. This is not like a co-op that shares in the profits of a company. You control the purse strings on how much you want to pay. Many states have already restructured their electricity industry to make them more competitive with suppliers. You can be one of these suppliers.

Think about it. There could be no more adjustments to your monthly budget due to electric company pay hikes, approved regulations, or weather that is unusually hot or cold. Once you get used to averaging the amount of energy that your household uses, certain you would be able to know what your energy consumption would be.

Bye Bye ITC The ITC is coming to an end. The Solar Investment Tax Credit (ITC) was a federal - 5 - CHAPTER 1: REASONS TO GO SOLAR

government incentive program that was enacted in 2006. The goal behind this program was to give an incentive to residential and commercial property owners to install solar panels. Participants that installed, developed and/or financed a project were able to receive a refund in the amount of 30% off of their tax returns.

The scheduled departure of the ITC will begin in 2020 with a decrease to 26% in tax credits for those that have started construction with solar power for homes or businesses. This percentage will continue to decrease to 22% in 2021 and be completely eliminated for residential participants beginning January 1, 2022. However, commercial solar power installations will remain at a permanent 10% credit.

The ITC program has helped in the growth of the solar industry by 5000% over the past decade. Without this type of jump start, solar panel cost may have been untouchable for a lot of new customers.

Incentives Still Alive Although the ITC program is coming to an end, its purpose has been achieved. Certain states, municipalities, utility companies, and other organizations have picked up the ball in providing incentives for residential and commercial interests in solar power. There are some legislators that are now introducing the extension of the ITC program because of the amazing results that it has delivered. Perhaps we will be able to reap the benefits of this program for a little while longer.

State Tax Credits Many states have decided to keep their own form of ITC program in place. States vary in the amount and the type of tax credits issued, but it can make a significant difference in the price of solar panels for your home. For example, Indiana offers a Renewable Energy Property Tax Exemption and the cities of Indianapolis and Bloomington have Green Building Incentives. There is also a grant program available through the state's Community Conservation Challenge. Arizona, on the other hand, is more aggressive in its solar power initiatives. The state provides a 25% personal tax credit for residential properties. They also have a sales tax exemption for equipment purchased. Cities, such as Scottsdale, Buckeye, Chandler, Tucson and Phoenix have incentive programs for their residents. Tax credits are - 6 - CHAPTER 1: REASONS TO GO SOLAR

also available to solar power manufacturers in an effort to drive competitive solar business.

Cash Rebates Rebates can be offered by your state, municipality, utility or solar panel company. They normally run from 10 to 20% and are issued for a limited time. You can call these organizations to see if there will be any specials being available in the near future.

Energy Certificates Solar renewable energy certificates (SRECs) are issued by utility companies. They are the equivalent of a check that pays you for your generated solar power. After taking into account how much power you are capable of producing, they will send you an SREC for the amount of solar that they can count on from you. This gives the utility company a future source for electricity and puts hundreds, or even thousands, of dollars in your pocket. SRECs vary from state to state so you will need to check on whether or not your state is a participant.

Performance-based incentives (PBIs) PBIs are similar to SRECs except they offer you credits toward your future energy and deduct in the form of kilowatts from your utility bill. There are certain stipulations that may be applied to this program, depending upon your state. Some states require that the equipment you install is manufactured in your state while others set specific kilowatt-hour prices. Not all states participate in this program and it is best to check with your utility company regarding SRECs for more information.

The Solar Foundation The Solar Foundation represents SolSmart, a national designation program recognizing communities that make it faster, easier, and more affordable to go solar. They help local governments achieve goals in removing obstacles to solar energy development, helping attract economic development and new jobs. A community that holds a SolSmart Gold, Silver, or Bronze recognition will be more apt to help residents in finding programs that help financially. All municipalities and counties in the United States are eligible to sign up and receive this no-cost assistance.

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Increased Home Value and Resalability In a study done by Berkeley Lab, on almost 4,000 homes with solar installed, it was discovered that homes with solar sold at a premium of about $15,000 more than homes without solar.

In addition, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) found that homes with solar sold 20% faster.

Environmental Benefits Pollution in the environment has been rising since the Industrial Revolution first started around 1760. While some atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is natural, human activities may have forced an unnatural increase. It is estimated that there has been a 45% increase in the amount of greenhouse gases since coal, oil and natural gas has been used in manufacturing processes. In addition, deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture have also played a part in this increase.

In hindsight, fossil fuels seemed the answer in moving ahead with improving our world. Mass production, combustible engines for vehicles and powering homes and businesses with fuel provided a growing society with streamlined living. While we have grown accustomed to these pleasures as necessities, nature may disagree.

According to some estimates, in thirty years, the world will be using 75% more energy than it does now and our current energy mix won’t meet that demand.

Solar power is readily available and does not produce greenhouse gases or disrupt the atmosphere with pollution. While it isn’t the perfect answer to ending all of the ills of the environment, switching from fossil fuels for cooling and heating homes, can have a large impact

Greenhouse Gases Without getting technical, greenhouse gases are nature's way of keeping the atmosphere at a constant balance. Not all greenhouse gases are bad. They are necessary to control the temperature of the Earth's surface. If there were no greenhouse gases at work, the temperature of the Earth would be 0-degrees F. - 8 - CHAPTER 1: REASONS TO GO SOLAR

When balanced, greenhouse gases keep the surface at a comfortable 59-degrees F. The possible disruption of the natural balance may have occurred when fossil fuels were introduced.

Determining Your Solar System Cost

Solar panels are the ultimate way of figuring your price for solar power. Not all panels are the same in terms of wattage output. You will want as much power as possible, but there are other factors to consider when purchasing solar panels for home use.

Everyone's household and location are different. What may cost one customer $4,000 can go as high as $70,000 for the next. There is no one-size-fits-all system when talking solar power. An estimate on a household with an 8 kilowatt system in the Western states is about $3.25/watt or about $26,000. When you factor in all of the federal and state incentives your net solar system can be reduced to $18,000. There are a few solar panel companies that are beginning to offer payment options, but not many. Most financing still has to be done through a financial institution in the form of a home improvement or second mortgage. There are other options for reaping the benefits of solar power without putting up a lot of upfront money.

Ways of Going Solar: Leasing vs PPA vs Owning Your Solar System

Lease A solar power lease is a contract between a solar panel provider or a third party company representing the solar panel equipment provider and the property owner. The purpose is to allow homeowners the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of solar power without putting down any upfront money. If a homeowner is unable to borrow the funds necessary to buy a solar system outright, a lease is usually possible.

The contract will specify what equipment is to be leased and the duration of the rental period. The length of time can be anywhere from 10 to 25 years. The property owner also gives up any rights to various state and federal rebate programs as they

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are not the current owner of the equipment. In exchange, the homeowner is able to use the solar equipment and the savings generated. Maintenance is provided by the party that leases the equipment.

Depending on the agreement, there is usually a buy-out option to allow the homeowner to purchase the lease. There may be some additional terms and charges to be met, but the equipment can become yours any time during the lease.

PPA A power purchase agreement (PPA) is similar to a solar lease contract as third party lenders remain in ownership of the equipment. Instead of a flat monthly payment, a ppa uses the kilowatt hours produced by the solar system as a form of repayment. For example, where a solar lease may charge a flat $105 monthly payment, a PPA will base your monthly payment on the amount of kilowatts produced by the system. As a result, PPA payments will likely be higher in the summer months since the days are longer and therefore more electricity is being produced.

During the course of the PPA contract, there is usually a rise in cost per kilowatt hour by a percentage on an annual basis. However, just like a solar lease contract, the homeowner is able to eventually own the equipment at the end of the contract or by negotiating a buy-out. The maintenance remains on the provider of the ppa contract until ownership is transferred to the homeowner.

