A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GIANT (CARDIIDAE: : )

M.L. Neo National University of Singapore

Front cover image: (1st row) hippopus, ; (2nd row) mbalavuana, Tridacna gigas, ; (3rd row) Tridaca squamosina, Tridacna maxima, ; (Last row) , Tridacna noae. A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MARICULTURE (INCLUDES REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, AND ECONOMICS) - 2 -

HOST SYMBIOSIS AND THEIR SYMBIODINIACEAE - 8 -

PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY - 11 -

STATUS, DISTRIBUTION, AND ABUNDANCE SURVEYS - 16 -

ECOTOXICOLOGY - 20 -

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT - 21 -

ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES - 24 -

PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND CONNECTIVITY - 26 -

AUTECOLOGY - 28 -

PATHOGENS AND PARASITES - 30 -

GEOSCIENCES - 31 -

ARCHAEOLOGY - 33 -

PHYLOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESOURCES - 34 -

TAXONOMY DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION - 36 -

ANTHROPOLOGY - 37 -

GENERAL ARTICLES - 38 -

[Not for commercial use] - 1 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

MARICULTURE (INCLUDES REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, AND ECONOMICS)

• Wada, S.K. (1954) Spawning in the Tridacnid Clams. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 11: 273-285 • Bonham, K. (1965) Growth rate of giant Tridacna gigas at Bikini Atoll as revealed by radiography. Science, 149: 300-302 • LaBarbera, M. (1974) Calcification of the first larval shell of Tridacna squamosa (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia). Marine Biology, 25: 233-238 • LaBarbera, M. (1975) Larval and post-larval development of the giant clams Tridacna maxima and Tridacna squamosa (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Malacologia, 15: 69-79 • Jameson, S.C. (1976) Early life history of the giant clams Tridacna crocea Lamarck, Tridacna maxima (Röding), and (Linnaeus). Pacific Science, 30: 219-233 • Jaubert, J. (1977) Light, Metabolism, and the Distribution of Tridacna maxima in a South Pacific Atoll: Takapoto (French Polynesia). Proceedings of the Third International Reef Symposium, Miami, 2: 633- 636 • Richard, G. (1977) Quantitative balance and production of Tridacna maxima in the Takapoto Lagoon. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Miami, 1: 599-605 • Murakoshi, M. (1978) Larval and post-larval development of a Boring Clam, Tridacna crocea Lamarck. The Biological Magazine Okinawa, 16: 29-34 • Munro, J.L. and J. Gwyther (1981) Growth rates and maricultural potential of Tridacnid clams, Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, 1981, 59B: 67-70 • Beckvar, N. (1981) Cultivation, spawning, and growth of the giant clams Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, and T. squamosa in , Caroline Islands. Aquaculture, 24: 21-30 • Gwyther, J. and J.L. Munro (1981) Spawning induction and rearing of larvae of Tridacnid clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Aquaculture, 24: 197-215 • Fitt, W.K. and R.K. Trench (1981) Spawning, development, and acquisition of zooxanthellae by Tridacna squamosa (, Bivalvia). Biological Bulletin, 161: 213-235 • Kawaguti, S. (1983) Metamorphosis of the Boring Clam, Tridacna crocea. Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences, 59B: 67-70 • Heslinga, G. and F. Perron (1983) Palau hatchery. ICLARM Newsletter, 6: 5 • Fitt, W.K., C.R. Fisher and R.K. Trench (1984) Larval biology of Tridacnid clams. Aquaculture, 39: 181-195 • Heslinga, G.A., F.E. Perron and O. Orak (1984) Mass culture of giant clams (F. Tridacnidae) in Palau. Aquaculture, 24: 197-217 • Braley, R.D. (1984) Reproduction in the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa in situ on the North-Central Great Barrier Reef, , and Papua New Guinea. Coral Reefs, 3: 221-227 • Perron, F.E., G.A. Heslinga and J.O. Fagolimul (1985) The gastropod Cymatium muricinum, a predator on juvenile tridacnid clams. Aquaculture, 39(3-4): 211-221 • Lopez, M.D.G. and G.A. Heslinga (1985) Effect of dessication on Tridacna derasa seed: Implications for long- distance transport. Aquaculture, 49 (3-4): 363-367 • Heslinga, G.A. and T.C. Watson (1985) Recent advances in giant clam mariculture. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, 5: 531-537 • Braley, R.D. (1985) Serotonin-induced spawning in giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Aquaculture, 47: 321- 325 • Alcazar, S.N. (1986) Observations on predators of giant clams (Bivalvia: Family Tridacnidae). Silliman Journal, 33(1-4): 54-57 • Murakoshi, M. (1986) Farming of Boring clam, Tridacna crocea Lamarck. Galaxea, 5: 239-254 • Alcala, A.C., E.P. Solis and S.N. Alcazar (1986) Spawning, larval rearing and early growth of Hippopus hippopus (Linn.) (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Silliman Journal, 33 (1-4): 45-53

[Not for commercial use] - 2 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

• Alcazar, S.N. and E.P. Solis (1986) Spawning, larval development and growth of Tridacna maxima (Röding) (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Silliman Journal, 33 (1-4): 65-73 • Estacion, J., E. Solis and L. Fabro (1986) A preliminary study of the effect of supplementary feeding on the growth of Tridacna maxima (Röding) (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Silliman Journal, 33 (1-4): 111-116 • Crawford, C.M., W.J. Nash and J.S. Lucas (1986), Spawning induction, and larval and juvenile rearing of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas. Aquaculture, 58: 281-295 • Murakoshi, M. and S. Kawaguti (1986) Sexual maturation and harvest regulations in the shell length of the boring clam Tridacna crocea. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 52 (10): 1701-1707 • Murakoshi, M. and S. Kawaguti (1986) Seasonal variations in gonad weights of the boring clams and harvest regulation periods. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 52 (10): 1709-1714 • Crawford, C.M., J.S. Lucas and J.L. Munro (1987) The Mariculture of Giant Clams. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 12(4): 333-340 • Solis, E.P. (1987) A preliminary study of the reproductive cycle of Tridacna squamosa Lamarck (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) at Carbin Reef, Central . Silliman Journal, 34(1-4): 3-11 • Alcazar, S.N., E.P. Solis and A.C. Alcala (1987) Serotonin-induced spawning and larval rearing of the china clam, Hippopus porcellanus Rosewater (Bivalvia, Tridacnidae). Aquaculture, 66(3-4): 359-368 • Crawford, C.M., J.S. Lucas and W.J. Nash (1988) Growth and survival during the -nursery rearing of giant clams, Tridacna gigas. 1. Assessment of four culture methods. Aquaculture, 68: 103-113 • Price, C.M. (1988) Giant clam ocean nursery and reseeding projects. South Pacific Commission, Workshop on Pacific Inshore Fishery Resources. Noumea, New Caledonia, 14-25 March 1988. BP57, pp. 14-25 • Solis, E.P. and G.A. Heslinga (1989) Effect of dessication on Tridacna derasa seed: Pure oxygen improves survival during transport. Aquaculture, 80: 45-61 • Lucas, J.S., W.J. Nash, C.M. Crawford and R.D. Braley (1989) Environmental influences on growth and survival during the ocean-nursery rearing of giant clams, Tridacna gigas (L.). Aquaculture, 80: 45-61 • Munro, J.L. (1989) Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J. (ed.), Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: Their assessment and management. Pp. 541-558 • Tisdell, C. (1990) Exploring the demand for farmed giant clams and their components: Approaches and Problems. 34th Annual Conference of Australian Agricultural Economics (12-15 February 1990). 18 pp. • Tisdell, C. (1991) A report on the test marketing of giant clams as aquarium specimens in Brisbane, Australia. Research Reports in the Economics of Giant Clam Mariculture. Working Paper No. 26. 52 pp. • Braley, R.D. (1992a) Improved method for shipping Tridacna gigas seed. Aquaculture, 102: 193-199 • Braley, R.D. (1992b) The giant clam: hatchery and nursery culture manual. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research Monograph No. 15. 144 pp. • Fitt, W.K., G.A. Heslinga and T.C. Watson (1992) Use of antibiotics in the mariculture of giant clams (F. Tridacnidae). Aquaculture, 104: 1-10 • Hastie, L.C., T.C. Watson, T. Isamu and G.A. Heslinga (1992) Effect of nutrient enrichment on Tridacna derasa seed: dissolved inorganic nitrogen increases growth rate. Aquaculture, 106: 41-49 • Braley, R.D., D. Sutton, S.S. Mingoa-Licuanan and P.C. Southgate (1992) Passive greenhouse heating, recirculation, and nutrient addition for nursery phase Tridacna gigas: growth boost during winter months. Aquaculture, 108: 29-50 • Klumpp, D.W., B.L. Bayne and A.J.S. Hawkins (1992) Nutrition of the giant clam Tridacna gigas (L.). I. Contribution of filter-feeding and photosynthates to respiration and growth. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 155: 105-122 • Fitt, W.K., T.A.V. Rees, R.D. Braley, J.S. Lucas and D. Yellowlees (1993) Nitrogen flux in giant clams: size- dependency and relationship to zooxanthellae density and clam biomass in the uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Marine Biology, 117: 381-386 • Kerr, R.G. and P.C. Southgate (1993) Isolation of gorgosterol from symbiont-free giant clam eggs and larvae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 104B: 707-710

[Not for commercial use] - 3 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

