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Rules for the Heavens: the Coming Revolution in Space and the Laws of War
RULES FOR THE HEAVENS: THE COMING REVOLUTION IN SPACE AND THE LAWS OF WAR John Yoo* Great powers are increasing their competition in space. Though Russia and the United States have long relied on satellites for surveillance of rival nations’ militaries and the detection of missile launches, the democratization of space through technological advancements has allowed other nations to assert greater control. This Article addresses whether the United States and other nations should develop the space-based weapons that these policies promise, or whether they should cooperate to develop new international agreements to ban them. In some areas of space, proposals for regulation have already come too late. The U.S.’s nuclear deterrent itself depends cru- cially on space: ballistic missiles leave and then re-enter the atmosphere, giving them a global reach without serious defense. As more nations develop nuclear weapons and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) technology, outer space will become even more important as an arena for defense against weapons of mass destruction (WMD) proliferation. North Korea’s progress on ICBM and nuclear technology, for example, will prompt even greater in- vestment in space-based missile defense systems. This Article makes two contributions. First, it argues against a grow- ing academic consensus in favor of a prohibition on military activities in space. It argues that these scholars over-read existing legal instruments and practice. While nations crafted international agreements to bar WMDs in outer space, they carefully left unregulated reconnaissance and commu- nications satellites, space-based conventional weapons, antisatellite sys- tems, and even WMDs that transit through space, such as ballistic missiles. -
Interview Transcript
NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER ORAL HISTORY PROJECT ORAL HISTORY TRANSCRIPT VANCE D. BRAND INTERVIEWED BY REBECCA WRIGHT HOUSTON, TEXAS – 25 JULY 2000 WRIGHT: Today is July 25th, the year 2000. This oral history is being conducted with Vance Brand at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The interviewer is Rebecca Wright with the Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Thank you again, Mr. Brand, for visiting with us today. In 1975, on July 15th, there was a historic moment in space when the two world superpowers for space exploration came together. You were very much a part of that. We’d like to visit with you about that role today. Could you tell us when you first became aware that the United States and USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics] were going to have this mission, and what your thoughts were at that time when you heard about this never-before mission being planned? BRAND: Well, the agreement to have the mission was made between President [Richard M.] Nixon and [Soviet Premier Alexei N.] Kosygin of the Soviet Union in 1971. So sometime shortly after that, I became aware that there would be such a mission. I became increasingly aware because people like [Vladimir A.] Shatalov, [Alexei S.] Yeliseyev, senior cosmonauts from the then Soviet Union, came over. They looked at our facilities and met us. They were taken out to ranches nearby. Of course, this was in the middle of the Cold War, and there was a lot of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, so this was all a very unique sort of thing. -
Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space
SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations. -
Global Exploration Roadmap
The Global Exploration Roadmap January 2018 What is New in The Global Exploration Roadmap? This new edition of the Global Exploration robotic space exploration. Refinements in important role in sustainable human space Roadmap reaffirms the interest of 14 space this edition include: exploration. Initially, it supports human and agencies to expand human presence into the robotic lunar exploration in a manner which Solar System, with the surface of Mars as • A summary of the benefits stemming from creates opportunities for multiple sectors to a common driving goal. It reflects a coordi- space exploration. Numerous benefits will advance key goals. nated international effort to prepare for space come from this exciting endeavour. It is • The recognition of the growing private exploration missions beginning with the Inter- important that mission objectives reflect this sector interest in space exploration. national Space Station (ISS) and continuing priority when planning exploration missions. Interest from the private sector is already to the lunar vicinity, the lunar surface, then • The important role of science and knowl- transforming the future of low Earth orbit, on to Mars. The expanded group of agencies edge gain. Open interaction with the creating new opportunities as space agen- demonstrates the growing interest in space international science community helped cies look to expand human presence into exploration and the importance of coopera- identify specific scientific opportunities the Solar System. Growing capability and tion to realise individual and common goals created by the presence of humans and interest from the private sector indicate and objectives. their infrastructure as they explore the Solar a future for collaboration not only among System. -