Not all states are set up to offer leases or ppa contracts. Because the sale of electricity is considered a regulated activity, State Legislation has to adopt and pass the use of third party ownership. Some states have yet to provide this initiative.

Direct Ownership: Cash or Finance? Being able to own your solar panels from day one has many benefits because state and federal governments are continuing to add programs to promote solar power. As opposed to a lease or a PPA where the installer receives the incentives, you the homeowner are eligible to receive the incentives.

Just like purchasing a car for cash, buying a solar system requires a significant upfront cost and, depending on your utility, can take anywhere from 5-12 years to - 10 - CHAPTER 1: REASONS TO GO SOLAR

start seeing a return on your investment.

As solar has gained popularity over the last few years, many companies have started offering solar loans. However with any type of financing program, it is more expensive to involve a third party in financing since interest charges are involved.

The good news is that many companies offer loans with interest rates as low as 2.99% and with payment terms as long as 25 years. These loan options can now allow you to have a monthly payment that is less than your current electric bill.

Another great option to finance your system is by taking out a home equity loan or even refinancing your home to pay cash for the system.

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While almost every homeowner can benefit from solar energy, very few people understand how a solar system works.

How can a simple solar panel transform sunlight into the power you need for your home? How do solar panels work? How many solar panels do I need? What are the different components that comprise a home solar system? How can installing a solar energy system save you money?

These are just some of the common questions everyone has about solar energy, and this chapter aims to provide the answers.

Solar System Types: Stand Alone vs Grid Tied System type refers to how you are going to use your solar power. Stand-alone systems are totally dependent on solar power for energy. Grid-tie systems relies only partially on solar power, while the rest is provided by the electric company through a net metering program.

How Do Solar Panels Work? The first thing people think about in regard to solar energy, is the solar panel. But how do solar panels work? How can a flat piece of black glass and aluminum transform sunlight into electricity? To put it simply, separating electrons from atoms is what creates electricity. Solar panels can easily achieve this complex task.

Solar panels are comprised of photovoltaic cells, and the cells are what transform light into electricity. The term photovoltaics means the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity at an atomic level. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made up of 2 semiconductor layers made of silicon. One layer has a positive charge and the other negative. Sunlight activates the photons and the electrons on the negatively charged semiconductor layer are knocked loose from their atoms. The freed photons and electrons can now move toward the positive charged layer and create electricity.

The photovoltaic effect was first discovered by Edmund Becquerel, a French physicist in 1839. He discovered that some materials produced a small amount of electricity when exposed to sunlight. The first photovoltaic cells were developed in

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1954 by Bell Laboratories. They called it a “solar battery” but it was too expensive to market for common use. However, during the 1960s, the space program began to develop solar technology to power the early spacecraft. The space programs developed the technology, improving reliability and reducing cost. By the 1970s, solar energy was gaining in popularity as a possible everyday source of electricity.

What Are Solar Panels Made Of? While a solar panel looks like black glass, crisscrossed with bands of tin foil in an aluminum frame, it's more complicated. Photovoltaic solar cells are actually made of semiconductor materials, like silicon.

Mounting a number of these solar cells into a support frame is what makes up a solar panel. Solar panels are designed to supply certain voltages of electricity, commonly 12 volt and 24 volt systems. The amount of current depends on how much sunlight shines on the panel; thus, solar panels will create more electricity on sunny days than on cloudy days. Multiple solar panels can be wired together into an array. Generally, the larger the panel or array, the more electricity it will be produced, thus increasing solar panel efficiency.

Types of Panels Depending on who the manufacturer is, there are different types of technology and methods used in creating solar panels.

Thin Film Thin Film (TF) solar panels have all but been retired from the market. However, if you find a company offering super low prices, check to make sure that they are not the TF type. There is nothing wrong with thin film solar panels. They are a breeze to manufacture, are compatible in price with newer models and have good efficiency. However, just like old model cars that are no longer built, it will be tough to find replacements in the future. If the manufacturer (usually based in China) decides to fold from lack of sales, you could run into problems with warranties or replacements.

Crystalline Silicon Solar Panels Making up 92% of the solar panel market today, crystalline silicon is the newest form of solar panels available. There are two types of crystalline silicon models available. - 13 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

Polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels both serve to collect energy from the sun and transform it into electricity. They are both comprised of the same materials. Either polycrystalline or monocrystalline solar panels could be a good choice for your home, but there are differences between the two types of solar panels. You need to understand these differences before purchasing your solar panels and installing them on your home.

The primary difference between the two kinds of solar panels is the type of silicon solar cell used; a monocrystalline solar panel uses solar cells manufactured from a single crystal of silicon. Polycrystalline solar panels use solar cells manufactured from multiple fragments of silicon melted together.

Polycrystalline solar panels Polycrystalline solar panels are not much different that mono and multi-crystalline panels but they do have a lower silicon purity making them a tad less effective than monocrystalline panels. However, the advantage is they are less expensive. Additionally, polycrystalline solar panel has a blue tint, rather than the black color of a monocrystalline panel.

While polycrystalline panels are made of silicon, rather than using a single crystal, many fragments of silicon are melted together to create the solar cell wafers. Since there are multiple silicon crystals in each solar cell, the electrons have less movement. This results in lower efficiency than monocrystalline solar panels.

Like the multi-Si, poly panels also need additional square footage to deem the same results as more compact models. Many homeowners also find the poly panels less attractive than the mono-Si and the multi-Si. However, there are many manufacturers that prefer polycrystalline in their process and providing long- lasting durability.

Mono and multi crystalline solar panels Monocrystalline solar panels are considered the superior type of solar panel. The primary advantage of a monocrystalline panel is increased solar efficiency.

To manufacture a solar cell for a monocrystalline solar panel, the silicon is made

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into bars then sliced into thin wafers. This type of panel is called “monocrystalline” because the silicon is single-crystal silicon. Since the solar cell is made from a single crystal, the electrons that create the flow of electricity have more movement. Consequently, monocrystalline panels have more efficiency than polycrystalline panels.

About the only difference between mono-Si and multi-Si is the price tag. Mono-Si styles run slightly higher in cost. The multi-Si takes up approximately 10% more space than the mono-Si. If you are trying to cut back on the amount of space used, go with the mono-Si. Also, when compared to efficiency rates, the Mono-Si came out slightly higher in efficiency than the Mono-Si. A comparison done with 2017 prices showed an average 5kW system showed a difference of $1880 vs. $1820. This is not a huge difference, but one that can pinpoint the savings in dollars.

AC vs DC and Power Inverters Solar panels produce DC (direct-current) electricity. However, most home appliances are made to run on AC (alternating-current) electricity. How can you bridge this gap, and make solar work with the appliances you already have? That's where a power inverter comes in. An inverter will convert the DC electricity produced by your solar panels to AC electricity that can power the average home.

While the main job of a power inverter is to simply transform DC solar power into AC to power your home, it gets a little more complicated. Modern solar power inverters can perform several functions, including monitoring the solar system for performance, as well as diagnostic information. Modern solar, inverters can also manage your batteries.

There are a few different types of solar inverters to choose from.

String Inverters Solar panels are commonly installed in rows, called a “string.” As an example, you might have 20 solar panels in 4 rows of 5 panels each. These multiple strings can be connected to a single string inverter. However, depending on the number of strings, you may need more than one string inverter. - 15 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

String inverters are good for solar installations that don't have shade issues and where the solar panels are on a single plane, not facing in different directions. Unfortunately, if just one solar panel is shaded for part of the day, it reduces its performance; that means the electrical output of every single panel on that string will be reduced to the shaded panels’ level. While a string inverter can't deal with shaded panels, the technology is proven and is less expensive than other systems. String inverters are common in residential and commercial solar systems.

String Inverters With Power Optimizers Power optimizers can be connected to each of your solar panels; this will enable independent control of each panel’s power output from the string. This can resolve the limitations commonly associated with string inverters. If one panel is shaded or not working properly, the optimizer ensures the other solar panels on the string are not affected.