• Tidell, C.A., W.R. Thomas, L. Tacconi and J.S. Lucas (1993) The cost of production of giant clam seed Tridacna gigas. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 24: 352-360 • Tisdell, C.A., L. Tacconi, J.R. Barker and J.S. Lucas (1993), Economics of ocean culture of giant clams, Tridacna gigas: Internal rate of return analysis. Aquaculture, 110: 13-26 • Murakoshi, M. and H. Hirata (1993) Self-fertilization in four species of giant clam. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59: 581-587 • Bell, L.A.J. (1993) Niue giant clam re-seeding cost comparison for local production (hatchery) and importation (juvenile or larvae). FFA Report 93/07. 15 pp. • Leung, P.S., Y.C Shang, K. Wanitprapha and X. Tian (1994) Production economics of giant clam (Tridacna species) culture systems in the US-Affliated Pacific Islands. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture No. 114. 40 pp. • Klumpp, D.W. and C.L. Griffiths (1994) Contributions of phototrophic and heterotrophic nutrition to the metabolic and growth requirements of four species of giant clam (Tridacnidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 115: 103-115 • Molea, T. and P.E. Munro (1994) Influence of symbiont strain on early growth of Tridacnids. Asian Fisheries Science, 7: 91-102 • Hawkins, A.J.S. and D.W. Klumpp (1995) Nutrition of the giant clam Tridacna gigas (L.). II. Relative contributions of filter-feeding and the ammonium-nitrogen acquired and recycled by symbiotic alga towards total nitrogen requirements for tissue growth and metabolism. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 190: 263-290 • Latama, G. (1995) Artificial spawning of Tridacnids from the Spermonde Islands, South-West Sulawesi. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, (15): 79-81 • Ambariyanto and O. Hoegh-Guldberg (1997) Effect of nutrient enrichment in the field on the biomass, growth and calcification of the giant clam Tridacna maxima. Marine Biology, 129(4): 635-642 • Grice, A.M. and J.D. Bell (1997) Enhanced growth of the giant clam, Tridacna derasa (Roding, 1798), can be maintained by reducing the frequency of ammonium supplements. Journal of Shellfish Research, 16(2): 523- 525 • Foyle, T.P., J.D. Bell, M. Gervis and I. Lane (1997) Survival and growth of juvenile fluted giant clams, Tridacna squamosa, in large-scale grow-out trials in the . Aquaculture, 148: 85-104 • Adulyanukosol, K. (1997) Growth of giant clam Tridacna squamosa Lamarck under laboratory and natural conditions. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 17(1): 269-274 • Bell, J.D., I. Lane, M. Gervis, S. Soule and H. Tafea (1997) Culture, Handling, and Air Transport of Giant Clams from South Pacific. Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products’96. Pp. 60-66 • Ellis, S. (1998) Spawning and early larval rearing of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication No. 130. Pp. 1-55 • Hart, A.M., J.D. Bell and T.P. Foyle (1998) Growth and survival of the giant clams, Tridacna derasa, T. maxima and T. crocea, at village farms in the Solomon Islands. Aquaculture, 165: 203-220 • Tan, A.S-H. and Z.B. Yasin (1998) The reproductive cycle of Tridacna squamosa and Tridacna maxima at Rengis Island (Tioman Island), . Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 18, 1: 107-112 • Grice, A.M. and J.D. Bell (1999) Application of ammonium to enhance the growth of giant clams (Tridacna maxima) in the land-based nursery: Effects of size class, stocking density and nutrient concentration. Aquaculture, 170: 17-28 • Ellis, S. (1999) Lagoon farming of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication No. 139. Pp. 1-6 • Mingoa-Licuanan, S.S. (2000) Induction of Symbiosis in Tridacna crocea (C. Bivalvia, F. Tridacnidae) Using Zooxanthellae from T. gigas and from T. crocea: Effects on Clam Survival and Growth. Science Dilliman, 12(2): 28-32 • Ellis, S. (2000) Nursery and grow-out techniques for giant clams (Tridacnidae). Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication No. 143. Pp. 1-98

[Not for commercial use] - 4 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

• Tan, S-H. and Z.B. Yasin (2000) The reproductive cycle of Tridacna squamosa and Tridacna maxima at Rengis Island (Tioman Island), Malaysia. Journal of Shellfish Research, 19(2): 963-966 • Courtois de Vicose, G. (2000) Survival rates of Tridacna squamosa larvae exposed to different substrates, Impact of substrates colonised by crustose coralline . Abstracts of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, . Pp. 301 • Husin, N.M., Z. Yasin and A.S-H. Tan (2001) Shell morphology and culture of Tridacna squamosa larvae (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 25(1): 169-172 • Latama, G., H. Sunusi, A. Ratiman and A.H. Ramadhan (2001) Growth of Tridacna squamosa juvenile at three levels of somatropin hormone treatment. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 25(1): 211-213 • Tan, A.S-H. and Z. Yasin (2001) Factors affecting the dispersal of Tridacna squamosa larvae and gamete material in the Tioman Archipelago, the South China Sea. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 25, 2: 349-356 • Sparsis, M., J. Lin and R.W. Hagood (2001) Growth, survivorship, and nutrient uptake of giant clam (Tridacna) in aquaculture effluent. Journal of Shellfish Research, 20(1): 171-176 • Lin, J., M. Sparsis and R.W. Hagood (2001) Growing giant clam (Tridacna derasa) in aquaculture effluent. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 3(1-3): 225-230 • Braley, R.D. (2001) Aquacultured giant clams, Tridacna gigas and Hippopus hippopus, used as the main biofilter in a saltwater aquarium recirculation system. SPC Trochus Information Bulletin, 8: 24-27 • Murakoshi, M., S. Tamaki, K. Iwai and N. Ohshiro (2002) Autotrophic mariculture of giant clams in coral reef areas in Okinawa, southern Japan. Fisheries Science, 68: 1016-2017 • Hean, R.L. and O.J. Cacho (2002) Mariculture of giant clams, Tridacna crocea and T. derasa: Management for maximum profit by smallholders in Solomon Islands. Aquculture Economics and Management, 6(5-6): 373- 395 • Hean, R.L. and O.J. Cacho (2003) A growth model for giant clams Tridacna crocea and T. derasa. Ecological Modelling, 163: 87-100 • Elfwing, T., E. Blidberg, M. Sison and M. Tedengren (2003) A comparison between sites of growth, physiological performance and stress responses in transplanted Tridacna gigas. Aquaculture, 219: 815-828 • Calumpong, H.P., J.S. Estacion, J.R. Lucañas and A.B. Apao (2003) Survival, settlement and growth of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa on different substrates. The Philippine Scientist, 40: 101-110 • Clarke, P.J., T. Komatsu, J.D. Bell, F. Lasi, C.P. Oengpepa and J. Leqata (2003) Combined culture of Trochus niloticus and giant clams (Tridacnidae): Benefits for restocking and farming. Aquaculture, 215(1-4): 123-144 • Panggabean, L.M.G., S.A.P. Dwiono and D.E. Djoko Setyono (2006) Growth of juvenile horse's hoof clams (Hippopus hippopus) reared in coastal waters, Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu. Marine Research Indonesia, 31: 13-20 • Iwai, K., K. Kiso and H. Kubo (2006) Biology and status of aquaculture for giant clams (Tridacnidae) in the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan. In: Primavera, J. H., E. T. Quinitio and M. R. R. Eguia (Eds.), Proceedings of the Regional Technical Consultation on Stock Enhancement for Threatened Species of International Concern, Iloilo City, Philippines, 13-15 July 2005. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Department. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. Pp. 27-38 • Ambariyanto (2007) The growth of giant clams juvenile is influenced by nutrient addition. Biota, 12(2): 127- 130 • Panggabean, L.M.G. (2007) Characteristic of growth in horse hoof clams Hippopus hippopus grown in Pari Island. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 33: 469-480 • Neo, M.L., P.A. Todd, S.L-M. Teo and L.M. Chou (2009) Can artificial substrates enriched with crustose coralline algae enhance larval settlement and recruitment in the fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa). Hydrobiologia, 625: 83-90 • Lebata-Ramos, M.J.H.L., K. Okuzawa, R.J. Maliao, J.B.R. Abrogueña, M.D.N. Dimzon, E.F.C. Doyola-Solis and T.U. Dacles (2010) Growth and survival of hatchery-bred giant clams (Tridacna gigas) in an ocean nursery in Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines. Aquaculture International, 18(1): 19-33

[Not for commercial use] - 5 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

• Kurihara, T., R. Fuseya, M. Katoh and K. Inoue (2010) Possibility of self-fertilization during hatchery culturing of giant clam, Tridacna crocea. Plankton and Benthos Research, 5(1): 11-16 • Al-Najjar, T., A.W. Al Shiyab, S. Meer, M. Al-Zibdah and A. Abu-Hilal (2010) Heterotrophic nutrition of giant clams from the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Dirasat, Pure Sciences, 37(1): 51-59 • Kurihara, T., H. Yamada and K. Inoue (2011) Larval-cleaning technique for increasing the survival rate of Tridacna crocea during planktonic stage. Plankton and Benthos Research, 6(1): 51-55 • Neo, M.L., P.A. Todd, L.M. Chou and S.L-M. Teo (2011) Spawning induction and larval development in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Nature in Singapore, 4: 157-161 • Toonen, R.J., T. Nakayama, T. Ogawa, A. Rossiter and J.C. Delbeek (2012) Growth of cultured giant clams (Tridacna spp.) in low pH, high-nutrient seawater: species-specific effects of substrate and supplemental feeding under acidification. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92, 4: 731- 740 • Mies, M., F. Braga, M.S. Scozzafave, D.E.L. de Lemos and P.Y.G. Sumida (2012) Early development, survival and growth rates of the giant clam Tridacna crocea (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 60(2): 127-133 • Mies, M. and P.Y.G. Sumida (2012) Giant clam aquaculture: A review on induced spawning and larval rearing. International Journal of Marine Science, 2(9): 62-69 • Gould, A.J., E.W. Needham and J. Knauer (2012) Make it count: Maximising the stocking density of juvenile fluted giant clams (Tridacna squamosa Lamarck) during simulated live transportation. Asian Fisheries Science, 25(1): 75-84 • Yamamoto, T., S. Tamaki, K. Inoue, K. Iwai and Y. Sudo (2012) Effects of rearing methods on boring giant clam Tridacna crocea. Aquaculture Science, 60(2): 233-241 • Mies, M., F. Braga, M.S. Scozzafave, P.Y.G. Sumida and D. Lemos (2013) Successful spawning and a possible solution for broodstock mortality in giant clams (Tridacnidae): A neurotransmitter injection through the byssal orifice. Aquaculture Research, 44: 671-676 • Adams, A.L., E.W. Needham and J. Knauer (2013) The effect of shade on water quality parameters and survival and growth of juvenile fluted giant clams, Tridacna squamosa, cultured in a land-based growth trial. Aquaculture International, 21: 1311-1324 • Navneel, K.S. and K. Azam (2013) Comparative study of available spawning methods of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) in Makogai, Fiji. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 5(3): 353-357 • Neo, M.L., P.A. Todd, S.L-M. Teo and L.M. Chou (2013) The effects of diet, temperature and salinity on survival of larvae of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. Journal of Conchology, 41(3): 369-376 • Triandiza, T. and A. Kusnadi (2013) Induced spawning and larval rearing technique of scaly clams (Tridacna squamosa Lamarck) in the laboratory. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 39(1): 1-11 (In Indonesian) • Yamamoto, T. (2013) Development of a settlement device for aquaculture of the boring giant clam Tridacna crocea and proposal of an optimal non-perforated aquaculture technique. Aquaculture Science, 61(1): 55-60 • Zhou, Q., Y. Wang and X. Jiang (2014) Giant clam research and prospect of aquaculture in the South China Sea. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 33(2): 87-93 (In Chinese) • Al-Zibdah, M.K. (2015) Giant clams (Tridacna spp.), A potential candidate for green aquaculture of high revenue in Jordan's Gulf of Aqaba. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11(3): 677-691 • Waters, C.G., S. Lindsay and M.J. Costello (2016) Factors relevant to pre-veliger nutrition of Tridacnidae giant clams. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1): 3-17 • Zhang, Y., S. Xiao, J. Li, H. Ma, Z. Xiang, Y. Zhang and Z. Yu (2016) The artificial breeding and early development of the fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) in South China Sea. Journal of Fisheries of China, 40(11): 1713-1723 (In Chinese) • Southgate, P.C., R.D. Braley and T.A. Militz (2016) Embryonic and larval development of the giant clam Tridacna noae (Roding, 1798) (Cardiidae: Tridacninae). Journal of Shellfish Research, 35(4): 777-783

