Astronaut Training Program Release c311c2f, 2019-08-08
Matt Harasymczuk
2019-08-08
GENERAL
1 History of Space Exploration3 1.1 Pioneers of Space Exploration...... 3 1.2 USSR and Russian Federation Space Programs...... 6 1.3 Chinese Programs...... 6 1.4 International programs...... 7
2 Introductory Course 9 2.1 Basic Training Course...... 9 2.2 Teoretical Education in Technology and Natural Sciences...... 9 2.3 Orbital Mechanics Education...... 9 2.4 Non-technical Operations and Communication...... 9
3 Space Law 11 3.1 Karman Line...... 11 3.2 The Outer Space Treaty...... 11 3.3 Space Debris...... 12 3.4 The Moon Treaty...... 12
4 Foreign Language and Culture 13 4.1 Russian Language Learning...... 13 4.2 Preparation for Work in Multicultural Environment...... 13
5 Selection History 15 5.1 US Selections...... 15 5.2 Russian / Soviet Selections...... 15 5.3 Japanese Selections...... 15 5.4 European Selections...... 15 5.5 Canadian Selections...... 15 5.6 Chinese Selections...... 15 5.7 South Arabian Selections...... 15 5.8 Space Tourists Selections...... 15
6 Astronaut Selection Process 17 6.1 Astronaut Selection Criteria...... 17 6.2 Astronaut Selection in the Government Agencies...... 17
7 Robotics Systems Trainig 19 7.1 Canada Arm 2 Manipulator Operations...... 19 7.2 Spacecraft On-orbit Capture...... 19 7.3 Driving Robotic Rovers on Earth from Orbit...... 19 7.4 Virtual Reality Devices...... 19
8 Navigation 21 8.1 Celestial Navigation...... 21 8.2 GNC Systems...... 21
i 9 Flight Training 23 9.1 High-Performance Jets...... 23 9.2 Soyuz - Avionics, Guidance and Navigation Controls...... 23 9.3 Off-nominal Situations...... 23
10 Astronaut Ground Operations 25 10.1 New Equipment Testing...... 25 10.2 Help with Training New Astronauts...... 25 10.3 Working in the Simulators to Fix Problems on Orbit...... 25 10.4 CapCom...... 25 10.5 S.T.E.M. and Space Advocacy...... 25 10.6 Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Apollo Application Era Astronauts Tasks...... 25
11 Mission Assignment Training 27 11.1 Science, Research and Experiments in Microgravity Environment...... 28 11.2 Low Earth Orbit Exploration...... 28 11.3 Astronaut Specializations...... 28 11.4 Pre-flight Traditions...... 28
12 Trainings and Simulations 29 12.1 Medical, Phisical and Psychological Preparation...... 29 12.2 Extreme Environment Survival Training...... 29 12.3 Microgravity Environment Work Simulation...... 29
13 Spacecraft Systems 31
14 Extravehicular Activity Trainig 33 14.1 Extravehicular Mobility Unit...... 33 14.2 EMU Mainenance...... 33 14.3 EVA Preparation...... 33 14.4 EVA Tools Training...... 33 14.5 Neutral Buoyancy Trainig...... 33 14.6 ISS Systems Instalation and Mainenance...... 33
15 ISS Systems Training 35 15.1 Modules Architecture and Traversing ISS...... 36 15.2 ISS Systems Usage, Mainenance and Repair...... 36 15.3 ISS Storage and Catalogue System for Objects and Tools...... 36 15.4 Radiocommunication Systems...... 36 15.5 ISS Orbit Chnages...... 36 15.6 Astronaut Exercise Devices...... 36 15.7 Toilet Usage...... 36 15.8 Personal Hygiene...... 36 15.9 Food Preparation...... 36 15.10 Trash Disposal...... 36 15.11 ISS Astronaut Sample Time Schedule...... 36 15.12 Off-nominal ISS Situations...... 36
16 Return to Earth 37 16.1 Return to Earth Preparation...... 37 16.2 Reentry and Soyuz Spacecraft Landing...... 37 16.3 Things that Astronauts Do After Landing...... 37
17 Space Tourist Training 39 17.1 Space Tourism Definition...... 40 17.2 Commercial Companies Offering Space Travel...... 40 17.3 To-date Space Tourists...... 40 17.4 Private Organizations and Commercial Programs...... 40 17.5 Commercial Crew Transport Program...... 40
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Author name Matt Harasymczuk email [email protected] www http://astromatt.space facebook https://facebook.com/matt.harasymczuk linkedin https://linkedin.com/in/mattharasymczuk slideshare https://www.slideshare.net/astromatt/presentations
Note: Video materials can be downloaded from: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/ 1rzKBDEePTOXwGJfLJXLpYqCRzotscIuR