Central Inverters Similar to a string inverter, a central inverter is much larger and able to support more solar panel strings. Rather than the strings going directly into the inverter, the strings are wired together into a common combiner box. The DC electricity is then sent to the central inverter and is converted to AC. Central inverters are best for very large solar installations that have consistent electrical production across the entire array.

Microinverters Microinverters are a popular choice for both residential and commercial solar installations. Microinverters are installed one per solar panel, converting DC to AC at the panel level. This is an advantage if one or more of your solar panels is shaded, the performance of the other solar panels won’t be affected. Microinverters can also monitor individual performance on each panel, while a string inverter will only monitor the performance of a string. This can make a microinverter a good choice for a solar installation with shade issues or if some panels are facing different directions, making microinverters more efficient.

Battery based inverter/chargers Battery-based inverter/chargers need a battery to operate, and include both an inverter and a battery charger. The main benefit of these inverter/chargers is they

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provide continuous operation for critical loads, no matter what the condition of the power grid. That means, even if the city power grid goes down, your system will stay up. This inverter will also monitor your battery while regulating how the battery is charged.

Batteries for Home Solar Systems A solar energy system for your home is unlike the grid in a very important way; the electricity does not flow directly through the wiring and into the outlets, thus powering your stuff; the electricity must be stored in a battery. How much battery do I need, is just as important a question as to how many solar panels do I need. If you don't have enough battery to store all the electricity your solar panels produce, that energy may be wasted.

In addition to figuring out the size of battery you will need, you also need to consider the different types of batteries. When you are considering your solar battery storage options, the most important things to consider are the battery’s capacity, the power rating, depth of discharge, round-trip efficiency, and finally, the battery life and warranty.

Power Rating and Battery Capacity The capacity is the total amount of electrical power that the battery can store. This is measured in kilowatt-hours. Most solar batteries for home use are “stackable.” That means that you can wire together multiple batteries for extra capacity.

While the capacity indicates how big the battery is, it doesn’t indicate how much electrical power the battery can produce at a given time. So, you also need to take into consideration the battery’s power rating. The power rating is how much electricity the battery can deliver at any moment. This is measured in kilowatts.

Batteries with high capacity ratings and low power ratings can only provide a low amount of electricity, only enough for essentials, for an extended period. However, batteries with low capacity ratings and high power ratings can run everything in your home, but only for a short time, like a few hours.

Depth of Discharge - 17 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

Most batteries need to keep some electrical charge at all times. This is due to their chemical make-up. Unfortunately, if you drain a battery completely, its life will be seriously shortened.

The depth of discharge for a battery means the amount of the battery’s capacity that has been used. As an example, if a 20 kWh battery has a depth of discharge of 90%, that means you shouldn’t use more than 18 kWh from the battery before you should recharge it. Keep in mind, during the day, the battery is constantly being recharged by the sun. Depth of discharge mainly becomes an issue during the night, or during periods of extended cloudy weather.

Round-trip Efficiency Round-trip efficiency means the amount of electricity that can be used, calculated as a percentage of the amount of energy it took for it to be stored. As an example, if you put 10kWh of electricity into the battery but can only get 8kWh of usable electricity out of it, the battery has 80% round-trip efficiency. The higher the round-trip efficiency, the better the value.

Battery Life Most of the time, your battery will charge and drain on a daily basis. Furthermore, the battery’s capacity to hold a charge will also gradually decrease over time. As your batteries get older, it won't hold the charge as long as it used to.

Solar batteries will have a manufacturer's warranty guaranteeing a certain number of charge cycles or years. Since the batteries performance will naturally degrade over the years, most manufacturers guarantee the battery will keep a certain amount of capacity for the course of the warranty. So it's wise to check the warranty, to assure the battery will have a long life.

How Many Solar Panels Do I Need? Most people interested in installing a solar system want to produce enough power to get rid of their electricity bills completely. This means, first of all, you need to determine your household electricity consumption level. You will need to calculate how many kilowatt-hours you need to keep your home going. That will determine the best size solar system for your home, and the number of solar panels you will need. - 18 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

Most batteries need to keep some electrical charge at all times. This is due to their chemical make-up. Unfortunately, if you drain a battery completely, its life will be seriously shortened.

Capacity and Size of Solar Panels Solar panel size does not determine the output of power. Two panels of the same size can have different quality solar cells. The age can also play a part in the efficiency. This is why it is so important to know the type of solar panels that a manufacturer is presenting. Buying used panels can also play a role in the capacity of the energy created.

Figuring Life Span The quality of solar panels can be different. This is why it is so important to deal with a manufacturer that will place a 25-year to 30-year warranty on their solar panels. Without this guarantee you could be looking at solar panels made of poor quality materials.

Brands of Solar Panels It is impossible for most consumers to know the difference in the quality of solar panels from looking at them. There are all kinds of brand names for solar panels but they can be quite different in how they were manufactured. This is where a little research has to be done on your part.

Comparing Solar Brands for Efficiency There are more than just a few different brands of solar panels these days. There are plenty of tools on the internet to help you compare shop when it comes to efficiency, reputation, specifications, and price. Some will show a side-by-side comparison of wattage output and solar panel type. Others may include reputation as reported by customers and consumer-related organizations.

Picking the Right Solar Manufacturer Solar panel manufacturers can be confusing but there are a few factors that will help you make the best choice possible. First of all, find out how long they have been in business. With any type of trend there will be companies popping up and the folding a few years later. 10 years in business is a good indication that a solar company is here to stay.

Secondly, 16.5% is the magic number in the efficiency output of each panel. Anything less should be questioned. - 20 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

Last of all, make sure that the manufacturer has a website and a way to contact them. They will be issuing a warranty and any problems can be addressed by them as well if you’re unable to get a hold of your installer.

Habits That Can Save You More Before you decide to install a solar energy system, you must first look at your household's energy usage over the past and future to determine how much power you need the system to generate. If this analysis helps you reduce your household's energy consumption, you can purchase a smaller system and save money.

Installing a smart thermostat is one of the easiest and least expensive ways to reduce your heating and cooling costs 10-20%

You may also want to consider renovations like installing insulation or a radiant barrier, replacing old windows and weather-stripping.

Even appliances and LED light bulb upgrades can reduce your energy load further. Sit down with the family and discuss your personal habits like unplugging appliances that are not in use, turning off lights when you leave the room and using appliances at maximum efficiency.

Calculating Your Solar Panel Estimate The first step is to determine how many kilowatt-hours of electricity you used in the last year. Your electric bills can show you your total electric consumption for the last twelve months. If you haven’t lived in the home for 12 months, you could have an electrical engineer do a load calculation to estimate your usage

To give you some perspective, one kWh equals 1,000 watts of electricity used in one hour. That means, if you have 10 light bulbs in your house and they all are 100 watts, leaving every light on for one hour would use one kWh of electricity. The U.S Energy Information Administration data for 2016 estimated the average American home used 898 kWh per month. That's around 11,000 kWh per year.

The most difficult part of determining the size of a solar system is estimating the annual energy use for your home. Also, the number of large appliances, such as - 21 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

refrigerators and air conditioners, can significantly change the annual kilowatt-hours. If you add large energy-sucking appliances, you will need to add more panels. If you’re running air conditioning or add a heated swimming pool to your backyard, the size of the solar system you need could be dramatically altered. Likewise, charging the battery of your electric vehicle can also put a serious drain on your solar panel system.

How many solar panels you will need can also depend on your location. For instance, we can compare Maine and Arizona’s production ratios for solar panels, 1.61 and 1.31, the lowest and the highest for the United States. You can take that 11,000 kWh average and divide it by the ratios, 1.61 and 1.31. Then divide that number by 280, which is the typical solar panel wattage for home use. That will give you the highest and lowest numbers for how many solar panels you will need.