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• Southgate, P.C., R.D. Braley and T.A. Militz (2017) Ingestion and digestion of micro-algae concentrates by veliger larvae of the giant clam, Tridacna noae. Aquaculture, 473: 443-448 • Militz, T.A., R.D. Braley and P.C. Southgate (2017) Captive Hybridization of the Giant Clams Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) and Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798). Journal of Shellfish Research, 36(3): 585-591 • Mies, M., M.S. Scozzafave, F. Braga, and P.Y.G. Sumida (2017) 23.1. Giant clams. In: Calado, R., I. Olivotto, M.P. Oliver and G.J. Holt (Eds.), Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Pp. 510- 535 • Mies, M., P. Dor, A.Z. Guth and P.Y.G. Sumida (2017) Production in giant clam aquaculture: Trends and challenges. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 25(4): 286-296 • Davila, F., T. Sloan, M. Milne and L. van Kerkhoff (2017) Impact assessment of giant clam research in the Indo-Pacific region. ACIAR Impact Assessment Series No. 94. 79 pp. • Moorhead, A. (2018) Giant clam aquaculture in the Pacific region: perceptions of value and impact. Development in Practice, 28(5): 624-635 • Braley, R.D., T.A. Militz and P.C. Southgate (2018) Comparison of three hatchery culture methods for the giant clam Tridacna noae. Aquaculture, 495: 881-887 • Mohammed, T.A.A., M.H. Mohamed, R.M. Zamzamy and M.A.M. Mahmoud (2019) Growth rates of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) reared in cages in the Egyptian Red Sea. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 45(1): 67-73 • Zhou, Z., J. Li, H. Ma, Y. Qin, Y. Zhou, J. Wei, Y. Deng, X. Li, S. Xiao, Z. Xiang, Z. Noor, Y. Zhang and Z. Yu (2020) Artificial interspecific hybridization of two giant clams, Tridacna squamosa and Tridacna crocea, in the South China Sea. Aquaculture, 515: 734581 • Zhang, Y., Z. Zhou, Y. Qin, X. Li, H. Ma, J. Wei, Y. Zhou, S. Xiao, Z. Xiang, Z. Noor, J. Li and Z. Yu (2020a) Phenotypic traits of two boring giant clam (Tridacna crocea) populations and their reciprocal hybrids in the South China Sea. Aquaculture, 519: 734890 • Zhang, Y., H. Ma, X. Li, Z. Zhou, J. Li, J. Wei, Y. Zhou, Y. Lin, Z. Noor, Y. Qin and Z. Yu (2020b) Analysis of inbreeding depression on performance traits of three giant clams (Tridacna derasa, T. squamosa, and T. crocea) in the South China Sea. Aquaculture, 521: 735023

[Not for commercial use] - 7 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

HOST SYMBIOSIS AND THEIR SYMBIODINIACEAE

• Mansour, K. (1946) Source and fate of zooxanthellae of the visceral mass of Tridacna elongata. Nature, 158: 130 • Jeffrey, S.W. and F.T. Haxo (1968) Photosynthetic pigments of symbiotic (zooxanthellae) from and clams. Biological Bulletin, 135: 149-165 • Jeffrey, S.W. and K. Shibata (1969) Some spectral characteristics of chlorophyll c from Tridacna crocea zooxanthellae. Biological Bulletin, 136: 54-62 • Taylor, D.L. (1969) Identity of zooxanthellae isolated from some Pacific Tridacnidae. Journal of Phycology, 5(4): 336-340 • Fankboner, P.V. (1971) Intracellular digestion of symbiotic zooxanthellae by host amoebocytes in giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae), with a note on the nutritional role of the hypertropied siphonal epidermis. Biological Bulletin 141, 2: 222-234 • Goreau, T.F., N.I. Goreau and C.M. Yonge (1973) On the utilization of photosynthetic products from zooxanthellae and of a dissolved amino acid in Tridacna maxima f. elongata (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Journal of Zoology (London), 169: 417-454 • Deane, E.M. and R.W. O'Brien (1978) Isolation and axenic culture of Gymnodinium microadriaticum from Tridacna maxima. British Phycological Journal, 13(2): 189-195 • Deane, E.M., T. Duxbury and R.W. O'Brien (1979) Growth cycle of free-living Gymnodinium microadriaticum from Tridacna maxima. British Phycological Journal, 14(4): 407-412 • Trench, R.K., D.S. Wethey and J.W. Porter (1981) Observations on the symbiosis with zooxanthellae among the Tridacnidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Biological Bulletin, 161(1): 180-198 • Fankboner, P.V. and R.G.B. Reid (1981) Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae by heat-stressed reef corals: a source of food for giant clams? Experientia, 37: 251-252 • Streamer, M., D.J. Griffiths and L.V. Thinh (1988) The products of by zooxanthellae (Symbionidium microadriaticum) of Tridacna gigas and their transfer to the host. Symbiosis, 6(3): 237-252 • Norton, J.H., M.A. Shepherd, H.M. Long and W.K. Fitt (1992) The zooxanthellal tubular system in the giant clam. Biological Bulletin, 183: 503-506 • Belda, C.A., J.S. Lucas and D. Yellowlees (1993) Nutrient limitation in the giant clam-zooxanthellae symbiosis: Effects of nutrient supplements on growth of the symbiotic partners. Marine Biology, 117: 655-664 • Yellowlees, D., M.L. Dionisiosese, K. Masuda, T. Maruyama, T. Abe, B. Baillie, M. Tsuzuki and S. Miyachi (1993) Role of carbonic-anhydrase in the supply of inorganic carbon to the giant clam zooxanthellate symbiosis. Marine Biology, 115(4): 605-611 • Klumpp, D.W. and J.S. Lucas (1994) Nutritional ecology of the giant clams Tridacna tevoroa and T. derasa from Tonga: Influence of light on filter-feeding and photosynthesis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 107: 147- 156 • Rees, T.A.V., W.K. Fitt and D. Yellowlees (1994) Host glutamine synthetase activities in the giant clam— zooxanthellae symbiosis: Effects of clam size, elevated ammonia and continuous darkness. Marine Biology, 118: 681-685 • Masuda, K., S. Miyachi and T. Maruyama (1994) Sensitivity of zooxanthellae and non-symbiotic microalgae to stimulation of photosynthate excretion by giant clam tissue homogenate. Marine Biology, 118: 687-693 • Mingoa-Licuanan, S.S. and J.S. Lucas (1995) Bivalves that ''feed'' out of water: Phototrophic nutrition during emersion in the giant clam, Tridacna gigas Linne. Journal of Shellfish Research, 14(2): 283-286 • Belda, C.A. and D. Yellowlees (1995) Phosphate acquisition in the giant clam-zooxanthellae symbiosis. Marine Biology, 124: 261-266 • Norton, J.H., H.C. Prior, B. Baillie and D. Yellowlees (1995) Atrophy of the zooxanthellal tubular system in bleached giant clams Tridacna gigas. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 66: 307-310

[Not for commercial use] - 8 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

• Johnston, M., D. Yellowlees and I. Gilmour (1995) Carbon isotopic analysis of the free fatty acids in a Tridacnid-algal symbiosis: Interpretation and implications for the symbiotic association. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 260(1359): 293-297 • Fitt, W.K., T.A.V. Rees and D. Yellowlees (1995) Relationship between pH and the availability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the zooxanthella-giant clam symbiosis. Limnology and Oceanography, 40(5): 976-982 • Ambariyanto and O. Hoegh-Guldberg (1996) Nutrient enrichment and the ultrastructure of zooxanthellae from the giant clam Tridacna maxima. Marine Biology, 125, 2: 359-363 • Maruyama, T. and G.A. Heslinga (1997) Fecal discharge of zooxanthellae in the giant clam Tridacna derasa, with reference to their in situ growth rate. Marine Biology, 127: 473-477 • Ishikura, M., C. Kato and T. Maruyama (1997) UV-absorbing substances in zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate clams. Marine Biology, 128: 649-655 • Yasin, Z.B. and A.S-H. Tan (1998) Effect of light on the zooxanthellae numbers and chlorophyll level in Tridacna squamosa. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 18(1): 89-94 • Belda-Baillie, C.A., W. Leggat and D. Yellowlees (1998) Growth and metabolic responses of the giant clam - zooxanthellae symbiosis in a reef-fertilization experiment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 170: 131-141 • Baillie, B.K., V. Monje, V. Silvestre, M. Sison and C.A. Belda-Baillie (1998) Allozyme electrophoresis as a tool for distinguishing different zooxanthellae symbiotic with giant clams. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London Series B, 265: 1949-1956 • Gomez, E. and S. Mingoa-Licuanan (1998) Mortalities of giant clams associated with unusually high temperatures and coral bleaching. Reef Encounter, 24: 23 • Yasin, Z.B. and A.S-H. Tan (1999) Utilization of dissolved inorganic nutrients of zooxanthellae cells of Tridacnid clams. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 19(1): 93-98 • Belda-Baillie, C.A., M. Sison, V. Silvestre, K. Villamor, V. Monje, E.D. Gomez and B.K. Baillie (1999) Evidence for changing symbiotic algae in juvenile tridacnids. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 241: 207-221 • Ishikura, M., K. Adachi and T. Maruyama (1999) Zooxanthellae release glucose in the tissue of a giant clam, Tridacna crocea. Marine Biology, 133: 665-673 • Tan, A.S-H. and Z.B. Yasin (2000) Photoacclimation responses by zooxanthellae of giant clam Tridacna squamosa. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 21(1): 119-125 • Baillie, B.K., C.A. Belda-Baillie, V. Silvestre, M. Sison, A.V. Gomez, E.D. Gomez and V. Monje (2000) Genetic variation in isolates from giant clams based on random-amplified-polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns. Marine Biology, 136: 829-836 • Baillie, B.K., C.A. Belda-Baillie and T. Maruyama (2000) Conspecificity and Indo-Pacific distribution of Symbiodinium genotypes (Dinophyceae) from giant clams. Journal of Phycology, 36: 1153-1161 • Hill, R.W., J.W.H. Dacey and A. Edward (2000) Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in giant clams (Tridacnidae). Biological Bulletin, 199: 108-119 • Leggat, W., T.A.V. Rees and D. Yellowlees (2000) Meeting the photosynthetic demand for inorganic carbon in an alga - invertebrate association: preferential use of CO2 by symbionts in the giant clam Tridacna gigas. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London Series B, 267: 523-529 • Latama, G., A. Niartiningsih, R. Syam and S. Indriani (2001) Survival of giant clam larvae (Tridacna squamosa) fed zooxanthellae from three sources. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 25(1): 101-103 • Addessi, L. (2001) Giant clam bleaching in the lagoon of Takapoto atoll (French Polynesia). Coral Reefs, 19: 220 • Buck, B.H., H. Rosenthal and U. Saint-Paul (2002) Effect of increased irradiance and thermal stress on the symbiosis of Symbiodinium microadriaticum and Tridacna gigas. Aquatic Living Resources, 15: 107-117 • Leggat, W., B.H. Buck, A. Grice and D. Yellowlees (2003) The impact of bleaching on the metabolic contribution of symbionts to their giant clam host. Plant, Cell and Environment, 26: 1951-1961