GENERAL 1 Astronaut Training Program, Release c311c2f, 2019-08-08
2 GENERAL CHAPTER ONE
HISTORY OF SPACE EXPLORATION
1.1 Pioneers of Space Exploration
1.1.1 Pioneers of Orbital Mechanics and Celestial Navigation
• Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) • Joannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Mikołaj Kopernik • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Isaac Newton (1642-1726)
1.1.2 Pioneers of Rocket Science
• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) • Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) • Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) • Wernher von Braun (1912-1977) • Siergiej Pawlovic Korolev
1.1.3 First Unmanned Space Flight
• Sputnik 1 (1957-10-04) - First artificial satellite • Explorer 1 (1958-01-31) - Discovery of Van Allen’s radiation belts
1.1.4 First Animal Space Flight
• Laika (1957-11-03) • HAM (1961-01-31) • Strelka i Belka (1960-08-19) - Strelka puppy “Pushinka” was presented to JFK in 1961 • Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs
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1.1.5 First Human Space Flight
• Yuri Gagarin (1961-04-12) - First human in space (orbit) • Alan Shepard (1961-05-05) - First US citizen in space (suborbital) • Valentina Tereshkova (1963-06-16) - First Woman • Alexei Leonov (1965-03-18) - First EVA • Ed White (1965-06-03) - First US spacewalk
1.1.6 Brief history of NASA Space Programs
1.1.7 Mercury Program
1.1.8 Gemini Program
1.1.9 Apollo Program
• Decision to go to the moon (1961-05-25) (JFK’s speech at a joint session of Congress) • Rice University (Houston, TX) (1962-09-12) We choose to go to the Moon! We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others, too. :cite:‘Kennedy1962‘ (Ref: https://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/ricetalk.htm) • Trajectory to the Moon: – Launch from the Earth – Earth parking orbit – Translunar injection – Spacecraft/Saturn-IVB separation – First midcourse correction (SPS/RCS) – Second midcourse correction (RCS) – Lunar orbit insertion (SPS) – Lunar orbit circuralization (SPS) – Saturn-IVB intu solar Orbit – Landing – EVA – Launc from the Moon – Lunar orbit randezvous – Transearth injection (SPS) – Third midcourse correction (RCS) – Command Module / Service Module separation – Entry – Landing • Apollo 7:
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– First • Apollo 8: – Earth Rise – First circularization of the Moon – Reading from Bible, Genesis • Apollo 10: – Landing rehersal • Apollo 11: – Alarm 1201, 1202 – Low on fuel, because of fly over boulders – Landing: “Houston, Tranquility base here, the Eagle has landed” – EVA: “That’s small step for [a] man, giant leap for a mankind” – Buzz Aldrin • Apollo 12: – Perfect Landing – Surveyor 3 • Apollo 13: – Explosion – “Houston, we have a problem” – Rescue – square filter to round hole • Apollo 14: – Shepard plays golf • Apollo 15: – First use of the Lunar Rover • Apollo 16: • Apollo 17: – First scientist (geologist) – 3 days on the Moon – last mission to date
1.1.10 Skylab Program
• 1973-1974 • 28 days • 59 days • 84 days
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1.1.11 Space Shuttle Program
• 1981 - 2011 • 135 missions • John Young and Bib Cripen (first flight) • Two explosions (Loss of Crew) • Glider • Launched from KSC • Landing at KSC, Edwards AFB, White Sands AFB (1 time) • Space Lab laboratory (European) • Development of EMU • Development of MMU • Remote Manipulator System (RMS, Canadarm)
1.2 USSR and Russian Federation Space Programs
1.2.1 Vostok Program
1.2.2 Soyuz Program
1.2.3 Lunar Program
• LUN - Soviet Lunar Program • automatic, robotic and manned • started in 1959 2 years after Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 • Luna 3 (dark side of the Moon) • N1 rocket • Lunohood • 3 automatic sample return missions • 24 missions until 1976
1.2.4 Salyut Program
1.2.5 Intercosmos Program and General Hermaszewski’s Space Flight
1.2.6 MIR Space Station