How Many Kilowatt Hours (kWh) Can Solar Panels Produce? The amount of (kWh) a solar system can produce depends on the level of sun exposure your roof gets. Furthermore, the amount of sun you get every year will depend on where you live in the country, and the time of year as well. For example, Arizona has more sunny days every year than Massachusetts. However, in both locations, you will be able to produce enough electricity with the sun to cover your needs. If you happen to live in a place that gets less sunshine, you just need to install a larger system with more panels at your house.

Let's say two comparable households in Arizona and Massachusetts consume the same average amount of electricity, around 10,400 kWh annually. The Arizona household will need a 7.0 kWh solar system to cover their energy needs. However, the household in Massachusetts will need an 8.8 kWh solar system to cover all of their energy needs. Solar systems in Arizona are smaller than the solar system in Massachusetts but can produce the same amount of energy. That's because the solar panels are exposed to more sun every year. People in less sunny areas, such as Massachusetts, can compensate for this difference simply by using more solar panels, or more efficient solar panels. This will increase the number of solar panels on their roofs.

Mounting Your Solar Panels - 22 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

First, you'll need to determine the best way to mount your solar panels, to maximize the amount of sunshine they can collect.

Latitude Tilt The tilt angle of your solar panels is important to maximize your solar panel efficiency and energy output. Where you live will determine the best tilt angle for your solar panels. In order for solar panels to collect sunlight more efficiently, the panels need to be angled facing the sun as close as possible. The solar cells will produce more energy when the angle of the sun’s rays strike the panel's surface as directly as possible.

For most homes in the U.S., the best angle for a solar panel is close to or equal to the latitude of the south-facing roof. For example, if your house is on the twenty-five- degree latitude, your solar panels need to be tilted twenty-five degrees towards the sun. After the twenty-five-degree latitude mark, add five degrees tilt for every additional five degrees of latitude. However, after forty degrees latitude, you need to add twenty degrees of tilt to your latitude.

That math sounds confusing, so here are some examples: 25 degrees latitude = 25 degree tilt 30 degrees latitude = 40 degree tilt 35 degree latitude = 50 degree tilt 55 degree latitude = 75 degree tilt

Also note, the angle of tilt applies both to roof-mounted and ground-mounted solar panels.

Roof Mounted Solar Panels Roof mounting your solar panels is a good option if your roof is in good condition, and gets a lot of sun exposure. For roof-mounted solar panels, mounting them on a south-facing roof is best to receive the most sun. A west-facing roof could work too. Flat roofs, or roofs with a low slope, can use tilt brackets to achieve the right tilt angle.

Solar Panels and Possible Roof Damage - 23 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

Many people are concerned about roof damage when installing solar panels. Solar system installation can typically last for 30 years or more; it's important that your panels don’t damage your roof. However, roof damage from a solar panel installation is very rare. Roof damage shouldn't be an issue, as long as your roof is in good condition, and your solar installer is a qualified professional. Usually, roof damage occurs when a roof was in poor condition, to begin with. If you're concerned about possible roof damage, it's wise to have a roof inspection before your solar installation.

To prevent water damage, solar installers take some common precautions, such as the bolts holding the solar panel mounts are surrounded with metal or plastic flashing. The flashing is then sealed with roofing tar. Likewise, the holes for the lag bolts are also sealed to protect your roof against water damage.

Another common concern regarding a solar installation is the additional weight on the roof. Usually, the weight of the solar panels won't affect the structural integrity of the roof. Also, if you live where it snows, solar panels are installed at an angle, so the snow will just slide off, reducing that weight.

Solar Panels and Wind Shear Solar panels are exposed to the worst weather your area can dish out, including the possibility of hurricane-force wind. Many local jurisdictions, along the Gulf Coast especially, require solar installations to withstand winds up to 160 mph.

Unfortunately, the wind blowing between the roof and the panels can cause “uplift.” However, roof-mounted solar panels are racked up a few inches above the roof, with hardware designed to overcome uplift. These mounting systems use large lag bolts screwed directly to the roof beams, then are sealed to prevent leakage.

Ground Mounted Solar Panels Mounting your solar panels on the roof is generally the first option most homeowners think of. However, ground mount solar panels are just as cost-effect and perhaps even easier. In fact, many times ground-mounted solar panels are your best option.

Often, ground mount solar panels can cost a little more than roof-mounted solar - 24 - CHAPTER 2: HOW SOLAR ENERGY WORKS

panels per-watt. This is because there may be additional permits and labor costs for this type of installation. However, if your house isn’t ideally situated for rooftop solar panels, or if your roof isn't up to par, a ground-mounted solar system may actually save you money.

If your roof doesn’t face south, isn’t at the right angle, or has large trees shading it, then a ground-mounted solar system may be in order. Ground-mounted solar can be located anywhere on the property where the sun conditions are best. Also, if your household uses a lot of power, your roof may not be large enough for a solar system that will meet your needs. A ground-mounted solar system can easily be sized without the space restriction of a roof.

There are two types of ground-mounted solar systems:

Standard Ground Mounts These use metal frames dug into the ground, which holds the solar panels at a fixed angle. A few standard ground-mounted systems can be adjusted manually to move with the seasonal movements of the sun.

Pole Mounted or Structural Mounts These can support multiple panels and can elevate them higher above the ground than the standard ground mount. A pole-mounted solar system can often incorporate a tracking system, which will tilt the solar panels automatically to collect the optimum amount of sun.

In fact, these tracking systems can increase solar panel efficiency by more than 25%. You have the option of a single-axis or a dual-axis tracking system. A single- axis tracking system will rotate your solar panels during the day, following the sun dawn to dusk. A dual-axis tracking system will also adjust the panel tilt angle according to seasonal variation.

Structural Mounts are the ones that can suit dual purposes such as a shaded car port or any other type of shade structure.

Even if your home rooftop is suitable for a solar energy system, a ground-mounted

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solar panel system may be a better choice.

First of all, ground-mounted solar systems can be easily installed on any open space on the property. It also doesn’t require drilling holes in your roof. Likewise, a standard ground mount system is relatively lightweight and can be easily moved, allowing it to be taken with you.

Second, ground-mount solar systems can be much more productive than a rooftop solar system. Since they’re not dependent on the tilt of your roof, a ground-mounted system is always at the perfect angle for optimum productivity. That means it will generate more electricity than the same size roof solar system.

Lastly, ground-mounted solar panels are easy to clean and maintain. You won't have to climb up on the roof, a simple ladder may be sufficient. If you live where it snows a lot in the winter, that means you will be able to sweep the snow off easily and safely.

The cost of a standard ground-mounted solar system is usually more than a roof- mounted solar system. However, if you also want to install a tracking system, that will be an additional cost. But the added energy production a tracking system can produce can make it cost-effective in the end.

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Going solar on your home can be a complicated and long project that can sometimes last several weeks before you system is installed and operational.

Although the installation itself can usually be completed in 1-2 days, things like net metering applications, permits, and inspections can prolong the project. Let’s start be reviewing the process of going solar from the very beginning.

What Are the Steps Involved In Going Solar? No matter where you are in the process of going solar, it’s important to keep a few things in mind. You don’t have to follow these steps to the letter, and they may be out of order a bit. The key thing is that you do adequate research to find not only the best solar company in your area, but also to learn exactly what you are getting into and what options are available to you.

The Research Phase Are you a homeowner? If this is the case, that’s a definite plus. It’s much easier to sign up for solar power when you’re the owner of the property. You won’t have to jump through hoops to get approval from your landlord, and there won’t be a middle- man when it comes to choosing the type of system and progress for the work.

This isn’t the only issue at stake. Not all states provide solar energy in all locations, and your house needs to meet certain criteria.