[Not for commercial use] - 9 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

• Komalawati, N. and A. Nuryanto (2005) Identification of endosymbiont zooxanthellae based on isolated from mantle tissue of Tridacna maxima based on 28S ribosomal DNA. Sains Akuatik, 11(1): 27-34 • Hirose, E., K. Iwai and T. Maruyama (2006) Establishment of the photosymbiosis in the early ontogeny of three giant clams. Marine Biology, 148: 551-558 • Ambariyanto (2006) Estimating contribution of zooxanthellae to respiration (CZAR) and to animal growth (CZAG) of giant clam Tridacna maxima. Journal of Coastal Development, 9(3): 155-162 • Jantzen, C., C. Wild, M. El-Zibdah, H.A. Roa-Quiaoit, C. Haacke and C. Richter (2008) Photosynthetic performance of giant clams, Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa, Red Sea. Marine Biology, 155: 211-221 • Hernawan, U.E. (2008) Review: Symbiosis between the giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) and Zooxanthellae (Dinophyceae). Biodiversitas, 9(1): 53-58 • Pinzon, J.H., M.K. Devlin-Durante, M.X. Weber, I.B. Baums and T.C. LaJeunesse (2011) Microsatellite loci for Symbiodinium A3 (S.fitti) a common algal symbiont among Caribbean Acropora (Stony corals) and Indo- Pacific giant clams (Tridacna). Conservation Genetic Resources, 3: 45-47 • Yau, A.J-Y. and T-Y Fan (2012) Size-dependent photosynthetic performance in the giant clam Tridacna maxima, a mixotrophic marine bivalve. Marine Biology, 159(1): 67-75 • DeBoer, T.S., A.C. Baker, M.V. Erdmann, Ambariyanto, P.R. Jones and P.H. Barber (2012) Patterns of Symbiodinium distribution in three giant clam species across the biodiverse Bird's Head region of Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 444: 117-132 • Kurihara, T., H. Yamashita, H. Yamada, K. Inoue, K. Iwai and K. Koike (2012) Probability of symbiosis establishment by giant clams with fresh and cultured Symbionidium isolated from various host . Journal of Shellfish Research, 31(4): 977-987 • Kurihara, T., H. Yamada, K. Inoue, K. Iwai and M. Hatta (2013) Impediment to Symbiosis Establishment between Giant Clams and Symbiodinium Algae Due to Sterilization of Seawater. PLoS ONE, 8(4): e61156 • Junchompoo, C., N. Sinrapasan, C. Penpain and P. Patsorn (2013) Changing seawater temperature effects on giant clams bleaching, Mannai Island, Rayong province, Thailand. PROCEEDINGS of the Design Symposium on Conservation of Ecosystem (2013) (The 12th SEASTAR2000 workshop). Kyoto University Design School. Pp. 71-76 • Mies, M., M.A. Van Sluys, C.J. Metcalfe and P.Y.G. Sumida (2017) Molecular evidence of symbiotic activity between Symbiodinium and Tridacna maxima larvae. Symbiosis, 72(1): 13-22 • Ikeda, S., H. Yamashita, S. Kondo, K. Inoue, S. Morishima and K. Koike (2017) Zooxanthellal genetic varieties in giant clams are partially determined by species-intrinsic and growth-related characteristics. PLoS ONE, 12(2): e0172285 • Gula, R.L. and D.K. Adams (2018) Effects of Symbiodinium colonization on growth and cell proliferation in the giant clam Hippopus hippopus. The Biological Bulletin, 234(2): 130-138 • Rouzé, H. and L. Hédouin (2018) Bilateral asymmetry in bleaching susceptibility within a giant clam, Tridacna maxima. Coral Reefs, 37(3): 825 • Pochon, X., P. Wecker, M. Stat, V. Berteaux-Lecellier and G. Lecellier (2019) Towards an in-depth characterization of Symbiodiniaceae in tropical giant clams via metabarcoding of pooled multi-gene amplicons. PeerJ, 7: e6898 • Rossbach, S., V. Saderne, A. Anton and C.M. Duarte (2019) Light-dependent calcification in Red Sea giant clam Tridacna maxima. Biogeosciences, 16(13): 2635-2650 • Lim, S.S.Q., D. Huang, K. Soong and M.L. Neo (2019) Diversity of endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae in giant clams at Dongsha Atoll, northern South China Sea. Symbiosis, 78(3): 251-262 • Mies, M. (2019) Evolution, diversity, distribution and the endangered future of the giant clam- Symbiodiniaceae association. Coral Reefs, 38: 1067-1084 • Goto-Inoue, N., T. Sato, M. Morisasa, H. Yamashita, T. Maruyama, H. Ikeda and R. Sakai (2020) Mass spectrometry imaging reveals differential localization of natural sunscreens in the mantle of the giant clam Tridacna crocea. Scientific Reports, 10: 656

[Not for commercial use] - 10 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

• Yonge, C.M. (1936) Mode of life, feeding, digestion and symbiosis with zooxanthellae in the Tridacnidae. London: British Museum. Pp. 283-321 • Uhlenbruck, G., B.A. Baldo and G. Steinhausen (1975) Anti-carbohydrate precipitins and hemagglutinins in hemolymph from Tridacna maxima (Roding). Zeitschrift fur Immunitata-Forschung Experimentelle und Klinische Immunologie, 150(4): 354-363 • Baldo, B.A. and G. Uhlenbruck (1975a) Purification of Tridacnin, a novel anti-beta-(1,6)-digalactobiose precipitin from hemolymph of Tridacna maxima (Roding). Febs Letter, 55(1): 25-29 • Baldo, B.A. and G. Uhlenbruck (1975b) Anti-galactan activity in Tridacna maxima (Roding) hemolymph - Calcium-dependence of hemagglutinins and precipitins. Immunology, 29(6): 1161-1170 • Baldo, B.A. and G. Uhlenbruck (1975c) Quantitative precipitin studies on specificity of an extract from Tridacna maxima (Roding). Carbohydrate Research, 40(1): 143-151 • Reade, P. and E. Reade (1976) Phagocytosis in invertebrates: Studies on hemocytes of the clam Tridacna maxima. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 28: 281-290 • Uhlenbruck, G. and G. Steinhausen (1977) Tridacnins: Symbiosis-profit or defense-purpose? Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1: 183-192 • Uhlenbruck, G., G. Steinhausen and B.A. Baldo (1977a) Different anti-galactans in hemolymph of Tridacna maxima and Tridacna gigas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 56B(3): 329-333 • Uhlenbruck, G., G. Steinhausen and H.G. Schwick (1977b) New marker for neuraminidase-treated human serum glycoproteins from hemolymph of Tridacna maxima (Roding). Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 15(1): 21-26 • Baldo, B.A., G. Uhlenbruck and G. Steinhausen (1977) Invertebrate anti-galactans - Comparative study of agglutinins from clam Tridacna maxima, marine sponge Axinella polypoides and anemone Cerianthus membranaceus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 56A(3): 343-351 • Uhlenbruck, G., D. Karduck and R. Pearson (1979) Different Tridacnins in different Tridacnid clams: A comparative study. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 63B: 125-129 • Deane, E.M. and R.W. Obrien (1980) Composition of the hemolymph of Tridacna maxima (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 66A(2): 339-341 • Kania, J., E. Janssen, G. Uhlenbruck and R. Pearson (1980) Comparative investigations on the protein components of the haemolymph fluid of the Tridacnid clam family using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 66B: 117-121 • Mangum, C.P. and K. Johansen (1982) The influence of symbiotic dinoflagellates on respiratory processes in the giant clam Tridacna squamosa. Pacific Science, 36(3): 395-401 • Munro, P.E., J.H. Beard and E. Lacanienta (1983) Investigations on the substance which causes sperm release in Tridacnid clams. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 74C(1): 219-223 • Reid, R.G.B., P.V. Fankboner and D.G. Brand (1984a) Studies on the physiology of the giant clam Tridacna gigas Linné—I. Feeding and Digestion. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 78A(1): 95-101 • Reid, R.G.B., P.V. Fankboner and D.G. Brand (1984b) Studies on the physiology of the giant clam Tridacna gigas Linné—II. Kidney function. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 78A(1): 103-108 • Smith, J.D., J. Bagg and B.M. Bycroft (1984) Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in the clam Tridacna maxima from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Environmental Science and Technology, 18(5): 353-358 • Fisher, C.R., W.K. Fitt and R.K. Trench (1985) Photosynthesis and respiration in Tridacna gigas as a function of irradiance and size. Biological Bulletin, 169(1): 230-245 • Mingoa-Licuanan, S.S. (1993) Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in juvenile Tridacna gigas (Linne, 1758): Effects of emersion. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 171: 119-137 • Rees, T.A.V., W.K. Fitt, B. Ballie and D. Yellowlees (1993) A method for temporal measurement of hemolymph composition in the giant clam symbiosis and its application to glucose and glycerol levels during a diel cycle. Limnology and Oceanography, 38(1): 213-217

[Not for commercial use] - 11 - A bibliography of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) M.L. Neo