1.3 Chinese Programs
1.3.1 Shenzou
1.3.2 Tiangong 1
• Launched 2011
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1.4 International programs
1.4.1 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
• ASTP • 1975 • First international randezvous and docking • Alexei Leonov i Tom Stafford
1.4.2 Interkosmos
• First not
1.4.3 Space Shuttle-Mir
• 1994-1998 • Development of the hardware to dock • First Cooperation
1.4.4 International Space Station
• 1998-2000 - Initial configuration • Proton rocket for Russian Elements • European, Japanese, US elements by Space Shuttle • 15 coopearating partners
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8 Chapter 1. History of Space Exploration CHAPTER TWO
INTRODUCTORY COURSE
2.1 Basic Training Course
2.2 Teoretical Education in Technology and Natural Sciences
2.3 Orbital Mechanics Education
2.3.1 Lifting to Orbit
2.3.2 Orbital Maneuvering
2.3.3 Orbital plane and inclination changes
2.3.4 Randevouz and Docking
2.3.5 De-orbit Burn
2.3.6 Astro-navigation and Star Tracker
2.4 Non-technical Operations and Communication
2.4.1 Social Media Usage S.T.E.M. Field Advocacy
2.4.2 Public Speaking and Space Advocacy
2.4.3 Photography
2.4.4 Amateur Ham Radio
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10 Chapter 2. Introductory Course CHAPTER THREE
SPACE LAW
3.1 Karman Line
• boundary of space • no aerodynamically support and airplane • von Karman (Hungary) • 100 km (63 miles) • FAI - Federation Aeronautique Internationale)
3.2 The Outer Space Treaty
• 1967 • principals governing the activities of States in exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies • As of July 2017 – 107 countries are parties to the treaty – 23 signed but not ratified • Key points: – bars States from placing weapons of mass destruction in orbit around Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationing them in outer space – exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes – expressly prohibits their use for testing wapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers or estab- lishing military bases, installations and fortifications – does not prohibit the placement of conventional wapons in orbit and some highly destructive attack strategies are still potentially allowed – states that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries – that space shall be free for exploration and use by all States – forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet. – Article II states that “POuter space, inclusing the Moon and other celestial bodies. is not subject to national appropriation by clain of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means” – The State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object. – The State is also liable for damages cause by their space object.
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3.3 Space Debris
• Problem at LEO • Problem at GEO (Geostationary orbit over equator) Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty addresses the legal base for debris mitigation and ADR: • ADR - Active Debris Removal • States parties to the Treaty shall be guided by the principle of cooperation and mutual assistance and shall conduct all their activities in outer space with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other States parties to the Treaty • States parties to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, . . . and conduct space exploration so as *to avoid harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the inroduction of extraterrestial matter and, where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose.” Measures in place for mitigation of the space debris problem: • De-orbiting of a satellite at end of life (25-year post operational life limit). • De-orbiting of lanucher upper stages reaching orbit status • ADR techniquest development is actively pursued by several Agencies and Institutions (e.g ESA’s Clean Space Initiative, RemoveDebris of the Surrey Space Centre, CleanSpaceOne at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, etc.)