A good candidate for solar power meets the following requirements:

Has a roof age that is no older than 5-10 years. This is because it is much more expensive to buy a roof replacement when you get your solar panels. It can cost anywhere from $500-2,000 to do so, since it is labor-intensive. The roof should be comprised of common roof materials such as shingles or concrete tile. Even though you can technically get solar panels on a roof that’s made of asphalt, foam, or rubber membrane, it does cost much more. As expected, roofs that have too steep of a pitch will be more expensive. The orientation of the roof is best when it is due south, although it’s possible to install them on roofs facing west-southwest or east-southeast. These mounting plans are less efficient. - 27 - CHAPTER 3: THE PROCESS OF GOING SOLAR

There should be no shade on the roof, or a very small amount. Obviously, shade kills a solar panel’s output. If you have a traditionally-wired system, output may be reduced for an entire string of panels when there’s shade on just one part.

Schedule a Cost Estimate Yes, this sounds like the easy part. However, it’s a bit more complicated than you probably think.

You reach out to solar companies and ask for their quotes. The numbers should speak for themselves, right?

That’s not necessarily the case. You need to give the installer some information about your house, and know whether or not you’re getting a good price quote from them. This needs to include all aspects of the cost, such as the panels/system, installation, and any additional fees that may come up.

The price you should expect is determined by a number of things, all of which a good installation company will explain when they give you a quote. Here’s what the quote should encompass:

Roof assessment - The installer may use an assessment tool, which determines how much space there is available for panels, as well as the amount of sun they will receive. Production assessment - The numbers that they get when doing the roof assessment will allow them to estimate the amount of power the panels will produce each year. Installation cost - The cost for Installation will be shown in dollars-per-watt, with an average price of $3.00-4.00 per watt in the United States. Of course, this depends on your roof, how large the installation is, and your state, among other things. Make and model - Any good quote will include the make, model, and number of each of the system’s components (panels, racks, inverter). Incentives - There may be incentives available to you. Your quote should discuss state and federal incentives you may receive based on your situation. At a minimum, you are likely to get the federal solar tax credit. This will reduce - 28 - CHAPTER 3: THE PROCESS OF GOING SOLAR

the homeowner’s tax bill by 30% of the system’s cost. Payback estimate - The installer likely will tell you how long it’s going to take to get your initial investment back, as well as the amount you’ll save over the lifespan of the panels.

Make sure that you also talk about how much it can cost to remove the panels if you need to do a re-roof within 10-15 years.

Design and Permits The installation company will take care of this part. After you’ve agreed on a price and the system you’d like, it then goes to an engineering team. The installation company also will apply for incentives that may be available from the utility company.

If it’s necessary to get any permits from the city, the installer will apply for them. The only thing you’re responsible for at this time is to make a billing arrangement through the utility company. Some of them require solar owners to get on a time-of-use plan or sign up to get special rates. The time-of-use plan is meant to record energy that has been consumed and exported.

Installation You’re almost ready to go! When it’s time for solar panel installation, you’re sure to feel a sense of accomplishment and pride. You’re doing your part to both save money, and have a smaller environmental footprint.

Luckily, this is a quick process. Solar installers have streamlined the task enough to keep it to a few hours, in most cases. After you approve the design and schedule the day you want it done, it doesn’t take long to get an installation team on premises. This will consist of the specialized solar technicians and an electrician. The electrician will make sure the system is sound, and that it is able to send electricity to the inverter.

Interconnection After the installation, you may think it’s as simple as turning the system on. There’s another step usually, and that is getting the system connected to the grid.

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Many utilities and jurisdictions have an easier process today that makes it faster to have the solar system assessed and connected. This can take a few days up to a few weeks.

An inspector from the utility company will come in to have a look at the system. They need to verify that certain hardware is present, such as an emergency disconnect switch. Also, they’ll need to see that all the wiring was done to code.

My System Is Up and Running, What Happens Now?

Monitoring Once your system is up and running, you will want to monitor it for any production problems that may occur. Though solar panels require little maintenance if properly installed, like any other system, it should be checked on a routine basis to make sure it is operating at peak performance.

The inverter is the main hub where direct current (DC) coming from your panels is converted to the usable (AC) alternating current which is the electricity that powers your home and this is usually the most common point of failure.

You can find out exactly how much energy is being generated by the monitoring system. Micro-inverters have data available through either an application that can be accessed on a smart device or through a website your provider has set up to see the inverter data. String inverters may have a separate monitoring service or device.

If this is not available, you can check the inverter itself to calculate energy production.

Maintenance If you’re like us, you don’t want to be fussing over appliances and prefer the luxury of plug and play, but maintaining solar panels is fairly easy to do as they do not require a lot of attention.

Debris such as dirt, bird droppings and general grime can affect the performance of

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your panels, so it is worth noting that they should be checked regularly to make sure there is no build up of dirt or obstructive substances on them.

The great thing about solar systems is they don't have a bunch of moving parts like a generator or more mechanical power systems. Less parts mean maintenance and cleaning are much easier.

In most cases however, rainfall can provide most of the cleaning required.

Ways to Clean Panels This is a pretty straightforward process. Basically, water and a mild small amount of soap is all that is needed. Washing the panels with a standard garden hose is all that is needed if there is minor debris on the panels. Don't power blast them. The idea is to be gentle. If the grime or dirt is a little heavier, some soapy water and sponge will work. Make sure to rinse excess soap off the panels through so it doesn't leave a film. I am not so keen on heights so I prefer to have my panels cleaned by professionals. There are an abundance of cleaners that offer competitive rates so check around for someone who has experience in working with solar panels.

Roof Leaks Pesky leaks can become a big problem with solar panels. Rain can get into panels that have not been installed properly, or ones that have become damaged due to the owner’s actions or natural causes.

Maintenance of solar energy systems involves paying attention to the weather where you live. If you reside somewhere with severe weather conditions such as hail and hurricanes, you should be prepared for the consequences and seek insurance that covers such issues. You don't want to be left with seriously damaged equipment for long. Don't leave it up to chance - if natural disaster protection is not specifically mentioned in the insurance or warranty, make it a point to ask as many questions as you need to feel comfortable.

If a panel(s) breaks, especially if a bit of time goes by before you notice it, the energy output can decrease by a great deal. In the event there’s damage due to no fault of your own, there’s a good chance you have a warranty in place to cover it. Most of - 31 - CHAPTER 3: THE PROCESS OF GOING SOLAR

these warranties only last for up to 10 years. Contact the installation company right away to find out if repairs/replacement is covered and what to do next.

Homeowners Insurance and Solar Panels Because solar systems are a large and valuable investment, making sure that your investment receives the same attention as your home itself will give you peace of mind should they get damaged by a natural disaster or other type of damaging incident such as a fire.

Most homeowner insurance policies cover solar systems. If your panels are covered, great! If they aren't, then you will need a separate policy or add-on. The panels are generally considered as a permanent attachment to your home. It is a good idea to inquire with your insurance provider as to the extent of coverage and if there are particular incidents where they may not be insured.

Because of the cost of the solar power system, coverage amount of your home may need to be increased which can affect your premium.

There are some systems like ground-mounted panels that might require a separate policy. Your policy type will dictate whether it is necessary to get this add-on insurance. Large systems may require their own policy for adequate coverage.

Again, it is advisable to check with your particular insurance company to see what coverage is provided based on the type of system you own.

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If you're read this far, you probably have already decided to go solar or it's a serious consideration. Either way, congratulations!

You're about to reap many great benefits. This includes saving money, boosting your property value, and contributing to one of the fastest growing industries in the United States.

To get started, you'll need to hire a solar energy installer. So how do you choose the right one?

A quality solar energy installer will explain the benefits of switching to solar energy in your specific location. But that's only the start of what a reputable solar installer offers. Even after tax credits and rebates, putting a solar system on your home still costs money. The system should also stay in place for 25 years or more. Therefore, you'll want to make sure you're getting the best deal and highest level of quality possible.