• Belda, C.A., C. Cuff and D. Yellowlees (1993) Modification of shell formation in the giant clam Tridacna gigas at elevated nutrient levels in sea water. Marine Biology, 117: 251-257 • Odo, S., K. Kamino, S. Kanai, T. Maruyama and S. Harayama (1995) Biochemical characterisation of a Ca2+- dependent lectin from the hemolymph of a photosymbiotic marine bivalve, Tridacna derasa (Roding). Journal of Biochemistry, 117: 965-973 • Puanglarp, N., D. Oxley, G.J. Currie, A. Bacic, D.J. Craik and D. Yellowlees (1995) Structure of N-linked oligosaccharides from tridacnin, a lectin found in the haemolymph of the giant clam Hippopus hippopus. European Journal of Biochemistry, 232(3): 873-880 • Nakayama, K., M. Ishikura and T. Maruyama (1997) Proteins of morula-like cells in hemolymph of the giant clam, Tridacna derasa. Biological Bulletin, 193: 141-146 • Nakayama, K., A.M. Nomoto, M. Nishijima and T. Maruyama (1997) Morphological and functional characterization of hemocytes in the giant clam Tridacna crocea. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 69: 105- 111 • Nakayama, K., M. Nishijima and T. Maruyama (1998) Morula-like cells in photo-symbiotic clams harbouring zooxanthellae. Zoological Science, 15: 339-344 • Nakayama, K. and T. Maruyama (1998) Differential production of active oxygen species in photo-symbiotic and non-symbiotic bivalves. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 22(2): 151-159 • Shepherd, D., W. Leggat, T.A.V. Rees and D. Yellowlees (1999) Ammonium, but not nitrate, stimulates an increase in glutamine concentration in the haemolymph of Tridacna gigas. Marine Biology, 133(1): 45-53 • Ambariyanto and O. Hoegh-Guldberg (1999a) Net uptake of dissolved amino acids by the giant clam, Tridacna maxima: Alternative sources of energy and nitrogen. Coral Reefs, 18: 91-96 • Ambariyanto and O. Hoegh-Guldberg (1999b) Influence of field-based nutrient enrichment on the photobiology of the giant clam Tridacna maxima. Marine Biology, 133: 659-664 • Blidberg, E., T. Elfwing, P. Plantman and M. Tedengren (2000) Water temperature influences on physiological behaviour in three species of giant clams (Tridacnidae). Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia 23-27 October 2000. Volume 1. Pp. 561-566 • Hill, R.W., J.W.H. Dacey and A. Edward (2000) Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in giant clams (Tridacnidae). Biological Bulletin, 199(2): 108-115 • Tedengren, M., E. Blidberg and T. Elfwing (2000) The effects of different light intensities on photosynthesis and filter-feeding of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa. Mollusk Research in Asia: 165-171 • Elfwing, T., P. Plantman, M. Tedengren and E. Wijnbladh (2001) Response to temperature, heavy metal and sediment stress by the giant clam Tridacna squamosa. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 34(4): 239-248 • Elfwing, T., E. Blidberg and M. Tedengren (2003) Physiological response to copper in giant clams: a comparison of two methods in revealing effects on photosynthesis in zooxanthellae. Marine Environmental Research, 54: 147-155 • Blidberg, E. (2004) Effects of copper and decreased salinity on survival rate and development of Tridacna gigas larvae. Marine Environmental Research, 58: 793-797 • Hill, R.W., J.W.H. Dacey, S.D. Hill, A. Edward and W.A. Hicks (2004) Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in six species of giant clams and the evolution of dimethylsulfide after death. Canadian Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 61: 758-764 • Wild, C., Mohammed Rasheed, C. Jantzen, P. Cook, U. Struck, M. Huettel and A. Boetius (2005) Benthic metabolism and degradation of natural particulate organic matter in carbonate and silicate reef sands of the northern Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 298: 69-78 • Ip, Y.K., A.M. Loong, K.C. Hiong, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew, K. Reddy, B. Sivalonganathan and J.S. Ballantyne (2006) Light induces an increase in the pH of and a decrease in the ammonia concentration in the extrapallial fluid of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 79(3): 656-664 • Kunzmann, A. (2008) Physiological performance of giant clams (Tridacna spec.) in a recirculation system. Proceedings 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 7-11 July 2008. Pp. 316-320

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• Schwartzmann, C., G. Durrieu, M. Sow, P. Ciret, C.E. Lazareth and J-C. Massabuau (2011) In situ giant clam growth rate behaviour in relation to temperature: A one-year coupled study of high-frequency noninvasive valvometry and sclerochronology. Limnology and Oceanography, 56(5): 1940-1951 • Watson, S-A., P.C. Southgate, G.M. Miller, J.A. Moorhead and J. Knauer (2012) Ocean acidification and warming reduce juvenile survival of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. Molluscan Research, 32(3): 177-180 • Ungvari, Z., A. Csiszar, D. Sosnowska, E.E. Philipp, C.M. Campbell, P.R. McQuary, T.T. Chow, M. Coelho, E.S. Didier, S. Gelino, M.A. Holmbeck, I. Kim, E. Levy, W.E. Sonntag, P.W. Whitby, S.N. Austad and I. Ridgway (2013) Testing predictions of the oxidative stress hypothesis of aging using a novel invertebrate model of longevity: The giant clam (Tridacna derasa). Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, 68(4): 359-367 • Eckman, W., K. Vicentuan-Cabaitan and P.A. Todd (2014) Observations on the hyposalinity tolerance of fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa, Lamarck 1819) larvae. Nature in Singapore, 7: 111-116 • Maboloc, E.A., S.S. Mingoa-Licuanan and R.D. Villanueva (2014) Effects of Reduced Salinity on the Heterotrophic Feeding of the Juvenile Giant Clam Tridacna gigas. Journal of Shellfish Research, 33(2): 373- 379 • Ip, Y.K., B. Ching, K.C. Hiong, C.Y.L. Choo, M.V. Boo, W.P. Wong and S.F. Chew (2015) Light induces changes in activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, H+/K+-ATPase and glutamine synthetase in tissues involved directly or indirectly in light-enhanced calcification in the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. Frontiers in Physiology, 6: 68 • Maboloc, E.A., J.J.M. Puzon and R.D. Villanueva (2015) Stress responses of zooxanthellae in juvenile Tridacna gigas (Bivalvia, Cardiidae) exposed to reduce salinity. Hydrobiologia, 762(1): 103-112 • Watson, S-A. (2015) Giant clams and rising CO2: Light may ameliorate effects of ocean acidification on a solar-powered animal. PLoS ONE, 10(6): e0128405\ • Dubousquet, V., E. Gros, V. Berteaux-Lecellier, B. Viguier, P. Raharivelomanana, C. Bertrand and G.J. Lecellier (2016) Changes in fatty acid composition in the giant clam Tridacna maxima in response to thermal stress. Biology Open, 5: 1400-1407 • Hiong, K.C., C.Y.L. Choo, M.V. Boo, B. Ching, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2017a) A light- dependent ammonia-assimilating mechanism in the ctenidia of a giant clam. Coral Reefs, 36(1): 311-323 • Hiong, K.C., A.H. Cao Pham, C.Y.L. Choo, M.V. Boo, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2017b) Light‐ dependent expression of a Na+/H+ exchanger 3‐like transporter in the ctenidium of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, can be related to increased H+ excretion during light‐enhanced calcification. Physiological Reports, 5: e13209 • Boo, M.V., K.C. Hiong, C.Y.L. Choo, A.H. Cao-Pham, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2017) The inner mantle of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, expresses a basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit, which displays light-dependent gene and protein expression along the shell-facing epithelium. PLoS ONE, 12(10): e0186865 • Hill, R.W., E.J. Armstrong, A.M. Florn, C. Li, R.W. Walquist and A. Edward (2017) Abundant betaines in giant clams (Tridacnidae) and western Pacific reef corals, including study of coral betaine acclimatization. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 576: 27-41 • Ip, Y.K., K.C. Hiong, E.J.K. Goh, M.V. Boo, C.Y.L. Choo, B. Ching, W.P. Wong and S.F. Chew (2017a) The Whitish Inner Mantle of the Giant Clam, Tridacna squamosa, Expresses an Apical Plasma Membrane Ca2+- ATPase (PMCA) Which Displays Light-Dependent Gene and Protein Expressions. Frontiers in Physiology, 8: 781 • Maboloc, E.A. and R.D. Villanueva (2017) Effects of salinity variations on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration of the juvenile giant clam (Tridacna gigas, Bivalvia, Cardiidae). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 50(4): 273-284 • Ip, Y.K., C.Z.Y. Koh, K.C. Hiong, C.Y.L. Choo, M.V. Boo, W.P. Wong, M.L. Neo and S.F. Chew (2017b) Carbonic anhydrase 2-like in the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa: Characterization, localization, response to

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light, and possible role in the transport of inorganic carbon from the host to its symbionts. Physiological Reports, 5: e13494 • Liu, X., L. Li, X. Zheng, Z. Gu and C. Liu (2017) Effects of illumination and size on metabolism of oxygen consumption, ammonia and active phosphate excretion in giant clam Tridacna crocea. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 38(5): 92-99 (In Chinese) • Koh, C.Z.Y., K.C. Hiong, C.Y.L. Choo, M.V. Boo, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew, M.L. Neo and Y.K. Ip (2018) Molecular characterization of a Dual Domain Carbonic Anhydrase from the ctenium of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, and its expression levels after light exposure, cellular localization, and possible role in the uptake of exogenous inorganic carbon. Frontiers in Physiology, 9: 281 • Ip, Y.K., K.C. Hiong, L.J.Y. Lim, C.Y.L. Choo, M.V. Boo, W.P. Wong, M.L. Neo and S.F. Chew (2018) Molecular characterization, light-dependent expression, and cellular localization of a host vacuolar-type H+- ATPase (VHA) subunit A in the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, indicate the involvement of the host VHA in the uptake of inorganic carbon and its supply to symbiotic zooxanthellae. Gene, 659: 137-148 • Boo, M.V., K.C. Hiong, E.J.K. Goh, C.Y.L. Choo, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2018) The ctenidium of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, expresses an ammonium transporter 1 that displays light-suppressed gene and protein expression and may be involved in ammonia excretion. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 188(5): 765-777 • Mahmoud, M.A.M., R.M. Zamzamy, M.A. Dar and T.A.A. Mohammed (2018) Biochemical assessment in the edible parts of Tridacna maxima Röding, 1798 collected from the Egyptian Red Sea. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(3): 257-262 • Chan, C.Y.L., K.C. Hiong, M.V. Boo, C.Y.L. Choo, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2018) Light exposure enhances urea absorption in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, and up-regulates the protein abundance of a light-dependent urea active transporter, DUR3-like, in its ctenidium. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221: jeb176313 • Armstrong, E.J., J.N. Roa, J.H. Stillman and M. Tresguerres (2018) Symbiont photosynthesis in giant clams is promoted by V-type H+-ATPase from host cells. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221: jeb177220 • Hiong, K.C., C.Z.Y. Koh, M.V. Boo, C.Y.L. Choo, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2018) The colorful mantle of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, expresses a light-dependent manganese superoxide dismutase to ameliorate oxidative stresses due to its symbiotic association with zooxanthellae. Coral Reefs, 37(4): 1039- 1051 • Kurihara, H. and T. Shikota (2018) Impact of increased seawater pCO2 on the host and symbiotic algae of juvenile giant clam Tridacna crocea. Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies, 20: 19-28 • Chew, S.F., C.Z.Y. Koh, K.C. Hiong, C.Y.L. Choo, W.P. Wong, M.L. Neo and Y.K. Ip (2019) Light-enhanced expression of Carbonic Anhydrase 4-like supports shell formation in the fluted giant clam Tridacna squamosa. Gene, 683: 101-112 • Enricuso, O.B., C. Conaco, S.L.G. Sayco, M.L. Neo and P.C. Cabaitan (2019) Elevated seawater temperatures affect embryonic and larval development in the giant clam Tridacna gigas (Cardiidae: Tridacninae). Journal of Molluscan Research, 85(1): 66-72 • Cao-Pham, A.H., K.C. Hiong, M.V. Boo, C.Y.L. Choo, C.Z. Pang, W.P. Wong, M.L. Neo, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2019a) Molecular characterization, cellular localization, and light-enhanced expression of Beta- Na+/H+ Exchanger-like in the whitish inner mantle of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, denote its role in light-enhanced shell formation. Gene, 685: 101-112 • Chan, C.Y.L., K.C. Hiong, C.Y.L. Choo, M.V. Boo, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2019) Increased apical sodium-dependent glucose transporter abundance in the ctenidium of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa upon illumination. Journal of Experimental Biology, 222: jeb195644 • Boo, M.V., K.C. Hiong, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew & Y.K. Ip (2019) Shell formation in the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, may involve an apical Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 3 homolog in the shell-facing epithelium of the whitish inner mantle, which displays light-enhanced gene and protein expression. Coral Reefs, 38: 1173-1186