Three Decades Ago, in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, I Met the First Man to Walk in Space
Three decades ago, in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, I met the first man to walk in space. As a broadcaster, I was, at that time, a member of the on-air crew of Boston's Kiss 108 morning radio show. Entering the studio, I was greeted by the show's producer, Rocky (the late Richard "Rocky" Buono), who informed me that Russian hero and cosmonaut, Alexei Leonov, was set to visit our studio that day. Rocky knew that I was a lifelong space enthusiast who would be thrilled to meet General Leonov, and he had purposely not let me know in advance, as he had wanted this space legend's visit to be a surprise. It was a surprise, all right. For some inexplicable reason, earlier that morning, while dressing for work, I had abandoned my nearly-constant wardrobe of plain black clothing, and had chosen to wear a bold red, white and blue outfit that had been presented to me at a radio promotion. I looked, said Rocky, "like a walking American flag" on the day that a Russian icon would be visiting us. For the radio crew, my uncharacteristic fashion choice was a source of general hilarity. For me, it was a nightmare. As a proud American, I respect others who feel pride in their own nation, and would never wish to signal otherwise. I was about to meet a Russian hero... and I was concerned that my loud red, white and blue outfit might, inadvertently, send an unwelcoming message to a great man for whom I held tremendous admiration. -
Trade Studies Towards an Australian Indigenous Space Launch System
TRADE STUDIES TOWARDS AN AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering by Gordon P. Briggs B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Astron) School of Engineering and Information Technology, University College, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy January 2010 Abstract During the project Apollo moon landings of the mid 1970s the United States of America was the pre-eminent space faring nation followed closely by only the USSR. Since that time many other nations have realised the potential of spaceflight not only for immediate financial gain in areas such as communications and earth observation but also in the strategic areas of scientific discovery, industrial development and national prestige. Australia on the other hand has resolutely refused to participate by instituting its own space program. Successive Australian governments have preferred to obtain any required space hardware or services by purchasing off-the-shelf from foreign suppliers. This policy or attitude is a matter of frustration to those sections of the Australian technical community who believe that the nation should be participating in space technology. In particular the provision of an indigenous launch vehicle that would guarantee the nation independent access to the space frontier. It would therefore appear that any launch vehicle development in Australia will be left to non- government organisations to at least define the requirements for such a vehicle and to initiate development of long-lead items for such a project. It is therefore the aim of this thesis to attempt to define some of the requirements for a nascent Australian indigenous launch vehicle system. -
From the Earth to Outer Space
From the Earth to Outer Space Many years ago, people here on Earth decided that they wanted to go into outer space. This is something people had imagined for a very long time, in books and movies and stories grandparents told to their grandchildren. However, in the 1950s, people decided they really wanted to do it. There was just one problem: how would they get there? One of the earliest movies about flying to the moon was made by Georges Méliès and released in 1902. It was called A Trip to the Moon. In this movie, the moon was made up of a man’s face, covered in cream, and a whole tribe of angry natives lived there. That part was not very realistic. However, the spaceship didn’t seem too far-fetched: it was a small capsule, shaped like a bullet, that the astronauts loaded into a giant cannon and aimed at the moon. This movie was based on a book that came out many years earlier by an author named Jules Verne. One of the fans of the book was a Russian man, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. The book made him think. Could you really shoot people out of a cannon and have them get safely to the moon? He decided you couldn’t, but it got him thinking of other ways you could get people to the moon. He spent his life considering this problem and came up with many solutions. © 2013 ReadWorks®, Inc. All rights reserved. Some of Tsiolkovsky’s solutions gave scientists in America and Russia (where Tsiolkovsky lived) ideas when they began to think about space travel. -