Some solar installers are self-employed and do not work directly for the manufacturer. This can be a good thing in finding someone locally. If there are any installation problems, you know that they are close by. A good installer does not necessarily have to be NABCEP-certified, but they should be able to produce some type of training by a credible solar organization.

Your brother's friend, Joe, would not be a good choice if he has no references or customer reviews. Get a promised production rate and hold them to it. Make sure they have a system for tracking and will send you regular results. Last of all, check out their current customer service because you need to know that your installer will be there if your system fails.

So of the hundreds of solar installers in the country, what makes a company the “best?” Your selection should be based on a variety of factors, including their warranty, rates, customer service, work history, and even consumer reviews.

Why Worry About a Warranty? Today's solar PV systems are designed to last 25 years or more. Before adding any - 33 - CHAPTER 4: CHOOSING THE RIGHT SOLAR COMPANY

solar to your property, you'll want to make sure to get warranty coverage in case a part breaks due to improper installation or technical problems. Otherwise, it may be very expensive to fix. The best solar companies offer full warranties. They will also explain the differences among the warranties and why they're important.

Manufacturer vs Workmanship vs Production There are generally three types of warranties available that cover a solar system; a manufacturer warranty, a workmanship warranty, and a production warranty.

Manufacturer Warranty A manufacturer warranty covers the technical components of the solar energy system itself. This warranty breaks down into two smaller components, which are a performance warranty and an equipment warranty. Although the average solar PV system lasts 25 years or longer, its production capacity naturally declines with age. The production warranty normally guarantees a production output of 90% for the first 10 years and 80% percent for the remaining 15 years. The equipment warranty guarantees that the system's parts will continue to work properly for the first 10-12 years after installation. Collectively, the two types of manufacturer's warranty protect against wear and tear, environmental problems like rusting or wind damage, and manufacturing flaws that compromise the component's function. When choosing a solar energy installer, it's best to look for a company that offers a longer warranty for production and components. Be sure to ask about what manufacturing company the installer plans to use, as companies differ in the warranty length that they offer.

Panel Manufacturer Warranty Whether they're mounted to the roof, placed on the ground, or form a carport in a parking lot, solar panels have the same duty. Their job is to collect energy from the sun and pass it along to the inverter, which then converts that energy into electricity to power your home. Solar panel warranties typically last for 25 years. However, the expected production capacity of the panels and their anticipated lifespan varies by manufacturer. By the end of 25 years, most panels are designed to operate at 80% of their original capacity. Their production gradually declines by less than one percent each year. In addition to offering a warranty for the panels, a manufacturer should also include a production warranty that will replace a panel if its production capacity falls below the expected rate. - 34 - CHAPTER 4: CHOOSING THE RIGHT SOLAR COMPANY

Inverter Manufacturer Warranty The inverter is the part of the PV system that converts direct energy from the sun into electricity that is used to power appliances in your home. While solar panels can last up to 25 years, inverters quite often have a shorter lifespan. It's not uncommon for a solar system owner to replace two inverters throughout the course of the system's lifespan. At a minimum, most manufacturers will guarantee an inverter's performance for 5-10 years. Some offer 12-year warranties, while a small handful provide warranties for up to 25 years.

Mounting Hardware Warranty Of course, your solar energy system needs something to hold it together. That's just what the mounting hardware, although seemingly insignificant, does for 25 years. Over time, it's possible for these parts to rust, break, or suffer general wear and tear. Whether they are attached to the inverters, the panels, or another surface on your system, they may need to be replaced periodically. As with the panels and inverters, warranty for the mounting hardware varies. Warranties cover parts for a minimum of five years, while others offer coverage for 10, 15, 20 years or more. Check with your solar installer to see what type of warranty the manufacturer provides

Workmanship Warranty A workmanship warranty, covers the solar installer's work. This includes all work related to the design, construction, and installation of the solar system. A good solar energy company will have a workmanship warranty that ranges from one to ten years. Some companies also offer operation and maintenance services, which include ongoing care for your system after installation. You may get a warranty for these services too, although that warranty is sometimes provided in a separate contract.

Production Warranty Similar to the warranty from the panel manufacturer, a production warranty is normally provided by the installer.

A production warranty guarantees the amount of electricity the solar system will produce in any given year. If at the end of the year, that guaranteed amount isn’t

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produced, the installer will write a check to the system owner for the shortfall in production at a predetermined rate.

The primary benefit of this is that the installer is incentivized to resolve any sort of production issue immediately since they will be paying for any under production.

Although, a panel manufacturer has a production warranty as well and will replace any issues with a faulty panel, they’re not on the hook for the overall system production and are not in a hurry to replace any non-functioning panel.

Roof Protection If you're planning to have a solar energy system installed on your roof, it is important to make sure the roof will support the solar system for the duration of its lifespan.

The average roof lasts from 15 to 30 years. A PV system lasts about 25. If the roof is more than halfway through its lifespan at the time you decide to get a solar energy system, it may need to be replaced.

The National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) guidelines recommend only installing a PV system on a roof with at least 25 years left. If you're not quite ready to replace the roof yet, be sure to ask about getting a quote for the cost of removing and replacing the panels from your selected installer. Keep in mind that this fee will be added on to the cost of the roof replacement itself.

Even if you decide to forego a roof replacement when you install the solar PV system, a solar installer should perform a thorough roof assessment. This includes checking the roof for structural problems that might affect the roof's ability to hold the weight of the PV system. An assessment will also check for leaks and other issues that make the roof less capable of supporting a solar system's weight.

Most leaks and other issues caused by an improperly installed solar energy system are covered for at least 10 years by the installer.

Consumer Reports guides homeowners to resources for finding a solar energy installer. This includes listings for each state on the NRCA, the Solar Energy - 36 - CHAPTER 4: CHOOSING THE RIGHT SOLAR COMPANY

Industries Association (SEIA), and the National Board of Certified Energy Practitioners.

Customer Service Issues Over the course of 25 years, it is quite possible that you'll encounter problems with your roof, the PV system, or both. Then, that leaves the question of who to call for repairs?

Generally, the first person who you should call is the installer. The installer has an intimate knowledge of the solar system and can make any repairs to ensure it’s working properly or if it’s a non system issue like a roof leak, they can coordinate the repairs with the roofing contractor.

You want to make sure the installer you use has dedicated customer service team to help address any issues you may have with your system.

Are They Experienced? Another essential quality that solar installers should have is experience. The solar energy industry attracts individuals from a diverse range of backgrounds. Sometimes, this includes contractors and sub-contractors who previously focused on one area of construction but later switched to residential solar installations.

Some companies broadcast their “experience” as a seemingly large number of years. However, this number sometimes includes experience working in areas of construction or home improvements that are not actually related to solar energy. When you start interviewing solar energy companies, be sure to ask specifically about their experience related to solar installations.

This includes asking about the number of solar installations they've done and requesting to see a sample or portfolio of their past work.

Check for Proper Licenses and Certifications Before you ask for samples of past work, recommendations, quotes or anything else, be sure to ask if the company you want to hire has all requisite current licenses and certifications. Every company formed in 2002 or later should hold a certification by - 37 - CHAPTER 4: CHOOSING THE RIGHT SOLAR COMPANY

the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP). This organization holds the highest standards for certification by which the solar energy industry abides. Ideally, every member of a solar energy installer who performs work on your property should have a NABCEP license. But at the very least, it's important to make sure that an individual with a NABCEP certification checks the system installation before the solar array gets up and running.

If you're wondering “what do the solar providers near me need to work on my house?”, we have the answers. Along with the national NABCEP license, solar installers may need to have other state and local licenses as well. This can include a general contracting license, electrical license, home improvement certificate, or a home performance contractor's license. While you're checking an installer's licenses and credentials, ask about their insurance coverage too. At a minimum, they should all have general liability insurance.