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• Cao-Pham, A.H., K.C. Hiong, M.V. Boo, C.Y.L. Choo, W.P. Wong, S.F. Chew and Y.K. Ip (2019b) Calcium absorption in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, may involve a homolog of voltage-gated calcium channel subunit α1 (CACNA1) that has an apical localization and displays light-enhanced protein expression in the ctenidium. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 189(6): 693-706 • Zhou, Z., Z. Liu, L. Wang and H. Li (2019) Oxidative stress, apoptosis activation and symbiosis disruption in giant clam Tridacna crocea under high temperature. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 84: 451-457 • Brahmi, C., L. Chapron, G. Le Moullac, C. Soyez, B. Beliaeff, C.E. Lazareth, N. Gaertner-Mazouni & J. Vidal-Dupiol (2019) Effects of temperature and pCO2 on the respiration, biomineralization and photophysiology of the giant clam Tridacna maxima. bioRxiv - The preprint server for Biology: 672907 • Liu, C., T. Li, E. Liu, C. Li, A. Wang and Z. Gu (2019) Proximate composition, amino acid content, and fatty acid profile of the adductor muscle and mantle from two species of the giant clams Tridacna crocea and Tridacna squamosa. Journal of Shellfish Research, 38(3): 529-534 • Armstrong, E.J., V. Dubousquet, S.C. Mills and J.H. Stillman (2020) Elevated temperature, but not acidification, reduces fertilization success in the small giant clam, Tridacna maxima. Marine Biology, 167: 8 • Eckman, W., K. Vicentuan-Cabaitan and P.A. Todd (2020) Effects of low light and high temperature on pediveligers of the fluted giant clam Tridacna squamosa. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 52(6): 255-264

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STATUS, DISTRIBUTION, AND ABUNDANCE SURVEYS

• Hardy, J.T. and S.A. Hardy (1969) Ecology of Tridacna in Palau. Pacific Science, 23: 467-472 • McMichael, D.F. (1974) Growth rate, population size and mantle coloration in the small giant clam Tridacna maxima (Röding), at One Tree Island, Capricorn Group, Queensland. Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium 1. Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane, October 1974, 1: 241-254 • Hester, F.J. and E.C. Jones (1974) A survey of giant clams, Tridacnidae, on Helen Reef, a Western Pacific Atoll. Marine Fisheries Review, 36(7): 17-22 • Hamner, W.M. and M.S. Jones (1976) Distribution, burrowing, and growth rates of the clam Tridacna crocea on interior reef flats. Oecologia, 24: 207-227 • Bryan, P.G. and D.B. McConnell (1976) Status of giant clam stocks on Helen Reef, Palau, Western Caroline Islands, April 1975. Marine Fisheries Review, 38(4): 15-18 • Zhuang, Q.Q. (1978) The Tridacnids of the Xisha Islands, Guangdong Province, China. Studia Marina Sinica, 12: 133-140 (In Chinese) • Hirschberger, W. (1980) Tridacnid clam stocks on Helen Reef, Palau, Western Caroline Islands. Marine Fisheries Review, 42(2): 8-15 • Ramadoss, K. (1983) Giant clam resources. In: Algarswami, K. (ed.), Mariculture Potential of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands - an indicative survey. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Bulletin, 34: 78-80 • Brown, J.H. and M.R. Muskanofola (1985) An investigation of stocks of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in Java and of their utilization and potential. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 1: 25-39 • Radtke, R. (1985) Population dynamics of the giant clam Tridacna maxima, at Rose Atoll. Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii. 24 pp. • Alcala, A.C. (1986) Distribution and abundance of giant clams (Family Tridacnidae) in the South-Central Philippines. Silliman Journal, 33(1-4): 1-9 • Braley, R.D. (1987a) Distribution and Abundance of the giant clam Tridacna gigas and T. derasa on the Great Barrier Reef. Micronesica, 20(1-2): 215-223 • Braley, R.D. (1987b) Spatial distribution and population parameters of Tridacna gigas and T. derasa. Micronesica, 20(1-2): 225-246 • Alcala, A.C. and S.N. Alcazar (1987) Giant clam conservation in the Philippines. Silliman Journal, 34(1-4): 1- 2 • Villanoy, C.L., A.R. Juinio and L.A. Meñez (1988) Fishing mortality rates of giant clams (Family Tridacnidae) from the Sulu Archipelago and Southern Palawan, Philippines. Coral Reefs, 1: 1-5 • Munro, J.L. (1988) Status of giant clam stocks in the Central Gilbert Islands group. Republic of Kiribati, SPC - Workshop on Pacific Inshore Fishery Resources. 13 pp. • Juinio, M.A.R., L.A.B. Meñez, C.L. Villanoy and E.D. Gomez (1989) Status of giant clam resources of the Philippines. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 55: 431-440 • Alder, J. and R.D. Braley (1989) Serious mortality in populations of giant clams on reefs surrounding Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 40(2): 205-213 • Selin, N.I. and Y.Y. Latypov (1990) Distribution and growth of the bivalve mollusk Tridacna crocea in the offshore waters of the Kon Dao islands, South China Sea. Biologiya Morya-Marine Biology, 6: 31-36 • Pearson, R.G. and J.L. Munro (1991) Growth, mortality and recruitment rates of giant clams, Tridacna gigas and T. derasa, at Michaelmas Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 42(3): 241-262 • Basker, J.R. (1991) Giant clams in the Maldives - A Stock Assessment and Study of their potential for culture. Bay of Bengal Programme - Fisheries Resources. 29 pp. • Calumpong, H.P. and P. Cadiz (1993) Observations on the distribution of giant clams in protected areas. Silliman Journal, 36(2): 107-113

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• Chesher, R.H. (1993) Giant clam sanctuaries in the Kingdom of Tonga. The Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources of the Kingdom of Tonga. 80 pp. • Planes, S., C. Chauvet, J. Baldwin, J. Bonvallot, Y. Fontaine-Vernaudon, C. Gabrie, P. Holthus, C. Payri and R. Galzin (1993) Impact of tourism-related fishing on Tridacna maxima (Mollusca, Bivalvia) stocks in Bora- Bora Lagoon (French Polynesia). Atoll Research Bulletin, No. 385. 6 pp. • Pringgenies, D., J. Suprihatin and L. Lazo (1995) Spatial and size distribution of giant clams in the Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 15: 133-135 • Tu'avao, T., T. Loto'ahea, K. Udagawa and S. Sone (1995) Results of the field surveys on giant clam stock in the Tongatapu Island Group. Fisheries Research Bulletin of Tonga, 3: 1-10 • Chantrapornsyl, S., K. Kittiwattanawong and K. Adulyanukosol (1996) Distribution and abundance of giant clam around Lee-Pae Island, The Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 16: 195-200 • Kilada, R., S. Zakaria and M.E. Farghalli (1998) Distribution and abundance of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) in the Northern Red Sea. Bulletin of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, A.R.E., 24: 221-240 • Tan, S-H., Z.B. Yasin, I.B. Salleh and A.A. Yusof (1998) Status of giant clams in Pulau Tioman, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 52(3-4): 205-216 • Green, A. and P. Craig (1999) Population size and structure of giant clams at Rose Atoll, an important refuge in the Samoan Archipelago. Coral Reefs, 18: 205-211 • Kittiwattanawong, K. (2001) Records of extinct Tridacna gigas in Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 25(1): 461-463 • Kinch, J. (2002) Giant clams: their Status and Trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 19(2): 67-75 • Sahari, A., Z. Ilias, N. Sulong and K. Ibrahim (2002) Giant clam species and distribution at Pulau Layang Layang, Sabah. Marine Biodiversity of Pulau Layang Layang, Malaysia: 25-28 • Eliata, A., F. Zahida, N.J. Wibowo and L.M.G. Panggabean (2003) Abundance of giant clam in coral reef ecosystem at Pari Island: a population comparison of 2003's to 1984's data. Biota, 8(3): 149-152 • Tan, S-H. and Z. Yasin (2003) Status of giant clams in Malaysia. SPC Trochus Information Bulletin, 10: 9-10 • Gilbert, A., L. Yan, G. Remoissenet, S. Andréfouët, C. Payri and Y. Chancerelle (2005) Extraordinarily high giant clam density under protection in Tatakoto atoll (Eastern Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia). Coral Reefs, 24: 495 • Andréfouët, S., A. Gilbert, L. Yan, G. Remoissenet, C. Payri and Y. Chancerelle (2005) The remarkable population size of the endangered clam Tridacna maxima assessed in Fangatau Atoll (Eastern Tuamotu, French Polynesia) using in situ and remote sensing data. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 1037-1048 • Gilbert, A., S. Andréfouët, L. Yan and G. Remoissenet (2006) The giant clam Tridacna maxima communities of three French Polynesia islands: comparison of their population sizes and structures at early stages of their exploitation. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63: 1573-1589 • Newman, W. and E.D. Gomez (2007) The significance of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa at Tubuai, Austral Islands, French Polynesia. Coral Reefs, 26: 909 • Gilbert, A., S. Planes, S. Planes, K. Friedman and G. Remoissenet (2007) First observation of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa in French Polynesia: a species range extension. Coral Reefs, 26: 229 • Chambers, C.N.L. (2007) Pasua (Tridacna maxima) size and abundance in Tongareva Lagoon, Cook Islands. SPC Trochus Information Bulletin, 13: 7-12 • Richter, C., H. Roa-Quiaoit, C. Jantzen, Mohammad Al-Zibdah and M. Kochzius (2008) Collapse of a new living species of giant clam in the Red Sea. Current Biology, 18(17): 1349-1354 • Andréfouët, S., K. Friedman, A. Gilbert, G. Remoissenet (2009) A comparison of two surveys of invertebrates at Pacific Ocean islands: the giant clam at Raivavae Island, Australes Archipelago, French Polynesia. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1825-1836