3.4 The Moon Treaty
• 1979 • Ipplies to the Moon and other celestial bodies in the solar system excluding the Earth. • It stipulates that these bodies shoud be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, that their environments shod not be disrupted, and that the United Nations shoud be informed of the location and purpose of any station established on these bodies. • The most controversial section of the Moon Treaty deals with natural resources on the Moon (or other celestial body). The Moon Treaty stipulates that the Moon and its natural resources are the common heritage of mankind and the harvesting of those resources is forbidden except through an international regime. • The Moon Treaty is in fact a failed Treaty because it has not been ratified by most States that engaged in human space exploration (the USA, Canada, nearly all members of ESA, Russia, China and Japan). In November 2016, it had been ratified by 17 States.
12 Chapter 3. Space Law CHAPTER FOUR
FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
4.1 Russian Language Learning
4.2 Preparation for Work in Multicultural Environment
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14 Chapter 4. Foreign Language and Culture CHAPTER FIVE
SELECTION HISTORY
5.1 US Selections
5.2 Russian / Soviet Selections
5.3 Japanese Selections
5.4 European Selections
5.5 Canadian Selections
5.6 Chinese Selections
5.7 South Arabian Selections
5.8 Space Tourists Selections
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16 Chapter 5. Selection History CHAPTER SIX
ASTRONAUT SELECTION PROCESS
6.1 Astronaut Selection Criteria
6.1.1 Psychological Condition
6.1.2 Physical Condition
6.1.3 Medical Condition
6.1.4 Technical and Science Skills Criteria
6.1.5 Pilot Experiance Criteria
6.2 Astronaut Selection in the Government Agencies
6.2.1 NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)
6.2.2 Roscosmos (Russian Federation)
6.2.3 ESA - European Space Agency
6.2.4 JAXA - Japanese Astronautics and Space Exploration Agency
6.2.5 CNSA - China People Republic Space Agency
6.2.6 CSA - Canadian Space Agency
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18 Chapter 6. Astronaut Selection Process CHAPTER SEVEN
ROBOTICS SYSTEMS TRAINIG
7.1 Canada Arm 2 Manipulator Operations
7.1.1 Spacecraft Docking
7.1.2 EVA Assist
7.2 Spacecraft On-orbit Capture
7.3 Driving Robotic Rovers on Earth from Orbit
7.4 Virtual Reality Devices
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20 Chapter 7. Robotics Systems Trainig CHAPTER EIGHT
NAVIGATION
8.1 Celestial Navigation
8.2 GNC Systems
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22 Chapter 8. Navigation CHAPTER NINE
FLIGHT TRAINING
9.1 High-Performance Jets
9.2 Soyuz - Avionics, Guidance and Navigation Controls
9.3 Off-nominal Situations
9.3.1 Decompression
9.3.2 Fire
9.3.3 Launch Escape System
9.3.4 Ballistic Reentry
9.3.5 Space Debris Avoidance
9.3.6 On-orbit Collisions
9.3.7 Off-nominal Docking Situations
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24 Chapter 9. Flight Training CHAPTER TEN
ASTRONAUT GROUND OPERATIONS
10.1 New Equipment Testing
10.2 Help with Training New Astronauts
10.3 Working in the Simulators to Fix Problems on Orbit
10.4 CapCom
10.5 S.T.E.M. and Space Advocacy
10.6 Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Apollo Application Era Astro- nauts Tasks
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CHAPTER ELEVEN
MISSION ASSIGNMENT TRAINING
11.1 Science, Research and Experiments in Microgravity Environ- ment
11.1.1 Cognitive Scinece
11.1.2 Biological Science
11.1.3 Chemistry Research
11.1.4 Engineering and Technological Research
11.1.5 Phisics Experiments
11.1.6 Medical Experiments