Look for Glowing Reviews Today, just about every consumer takes to social media or the internet to rant or rave about an experience as a customer. Before you take the first step in contacting a solar energy installer, it is quite helpful to search for the company online or through social media. This will give you a fast and accurate analysis of whether people are satisfied with their work, customer service, warranties, and other critical information. If you can, try to search a few different sites to get a good overview of the company's reputation.

Ask for References Now, you might be wondering, “who have the solar providers near me helped?” Fortunately, you should be able to ask any company who you're considering hiring for a portfolio of their past work. A good solar energy company will have a portfolio ready to proudly show off. Along with seeing samples of their past work, ask a solar energy provider for customer references. A company who has successfully installed a solar array in the past will gladly provide contact information for you to contact past customers. Their willingness to provide this information also indicates the quality of their customer service and their commitment to ensuring customer satisfaction down the road.

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Request a Consultation Before any company starts work on your property, you'll want to know how much it will cost. Ideally, you should get a quote from at least three companies. However, many people get quotes from at least five companies. This gives you a good indication of the going installation rate in your area. With the availability of web- based resources, it is easy to find the the average cost of a solar installation. In 2019, the average was $3.26 per watt nationwide, or $11,410 per 5kW system. However, local variables like utility provider and electricity prices influence the final cost.

Finance Options Along with providing a quote, the best solar energy companies will happily discuss financing options with you, too. This includes giving you the option to own or lease the solar energy system. Taking out a loan, says the US Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, is the best option if you don't have the upfront cash required to pay off the cost of the system. Getting a loan saves you anywhere from 40% to 70% off the system's cost. Another method of payment is called a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). With this payment structure, the solar installer owns the solar system, even though it is located on your property. Choosing a PPA doesn't require paying for the solar energy system. However, it means that you won't quality for incentives and tax credits. Usually, the installer holds the rights to electricity produced by the system. The homeowner then buys the electricity from the installer to cover the utility bills.

A reputable installer will tell you about the current rebates, tax credits, and incentives that can lower the upfront and overall cost of the solar system.

Where to Find a Solar Energy Provider Sometimes, you'll have the advantage of locating a solar provider through a referral or customer recommendation. But if you're having trouble finding an installer in your area, there are great resources to help you locate an installer. One is the database maintained by SEIA. This database provides a state-by-state breakdown of certified solar energy installers. Most installers have their contact information and websites posted on SEIA, making it easy to contact them right away.

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Going solar is a great decision for your wallet, the environment, and the neighborhood. But there's also a lot to consider as you're making the switch. Approaching the installation with prior knowledge and knowing how to evaluate a prospective installer goes a long way in ensuring your satisfaction as a solar energy customer.

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If the concept of solar energy has always intrigued you, it can become a reality. Many homeowners are confused by the terms and how solar panels really work. Much has changed in the world of solar power.

This form of green energy is now powering many areas that were once ruled by utility companies and high rates. The one question that continues to come up is "are solar panels worth it?"

Take the time to read through this question and answer section and discover why solar power is the ultimate answer to clean and affordable energy.

Understanding Solar Power

Solar power is misunderstood by many people because it has not been around as long as other forms of energy. We accept the fact that vehicles operate on a combustible engine and that chips in our computers make them operate. Solar power can be a little complex because we have not yet grown comfortable with the concept. However, it is much simpler to understand than other things that we take for granted in our lives.

Q. What is solar power?

A. Solar power is a type of technology that is able to collect and control the energy produced by the sun. This next part is where many people get lost. Solar panels, or photovoltaic cells, are comprised of semiconductor materials. Sunlight is able to jar loose the enclosed electrons from the atoms. As these electrons travel through each cell, electricity is produced.

You don't have to be a scientist to wrap your mind around this. There are many types of electronics that we use that use the same concept. Computer chips that power computers, calculators and even cars use technology that is hard to understand. We may not know exactly how it works, but we know that it does.

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Storing Solar Power

Before utility companies accepted the fact that solar power was not going away, there was nowhere to store solar power to turn the lights on. You could only use the energy as long as the sun was shining. Today, utility companies offer far more savings than investing in batteries.

Q. Do I have to store my solar power?

A. In earlier days, it was necessary to store your solar power for later use. Today, batteries are not as feasible. Utility companies will buy back your excess solar power and store in their electric grid. The earnings show up as a credit on your electric bill.

Q. What if I need back-up power during an outage?

A. You can add a battery to your solar system for back-up power. This fact needs to be stated at the time you purchase your solar panels. There are different types of systems and they have to be compatible with a battery storage option.

The cost for adding a battery as a back-up feature is more than using a generator. However, if you are worried about greenhouse gas, you should consider a battery.

Q. Can I go off-grid by using batteries?

A. Most solar panels made today are for use in conjunction with feeding back to your electric company's grid. There are solar systems that are designed to provide enough power to run independently, but the cost can run into tens of thousands of dollars.

History of Solar Power

If we had followed through with solar power when it was first discovered, the world might be a different place today. There are currently entire countries that rely on solar power because it is more sufficient and easier to come by than fossil fuels.

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Here is a little history on the beginning of solar power.

Q. Does solar power have a traceable history?

A. Believe it or not, solar power has been in existence since 1839. Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, was a French physicist that discovered photovoltaic effect. Becquerel was 19 years old. Simply put, he was able to create electricity by using the sun's rays with a conductor. Also known as the Becquerel Effect, the use of knowledge was not realized for a century.

An American engineer, Russell Ohl, is credited for patenting the solar cell and it was produced commercially by Bell Laboratories in 1954. However, the cost was so prohibitive that the idea fell by the wayside.

Codes and Standards of Solar Power

As solar power becomes more popular, it was determined that rules and regulations needed put into place to protect the rights of property owners, additions and neighbors. Always check with your local government to make sure that you are following the codes and standards in your area before deciding on solar panels.

Q. What are solar easements?

A. As with any type of property, solar systems come under a solar easement statute. A registration process is the normal course of action when adding solar power. This basically puts close neighbors on notice that solar power is being installed. Solar panels in new construction have to be reviewed and approved before building begins in some additions.

Q. What are solar access rights?

A. Uniformity in a community or neighborhood are taken seriously by governing organizations. After all, no one wants a pink house next to their red cedar sided home. Placing solar panels on a roof where other homes do not have them is often seen as a problem. Instead of forbidding the use of solar power, some - 43 - CHAPTER 5: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

neighborhood rules have been relaxed to include solar panels, but only in certain locations.

Being Able to Afford Solar Power

It may not be as difficult to finance solar panels and installation as you once believed. Many incentives and creative financing is now being offered by government and financial institutions.

Q. What is the cost of going solar?

A. The biggest drawback to going solar is the price tag. While there have been huge reductions in the cost of material, scraping up $20,000 to $30,000 is still a big chunk of money. Currently, there is a 30% tax credit that can be applied to having solar panels installed, but this is due to expire in 2022.

Q. Are there financing options available for homeowners wanting to go solar?

A. The solar power industry is growing due to the fact that more financial institutions are recognizing this feature as a home improvement. There are also solar companies called full-service solar developers that offer financing as well as installation.

Solar loan agreements are becoming popular with financial institutions, solar manufacturers and some utility companies. The customer is allowed to spread out payments in order to make easy payments on the equipment and installation costs of the system. Customers are able to own the rights to the power and all of the equipment. They are also responsible for any upkeep as if the project were already theirs.

Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) shares the solar system with the contractor. The contractor bears most of the costs of installation and operation. The customer is allowed to make payments toward the solar system. A fixed rate of payment is decided upon, usually lower than the amount of the existing electrical kw rate. A contract can run for 10 to 25 years. At the end of the contract the customer can - 44 - CHAPTER 5: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

either buy the solar energy system, renew the contract or have the equipment removed.

Q. Where can I find incentives for going solar?

A. The best place to find incentives in your state is to visit the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE). Programs available to homeowners are listed by state and further by the company offering the incentive.