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• Yusuf, C., Ambariyanto and R. Hartati (2009) Abundance of Tridacna (Family Tridacnidae) at Seribu Islands and Manado waters, Indonesia. ILMU KELAUTAN, 14(3): 150-154 • Apte, D. and S. Dutta (2010) Ecological determinants and stochastic fluctuations of Tridacna maxima survival rate in Lakshadweep Archipelago. Systematics and Biodiversity, 8(4): 461-469 • Othman, A.S., G.H.S. Goh and P.A. Todd (2010) The distribution and status of giant clams (Family Tridacnidae) - A short review. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 58(1): 103-111 • Apte, D., S. Dutta and I. Babu (2010) Monitoring densities of the giant clam Tridacna maxima in the Lakshadweep Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 3: E78 • Hernawan, U.E. (2010) Study on giant clams (Cardiidae) population in Kei Kecil Waters, Southeast Maluku. Widyariset, 13(3): 101-108 (In Indonesian) • Stroz, L.C., B.L. Mamo, T.P. Topper and C. Bagnato (2010) The highest southern latitude record of a living Tridacna gigas. Malacologia, 53(1): 155-159 • Smith, S.D.A. (2011) Growth and population dynamics of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Roding) at its southern limit of distribution in coastal, subtropical eastern Australia. Molluscan Research, 31(1): 37-41 • Black, R., M.S. Johnson, J. Prince, A. Brearley and T. Bond (2011) Evidence of large, local variations in recruitment and mortality in the small giant clam, Tridacna maxima, Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62: 1318-1326 • Selin, N.I. and Y.Y. Latypov (2011) The size and age structure of Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819 (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) in the coastal area of islands of the Con Dao Archipelago in the South China Sea. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 37(5): 376-383 • Neo, M.L. and P.A. Todd (2012a) Population density and genetic structure of giant clams Tridacna crocea and T. squamosa on Singapore's reefs. Aquatic Biology, 14: 265-275 • Mekawy, M.S. and H.A. Madkour (2012) Studies on the Indo-Pacific Tridacnidae (Tridacna maxima) from the Northern Red Sea, Egypt. International Journal of GeoSciences, 3: 1089-1095 • Ullmann, J. (2013) Population status of giant clams (Mollusca: Tridacnidae) in the northern Red Sea, Egypt. Zoology in the Middle East, 59(3): 253-260 • Neo, M.L. and K.S. Loh (2014) Giant clam shells 'graveyard' at Semakau Landfill. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014: 248-249 • Andréfouët, S., S. Van Wynsberge, C. Fauvelot, A.W. Bruckner and G. Remoissenet (2014) Significance of new records of Tridacna squamosa Lamarck (1819) in the Tuamotu and Gambier Archipelagos (French Polynesia). Molluscan Research, 34(4): 277-284 • Su, Y., J.-H. Hung and L.-L. Liu (2014) Review of giant clams (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Eulamellibranchia, Cardiidae, Tridacninae) from Taiwan. Platax, 11: 33-52 • Borsa, P., C. Fauvelot, J. Tiavouane, D. Grulois, C. Wabnitz, M.R. Abdon Naguit and S. Andréfouët (2015) Distribution of Noah's giant clam, Tridacna noae. Marine Biodiversity, 45: 339-344 • Militz, T.A., J. Kinch and P.C. Southgate (2015) Population demographics of Tridacna noae (Roding, 1798) in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Shellfish Research, 34(2): 329-335 • Conales, S.F., N.A. Bundal and R.G. Dolorosa (2015) High density of Tridacna crocea in exposed massive corals proximate the Ranger Station of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Cagayancillo, Palawan, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist, 7: 36-39 • Van Wynsberge, S., S. Andréfouët, N. Gaertner-Mazouni, C.C.C. Wabnitz, A. Gilbert, G. Remoissenet, C. Payri and C. Fauvelot (2016) Drivers of density for the exploited giant clam Tridacna maxima: a meta- analysis. Fish and Fisheries, 17(3): 567-584 • Van Wynsberge, S., S. Andréfouët, N. Gaertner-Mazouni, C.C.C. Wabnitz, M. Menoud, G. Le Moullac, P. Levy, A. Gilbert and G. Remoissenet (2017) Growth, Survival and Reproduction of the Giant Clam Tridacna maxima (Röding 1798, Bivalvia) in Two Contrasting Lagoons in French Polynesia. PLoS ONE, 12(1): e0170565 • Tiavouane, J. and C. Fauvelot (2017) First record of the Devil Clam, Tridacna mbalavuana Ladd 1934, in New Caledonia. Marine Biodiversity, 47(3): 781-782

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• Neo, M.L., C.C.C. Wabnitz, R.D. Braley, G.A. Heslinga, C. Fauvelot, S. Van Wynsberge, S. Andréfouët, C. Waters, A.S-H. Tan, E.D. Gomez, M.J. Costello and P.A. Todd (2017) Chapter 4. Giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae: Tridacninae): A comprehensive update of species and their distribution, current threats and . Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 55: 87-388 • Wakum, A., M. Takdir and S. Talakua (2017) Jenis-Jenis Kima Dan Kelimpahannya Di Perairan Amdui Distrik Batanta Selatan Kabupaten Raja Ampat. Jurnal Sumberdaya Akuatik Indopasifik, 1(1): 43-52 (In Indonesian) • Harahap, S.A., Y. Yanuar and Y. Ilham (2018) Diversity and abundance of giant clams in Anambas Islands, Indonesia. E3S Web of Conference, 47: 3005 • Neo, M.L. & J.K.Y. Low (2018) First observations of Tridacna noae (Roding, 1798) (Bivalvia: : Cardiidae) in Christmas Island (). Marine Biodiversity, 48: 2183-2185 • Neo, M.L., L-L. Liu, D. Huang & K. Soong (2018) Thriving populations with low genetic diversity in giant clam species, Tridacna maxima and T. noae, at Dongsha Atoll, South China Sea. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 24: 278-287 • Ramah, S., N. Taleb-Hossenkhan, P.A. Todd, M.L. Neo and R. Bhagooli (2019) Drastic declines in giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacninae) around Mauritius Island, Western Indian Ocean: implications for conservation and management. Marine Biodiversity, 49(2): 815-823 • Triandiza, T., N.P. Zamani, H. Madduppa and U.E. Hernawan (2019) Distribution and abundance of the giant clams (Cardiidae: Bivalvia) on Kei Islands, Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(3): 884-892 • Ecube, K.M.A., E.G. Villanueva, R.G. Dolorosa and P.C. Cabaitan (2019) Notes on the first record of Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) in Palawan, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist, 11: 112-115 • Neo, M.L., K.K. Lim, S-Y. Yang, G.Y. Soong, G.D. Masucci, P. Biondi, H.B. Wee, H. Kise and J.D. Reimer (2019) Status of giant clam resources around Okinawa-jima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29(6): 1002-1011 • Apte, D., S. Narayana and S. Dutta (2019) Impact of sea surface temperature anomalies on giant clam population dynamics in Lakshadweep reefs: Inferences from a fourteen years study. Ecological Indicators, 107: 105604 • Cui, D., H. Wang, J. Liu, J-W. Chen, H-L. Liu and H-B. Zhang (2019) The resources survey and conservation prospects of the giant clams in the coastal waters at Hainan Island. Marine Science Bulletin, 38(5): 527-532 (In Chinese)

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ECOTOXICOLOGY

• Ueda, T., Y. Suzuki, R. Nakamura and M. Nakahara (1982) Accumulation of CO by bivalve Tridacna crocea. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 48(9): 1293-1297 • Denton, G.R.W. and L. Winsor (1986) Giant clams as pollution indicators. Oceanus, 29(2): 63 • Ishii, T., K. Okoshi, T. Otake and M. Nakahara (1992) Concentrations of elements in tissues of four species of Tridacnidae. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58(7): 1285-1290 • Duquesne, S.J. and J.C. Coll (1995) Metal accumulation in the clam Tridacna crocea under natural and experimental conditions. Aquatic Toxicology, 32: 239-253 • Duquesne, S., A.E. Flowers and J.C. Coll (1995) Preliminary evidence for a metallothionein-like heavy metal- binding protein in the tropical marine bivalve Tridacna crocea. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 112C(1): 69-78 • Madkour, H.A. (2005) Distribution and relationships of heavy metals in the giant clam (Tridacna maxima) and associated sediments from different sites in the Egyptian Red Sea Coast. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 31(2): 45-49 • Nischwitz, V. and S.A. Pergantis (2007) Mapping of arsenic species and identification of a novel arsenosugar in giant clams Tridacna maxima and T. derasa using advanced mass spectrometric techniques. Environmental Chemistry, 4: 187-196 • Mohammed, T.A.A., E.M. Mohamed, Y.M. Ebrahim, A.A. Hafez and R.M.E. Zamzamy (2014) Some metal concentrations in the edible parts of Tridacna maxima, Red Sea, Egypt. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71: 301-309 • Roué, M., H.T. Darius, S. Picot, A. Ung, J. Viallon, N. Gaertner-Mazouni, M. Sibat, Z. Amzil and M. Chinain (2016) Evidence of the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins in giant clams (Tridacna maxima) exposed to Gambierdiscus spp. cells. Harmful Algae, 57A: 78-87 • Itoh, A., N. Kabe, S. Kuwae, E. Oura, S. Hisamatsu, Y. Nakano and Y. Zhu (2017) Multi-Element Profiling Analyses of Symbiotic Zooxanthellae and Soft Tissues in a Giant Clam (Tridacna crocea) Living in the Coral Reefs and Their Intake Process of Zn and Cd. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 90(5): 520-526 • Roué, M., H.T. Darius, A. Ung, J. Viallon, M. Sibat, P. Hess, Z. Amzil and M. Chinain (2018) Tissue distribution and elimination of ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Toxins, 10: 189 • Arossa, S., C. Martin, S. Rossbach and C.M. Duarte (2019) Microplastic removal by Red Sea giant clam (Tridacna maxima). Environmental Pollution, 252B: 1257-1266 • Al-Howiti, N.S., Z.O.B. Othmen, A.B. Othmane and A.H. Chaffai (2020) Use of Tridacna maxima, a bivalve in the biomonitoring of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150: 110766

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CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