11.1.7 Physiological Research
11.2 Low Earth Orbit Exploration
11.3 Astronaut Specializations
11.3.1 Commander
11.3.2 Pilot
11.3.3 Payload Specialist
11.3.4 Mission Specialist
11.3.5 Flight Engineer
11.3.6 Science Officer
11.3.7 Spaceflight Participants
11.3.8 Flight Surgeon
11.3.9 Educator Mission Specialist
11.4 Pre-flight Traditions 28 Chapter 11. Mission Assignment Training CHAPTER TWELVE
TRAININGS AND SIMULATIONS
12.1 Medical, Phisical and Psychological Preparation
12.1.1 Medical Training
12.1.2 Phisical Preparation and Endurance Training
12.1.3 Psychological training for long duration society isolation
12.1.4 leadership and Team Work Trainig Courses
12.2 Extreme Environment Survival Training
12.2.1 Winter Survival
12.2.2 Desert Survival
12.2.3 Jungle Survival
12.2.4 Water Survival
12.2.5 CAVES Missions
12.2.6 NEEMO Missions
12.2.7 Water Recovery Training
12.3 Microgravity Environment Work Simulation
12.3.1 Microgravity Simulating Devices
12.3.2 Centrifuge Training for Increased Gravitational Acceleration Endurance - High G-Forces
12.3.3 Zero-G Parabolic Flights
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30 Chapter 12. Trainings and Simulations CHAPTER THIRTEEN
SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS
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32 Chapter 13. Spacecraft Systems CHAPTER FOURTEEN
EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY TRAINIG
14.1 Extravehicular Mobility Unit
14.2 EMU Mainenance
14.3 EVA Preparation
14.4 EVA Tools Training
14.5 Neutral Buoyancy Trainig
14.6 ISS Systems Instalation and Mainenance
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN
ISS SYSTEMS TRAINING
15.1 Modules Architecture and Traversing ISS
15.2 ISS Systems Usage, Mainenance and Repair
15.3 ISS Storage and Catalogue System for Objects and Tools
15.4 Radiocommunication Systems
15.5 ISS Orbit Chnages
15.6 Astronaut Exercise Devices
15.7 Toilet Usage
15.8 Personal Hygiene
15.9 Food Preparation
15.10 Trash Disposal
15.11 ISS Astronaut Sample Time Schedule
15.12 Off-nominal ISS Situations
15.12.1 ISS Fire
15.12.2 Crew Medical Problems
15.12.3 Crew Member Death
15.12.4 ISS Depressurization
15.12.5 ISS Emergency Evacuation
15.12.6 Amonia Leak
15.12.736 Water Treatment Problems Chapter 15. ISS Systems Training
15.12.8 Toilet Problems
15.12.9 Problems with Air Purification and Circulation System
15.12.10 Problems with Power Generation and Electrical Systems CHAPTER SIXTEEN
RETURN TO EARTH
16.1 Return to Earth Preparation
16.1.1 Undocking
16.1.2 Orbit Lowering
16.1.3 De-orbit Burn
16.2 Reentry and Soyuz Spacecraft Landing
16.2.1 Nominal Atmospheric Reentry
16.2.2 Ballistic Curve Atmospheric Reentry
16.2.3 “Soft” Landing
16.3 Things that Astronauts Do After Landing
16.3.1 Medical Examinations - Sight, Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal
16.3.2 Phisical Examinations
16.3.3 Dextirity Requiring Tasks - Outpost Construction
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
SPACE TOURIST TRAINING
17.1 Space Tourism Definition
17.1.1 Stratospheric Flights
17.1.2 Sub-Orbital Flights
17.1.3 Orbital Flights
17.2 Commercial Companies Offering Space Travel
17.2.1 Space Adventures
17.2.2 Virgin Gallactic
17.2.3 Blue Origin
17.2.4 Bigelow Aerospace
17.3 To-date Space Tourists
17.3.1 Space Tourists List
17.3.2 Application Process and Selection Criteria
17.3.3 Training Process for the Space Tourist Candidates
17.3.4 Space Tourist Tasks on ISS
17.4 Private Organizations and Commercial Programs
17.4.1 HE Space Operations
17.5 Commercial Crew Transport Program
17.5.1 Boeing
17.5.2 SpaceX
17.5.3 Orbital ATK 40 Chapter 17. Space Tourist Training 17.5.4 Sierra Nevada Corporation