Maintenance and Life Expectancy of Solar Panels

Solar roof panels are easy to care for. Maintenance is practically nil and solar panel companies are very generous with their warranties. It is just a matter of making sure that sunlight is never blocked.

Q. Are solar panels safe?

A. All solar panels are required to be tested and to meet international standards. Further, the installation process is performed by licensed electricians that have to meet local building, fire, and electrical codes.

Q. Do solar systems ever fail?

A. Just like any other mechanical piece of equipment, a solar system can become privy to a problem. Knowing where to look and what to do to repair is the job of trained technicians. While many problems occur from a fault during installation with connections, some parts become dirty or worn and need replacing. By pinpointing the failure route, a solid connection can be restored.

Q. How long do solar panels last?

A. Solar panels are normally warranted for 25 years. While many will last longer than this period of time, the power output could begin to decrease. This does not mean that you must have them replaced. You can still enjoy free power only at a decreased output. - 45 - CHAPTER 5: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Q. What can a consumer do to extend the efficiency of solar panels?

A. There is no simple answer to how long do solar panels last. The weather, where your home is located and what type of debris blocks the sun are all factors in keeping panels operating at ultimate power. Manufacturers base the estimate of 25 years on the panel output, not the material. The material is timeless with a little help from you.

Keep limbs and leaves swept away from the solar panels. Occasionally, wash down with water to remove any dirt that can be blocking the sun. Very little maintenance is required to protect solar panels. However, if a decrease in power is seen, call a technician right away. The problem may lie with the panels or in a connection to your system.

Impact on the Planet

We hear a lot about green energy these days. However, the fact is that as long as fossil fuels are used to generate power, we will always have pollution that causes damage to the ozone layer. Solar power is a form of green energy that not only supplies our needs, but protects the earth.

Q. Why is solar power better for the planet?

A. Solar power is a renewable source of natural power. This means that whatever we take in the form of energy will be replaced. The same cannot be said for electricity or gas. Most power plants that create electricity rely on coal that releases carbon emissions. Gas comes from fossil fuels that are piped or fracked, upsetting the natural order of the earth. No one knows what the future impact will be by disturbing the earth's natural balance.

Increased Home Values

Homeowners are always open to ideas to increase the worth of their property. Solar power is the one guaranteed way to bring up your home's value without a lot of

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remodeling.

Q. Do solar panels increase the value of my home?

A. Most definitely. A study was recently done in California that found a $20,000 increase in property value just from having a PV solar system. The return on investment is approximately 97%, not counting the savings in energy bills.

Selecting a Solar System

Investing in a solar system is not like buying a new car. There are many factors to consider in receiving the best fit for your home. Only once you have talked to a solar power professional can you get a good idea on a custom-mounted system.

Q. Are all solar systems the same?

A. No. There are many factors to consider in choosing a solar system and the installation. While cost is a concern, other information needs to be looked at. There are over 100 providers of solar panels and each one can be a little different in what their product provides.

The first thing to look at is the design and size of the solar panel. Second is the durability and efficiency rating. Make sure there is a good manufacturer's warranty that will cover any damaged panels. This information is available through many online sites for comparison.

Once you are sure that you are comparing apples to apples, get an estimate. The difference in price may show up in the actual installation or the brand of inverters that each company uses. There are 3 different types of inverters and many different manufacturers.

Q. What type of solar panel systems are there?

A. There are 3 different types of solar panel systems. Grid-connected systems are the most common type. An inverter changes the DC power to AC power, which your - 47 - CHAPTER 5: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

home uses, and the power is connected to your power utility's grid. Hybrid systems require batteries that store the power and allows you back-up power. Off-grid solar systems let you be reliant on batteries for storage and use without the aid of a utility company. However, the additional cost for these special batteries can run upward of $10,000 or more.

Q. Do I need to get a physical estimate?

A. Absolutely. The design and pitch of your roof will determine how much energy a panel is able to generate. Without taking into consideration the direction of the sun, how your roof is pitched and other variations, it is impossible to receive an accurate estimate.

Be prepared for different designs from each company that you contact. Raise questions as to their reasons for why their design is the best. It could be due to aesthetics or it may be an increase in wattage.

Q. Are there solar company reviews?

A. Yes, and you should read them. Installation of the right solar panels for your home is a huge expense. Discovering that there have been past problems with a particular installer can cause you to take a second look. Google 'compare solar installers' for companies in your area.

Q. Are there solar systems for DIYers

A. While the concept of solar power may appear fairly simple, there are a lot of confusing aspects to the installation. Unless you have been trained and certified through the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP), this is a job that is better left to the experts.

Solar Myths

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There are many myths about solar energy that have been floating around for years. Education is key in understanding what the truth really is. Here are a few popular questions that are always posed in deciding to invest in solar power.

Q. Will cloudy or snowy weather affect how well my solar panels work?

A. Just because the sun isn't shining brightly, doesn't mean that it is not there. There may be a reduction in the amount of energy that is produced, but not enough to block the rays. Weather is taken into consideration when you receive a quote. Further, installers are trained to know the exact angle and position required to keep your panels working at full capacity.

Q. Is my area too cold to get much use out of solar panels?

A. The temperature has very little to do with the sun's rays. You could live in Florida or Minnesota and still receive a good flow of energy. In fact, colder temperatures are actually advantageous to solar panels. Electricity flows easier in cold temperatures where hot temperatures slow down the amount of power.

Q. Will solar panels look unattractive on my roof?

A. As solar panels grow in popularity, the look of panels on a roof is becoming a mark of prestige. Your home will be noted as a home that has the market value as a priority. Solar panels are also emerging into shingles that are very attractive in using on a roof. Another option is solar panels on the ground is your property is large enough.

Q. Will solar panels damage my roof?

A. Solar panels are not placed directly on a roof so the weight will not be pressing against the roofing material. A small opening is left between the roof and the solar panels to promote air flow. In some cases, solar panels can actually increase the life of your roof by protecting the exterior from the elements.

Q. Is there a tracking system that follows the sun?

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A. While there are tracking systems available for newer models, most people find that the extra cost is not worth the trouble. Installers are very good at placing panels at just the right angle to receive the most valuable rays of the sun.

Q. What if I decide to move before my loan for solar power is not paid off?

A. It does not take long to realize the savings and the return on your investment. An average of 5-12 years is common in getting your money back but immediately you will be seeing a difference in your home value and your energy savings. Being able to increase the market price on your home should be more than enough to pay off your solar system investment.

Q. Should I wait for solar power to become more cost efficient?

A. Today's prices for solar panels is significant compared to what they were in the 1960s. There was also not an option to sell back power to the utility company. Bulky batteries were an additional cost. Solar energy is not expected to see much more gains in efficiency. They will always be making improvements, but not much in terms of saving you money.

Q. What happens if the grid goes down?

A. If there is a problem with the power lines that your solar power is tied to, it is a requirement for the utility company to shut down all lines. This is to protect the linemen that are working to restore power. There is an option to restore your power by use of a battery. However, there are additional costs involved.

There is also new technology available that uses inverters that can be connected to an outdoor outlet. This system creates an independent circuit for use if you are disconnected from the grid. Ask your installer about SMA inverters that feature a secure power supply (SPS).

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By this point you should have all the basic information you need to understand going solar for your home.

Since each every home is different and every family uses power differently, there is no way to get an estimate of what it will cost to install a solar system on your home without getting more specific information.

For example, you may have 2 different families in the exact same floor plan. Family number one is young married couple in their 30's (one's a stay at home parent) with a couple of children. Family number 2 is an elderly retired couple that often spends the summer in Hawaii.

We can guarantee that the electricity usage for these 2 families will be drastically different.

That being said, the next best step would be setup a free consultation with Enlyten Energy by clicking the button below.

SCHEDULE CONSULTATION

Thanks and we look forward to meeting you!

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