• Yamaguchi, M. (1977) Conservation and cultivation of giant clams in the Tropical Pacific. Biological Conservation, 11: 13-20 • Pearson, R.G. (1977) Impact of foreign vessels poaching giant clams. Australian Fisheries. Pp. 8-11,23 • Wells, S.M. (1981) Giant clams - A case for CITES listing. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 3(6): 60-63 • Heslinga, G.A. and F.E. Perron (1983) The Status of Giant Clam Mariculture Technology in the Indo-Pacific. SPC Fisheries Newsletter, 24: 15-19 • Bodoy, A. (1984) Assessment of human impact on giant clams (Tridacna maxima) near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coral Reef Environment of Red Sea. Pp. 472-490 • Dawson, B. (1986) Report on a study of the market for giant clam products in Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Honiara, Solomon Islands: South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency. FFA Report 86/37, 57 pp. • George, K.C., P.A. Thomas, K.K. Appukuttan and G. Gopakumar (1986) Ancilliary living marine resources of Lakshadweep. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Special Issue on Lakshadweep. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. No. 68. Pp. 46-50 • Juinio, A.R., L.A. Menez and C. Villanoy (1987) Use of giant clam resources in the Philippines. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly, 10. Pp. 7-8 • Heslinga, G.A. and W.K. Fitt (1987) The domestication of reef-dwelling clams. BioScience, 37(5): 332-339 • Tisdell, C. (1989) Pacific giant clams and their products - An overview of demand and supply. Economics of Fishery Management in the Pacific Islands Region, Working Paper 26. Pp. 100-104 • Dawson, R.F. and P.W. Philipson (1989) Chapter 6: The Market for Giant Clam in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. In: Philipson, P.W. (ed.), The Marketing of Marine Products from the South Pacific. Pp. 90-123 • Govan, H. (1989) Vernacular names of Tridacnid clams in the Pacific Region. Aquabyte - ICLARM Newsletter of the Network of Tropical Aquaculture Scientists, 2(1): 5-7 • Williams, E.H. and L. Bunkley-Williams (1990) Helpline for giant clams. Nature, 345(6271): 119 • Shang, Y.C., C. Tisdell and P.S. Leung (1991) Report on a market survey of giant clam products in selected countries. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication Number 107. 24 pp. • Tisdell, C. (Editor) (1992) Giant clams in the sustainable development of South Pacific: Socioeconomic issues in mariculture and conservation. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research Monograph No. 18. 283 pp. • Govan, H. (1993) Participatory research in giant clam farming. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly, 16(1): 8-10 • Lucas, J.S. (1994) The biology, exploitation, and mariculture of Giant Clams (Tridacnidae). Reviews in Fisheries Science, 2(3): 181-223 • Tisdell, C., Y.C. Shang and P.S. Leung (Editors) (1994) Economics of commercial giant clam mariculture. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research Monograph 25: 306 pp. • O'Callaghan, M. (1995) Village-farmed giant clams - From the South Pacific Ocean to You, Sustainably. Freshwater and Marine Aquarium, 18(4): 8-10 • Braley, R.D. and F. Muir (1995) The case history of a large natural cohort of the giant clam Tridacna gigas (Fam. Tridacnidae) and the implications for re-stocking depauperate reefs with maricultured giant clams. Asian Fisheries Science, 8: 229-237 • Lotoahea, T. and S. Sone (1995) Ocean culture of giant clam in Tonga, South Pacific Commission. Joint FFA/SPC Workshop on the management of South Pacific Inshore Fisheries. 4 pp. • Sant, G. (1995) Marine invertebrates of the South Pacific: An examination of the trade. TRAFFIC NETWORK REPORT: 32-44 • Heslinga, G. (1996) Clams to cash: How to make and sell giant clam shell products. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication Number 25. Pp. 1-35 • Courtois de Vicose, G. (1999) Future of giant clam mariculture in Singapore: Problems and Potential Solutions. The Singapore Institute of Biology, 22(3): 7-8 • Bell, J.D. (1999) Reducing the costs of restocking giant clams in Solomon Islands. Coral Reefs, 18: 326

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• Gomez, E.D., S.S. Mingoa-Licuanan and H.A. Roa-Quiaoitz (2000) The culture of the true giant clam Tridacna gigas for conservation in the Philippines. Mollusk Research in Asia: 159-163 • Yasin, Z. and Tan, A.S-H. (2000) Quantitative and qualitative effects of light on the distribution of giant clams at the Johore Islands in South China Sea. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 21(1): 113-118 • Newman, W.A. and E.D. Gomez (2000) On the status of giant clams, relics of Tethys (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia 23-27 October 2000 Volume 2. Pp. 927-936 • Tan, A.S-H. and Z. Yasin (2001) The use of giant clam conservation in Johore as a community-based project towards developing of a caring and responsible society. Prosiding Persidangan Kebangsaan PandP IPTA. Pp. 507-514 • Kinch, J. (2001) Clam harvesting, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and conservation in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. SPC Fisheries Newsletter, 99: 24-36 • Mingoa-Licuanan, S.S. and E.D. Gomez (2002) Giant Clam Conservation in Southeast Asia. Tropical Coasts, 9(2): 24-56 • Calumpong, H.P., A.B. Apao, J.R. Lucanas and J.S. Estacion (2002) Community-based giant clam restocking - hopes for biodiversity conservation. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia 23-27 October 2000. Volume 2. • Cacho, O. and R. Hean (2002) Farming giant clams for the aquarium and seafood markets: A bioeconomic analysis. Contributed paper to the 46th Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 13-15 Feb 2002. 24 pp. • Gilbert, A., G. Remoissenet, L. Yan and S. Andréfouët (2006) Special traits and promises of the giant clam (Tridacna maxima) in French Polynesia. SPC Fisheries Newsletter, 118: 44- 52 • Gomez, E.D. and S.S. Mingoa-Licuanan (2006) Achievements and lessons learned in restocking giant clams in the Philippines. Fisheries Research, 80: 46-52 • Larrue, S. (2006) Giant clam fishing on the island of Tubuai, Austral Islands group: between local portrayals, economic necessity and ecological realities. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin, 19: 3-10 • Guest, J.R., P.A. Todd, E. Goh, B.S. Sivalonganathan and K.P. Reddy (2008) Can giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) populations be restored on Singapore's heavily impacted coral reefs? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(5): 570-579 • Cabaitan, P.C., E.D. Gomez and P.M. Aliño (2008) Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 357: 85-98 • Todd, P.A. and J.R. Guest (2008) Giant clam conservation and research in Singapore. Tentacle, 16: 24 • Chambers, C.N.L. (2008) Pasua and the politics of environmental management. Togareva, Cook Islands, Scottish Geographical Journal, 123(2-3): 192-197 • Teitelbaum, A. and K. Friedman (2008) Successes and failures in reintroducing giant clams in the Indo-Pacific region. SPC Trochus Information Bulletin, 14: 19-26 • Todd, P.A. and L.M. Chou (2009) How basic research on giant clam defenses can influence restocking decisions. Tentacle Supplement, 17: 1-2 • Kinch, J. and A. Teitelbaum (2010) Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on the Management of Sustainable Fisheries for Giant Clams (Tridacnidae) and CITES capacity building. SPC Aquaculture Technical Papers. 52 pp. • Neo, M.L. and P.A. Todd (2012) Giant clams (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) in Singapore: History, Research and Conservation. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 25: 67-78 • Haya, L.M.Y. (2012) A community initiative at Toli-toli Village, Regency of Konawe, Province of Southeast Sulawesi. Journal of Indonesian Coral Reefs, 1(3): 217-224

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• Waters, C.G., R. Story and M.J. Costello (2013) A methodology for recruiting a giant clam, Tridacna maxima, directly to natural substrata: A first step in reversing functional extinctions? Biological Conservation, 160: 19- 24 • Neo, M.L., P.L.A. Erftemeijer, J.K.L. van Beek, D.S. van Maren, S.L-M. Teo and P.A. Todd (2013) Recruitment constraints in Singapore's fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) population - A dispersal model approach. PLoS ONE, 8(3): e58819 • Andréfouët, S., S.V. Wynsberge, N. Gaertner-Mazouni, C. Menkes, A. Gilbert, G. Remoissenet (2013) Climate variability and massive mortalities challenge giant clam conservation and management efforts in French Polynesia atolls. Biological Conservation, 160: 190-199 • Van Wynsberge S., S. Andréfouët, A. Gilbert, A. Stein, G. Remoissenet (2013) Best management strategies for sustainable giant clam fishery in French Polynesia Islands: Answers from a Spatial Modelling Approach. PLoS ONE, 8(5): e64641 • Neo, M.L. and P.A. Todd (2013) Conservation status reassessment of giant clams (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 6: 125-133 • Neo, M.L. and P.A. Todd (2014) Coral reef scientists' perceptions of giant clam conservation and ecology. Tentacle, 22: 35-36 • Yau, A.J-Y., H.S. Lenihan and B.E. Kendall (2014) Fishery management priorities vary with self-recruitment in sedentary marine populations. Ecological Applications, 24(6): 1490-1504 • Neo, M.L., W. Eckman, K. Vicentuan, S.L-M. Teo and P.A. Todd (2015) The ecological significance of giant clams in coral reef ecosystems. Biological Conservation, 181: 111-123 • Gomez, E.D. (2015) Rehabilitation of biological resources: Coral reefs and giant clam populations need to be enhanced for a sustainable marginal sea in the Western Pacific. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, 12(2): 120-127 • Kumayanjati, B. (2015) Kima Biota Eksotik Perairan Indo-Pasifik (Giant clam, The Exotic Animal of the Indo- Pacific Waters). Oseana, XL(4): 11-21 (In Indonesian) • Van Wynsberge, S. and S. Andréfouët (2017) The future of giant clam-dominated lagoon ecosystems facing climate change. Current Climate Change Reports, 3(4): 261-270 • Cabaitan, P.C. and C. Conaco (2017) Bringing back the giants: juvenile Tridacna gigas from natural spawning of restocked giant clams. Coral Reefs, 36(2): 519 • Andréfouët, S., S.V. Wynsberge, L. Kabbadj, C.C.C. Wabnitz, C. Menkes, T. Tamata, M. Pahuatini, I. Tetairekie, I. Teaka, T.A. Scha, T. Teaka and G. Remoissenet (2018) Adaptive management for the sustainable exploitation of lagoon resources in remote islands: lessons from a massive El Niño-induced giant clam bleaching event in the Tuamotu atolls (French Polynesia). Environmental Conservation, 45(1): 30-40 • Lyons, Y., D. Cheong, M.L. Neo and H.F. Wong (2018) Managing giant clams in the South China Sea. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 33: 467-494 • Van Wynsberge, S., S. Andréfouët, N. Gaertner-Mazouni and G. Remossenet (2018) Consequences of an uncertain mass mortality regime triggered by climate variability on giant clam population management in the Pacific Ocean. Theoretical Population Biology, 119: 37-47 • Hilomen III, V.V., A.G. Simbrano, G.P. Lomongo, R.V. Sumodevilla, C.L. Puyos, B.J.B. Rubio, M.M. Manca, L.M. Diaca, A.R. Disoma, M.B. Areola, Q.G.W. Areola, R.B. Trinidad and S.A. Vedra (2019) Policy analysis on the protection and conservation of Taklobo Tridacna spp.: A case in Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. World Journal of Biodiversity and Management Research, 1(1): 1-4

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ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES

• Léon Vaillant, M. (1865) Remarks on the anatomy of Tridacna elongata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16(3): 381-382 • Brock, J. (1888) LXI.—On the so-called eyes of Tridacna and the occurrence of pseudochlorophyll-corpuscles in the vascular system of the Lamellibranchiata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1(6): 435-452 • Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (1902) Morphologie de Tridacna elongata et de Hippopus. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale: 115-207 • Mansour, K. (1946) Communication between the dorsal edge of the mantle and the stomach of Tridacna. Nature, 157: 844 • Mansour, K. (1946) Mantle chambers of Tridacna elongata. Nature, 158: 523-524 • Yonge, C.M. (1953-54) Mantle chambers and water circulation in the Tridacnidae (Mollusca). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 123: 551-561 • Purchon, R.D. (1955) A note on the biology of Tridacna crocea Lam. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 31(3-4): 95-109 • Kawaguti, S. (1966) Electron microscopy on the mantle of the giant clam with special references to zooxanthellae and iridophores. Biological Journal of Okayama University, 12(3-4): 81-92 • Stasek, C.R. (1966) The eye of the giant clam (Tridacna maxima). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 58: 1-9 • Kawaguti, S. and K. Mabuchi (1969) Electron microscopy on the eyes of the giant clam. Biological Journal of Okayama University, 15(3-4): 87-100 • Maynard, D.M. and W. Burke (1971) Maximum tension developed by the posterior adductor muscle of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas (Linne). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 38A: 339-350 • M