Past, Present, and Future
Rockets: Past, Present, and Future Robert Goddard With his Original Rocket system Delta IV … biggest commercial Rocket system currently in US arsenal Material from Rockets into Space by Frank H. Winter, ISBN 0-674-77660-7 MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems Earliest Rockets as weapons • Chinese development, Sung dynasty (A.D. 960-1279) – Primarily psychological • William Congreve, England, 1804 – thus “the rockets red glare” during the war of 1812. – 1.5 mile range, very poor accuracy. • V2 in WWII MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems First Principle of Rocket Flight • “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.” Isaac Newton, 1687, following Archytas of Tarentum, 360 BC, and Hero of Alexandria, circa 50 AD. • “Rockets move because the flame pushes against the surrounding air.” Edme Mariotte, 1717 • Which one is correct? MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems Isaac Newton explains how to launch a Satellite MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems The Reaction-propelled Spaceship of Hermann Ganswindt (1890) • The fuel for his spaceship consisted of heavy steel cartridges with dynamite charges. They were to be fed machine gun style into a reaction chamber where they would fire and be dropped away. • “Shock absorbers protected the travelers” MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems The Three Amigos of Spaceflight Theory • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky • Hermann Oberth • Robert Goddard • Independent and parallel development of Rocket theory MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems Three Amigos • Goddard • Oberth • Tsiolkovsky MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1857 - 1935 • Deaf Russian School Teacher - fascinated with space flight, started by writing Science Fiction Novels • Discovered that practical space flight depended on liquid fuel rockets in the 1890’s, and developed the fundamental Rocket equation in 1897. -
PAVEL MIKHAILOVICH VOROBIEV May 29, 1998 Interviewers: Mark Davison, Rebecca Wright, Paul Rollins, [Interview Conducted with Interpreter from TTI]
The oral histories placed on this Website are from a few of the many people who worked together to meet the challenges of the Shuttle-Mir Program. The words that you will read are the transcripts from the audio-recorded, personal interviews conducted with each of these individuals. In order to preserve the integrity of their audio record, these histories are presented with limited revisions and reflect the candid conversational style of the oral history format. Brackets or an ellipsis mark will indicate if the text has been annotated or edited to provide the reader a better understanding of the content. Enjoy “hearing” these factual accountings from these people who were among those who were involved in the day-to-day activities of this historic partnership between the United States and Russia. To continue to the Oral History, choose the link below. Go to Oral History PAVEL MIKHAILOVICH VOROBIEV May 29, 1998 Interviewers: Mark Davison, Rebecca Wright, Paul Rollins, [Interview conducted with interpreter from TTI] Davison: Good afternoon. Today is May 29 [1998], and we're interviewing Mr. Pavel Vorobiev, who works in the Cargo and Manifest Scheduling Working Group. Good afternoon. I'm Mark Davison. We met once before in Russia. I don't know if you remember. This is Paul Rollins and Rebecca Wright helping on the audiovisual. Vorobiev: Very nice to meet you. Davison: Nice to see you again, too. Can you tell us about your educational background in Russia, or a little bit about yourself, where you were born, where you grew up? Vorobiev: I am a native of Moscow. -
Following the Path That Heroes Carved Into History: Space Tourism, Heritage, and Faith in the Future
religions Article Following the Path That Heroes Carved into History: Space Tourism, Heritage, and Faith in the Future Deana L. Weibel Departments of Anthropology and Integrative, Religious, and Intercultural Studies, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA; [email protected] Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 28 December 2019; Published: 2 January 2020 Abstract: Human spaceflight is likely to change in character over the 21st century, shifting from a military/governmental enterprise to one that is more firmly tied to private industry, including businesses devoted to space tourism. For space tourism to become a reality, however, many obstacles have to be overcome, particularly those in finance, technology, and medicine. Ethnographic interviews with astronauts, engineers, NASA doctors, and NewSpace workers reveal that absolute faith in the eventual human occupation of space, based in religious conviction or taking secular forms, is a common source of motivation across different populations working to promote human spaceflight. This paper examines the way faith is expressed in these different contexts and its role in developing a future where space tourism may become commonplace. Keywords: anthropology; tourism; spaceflight; NASA; heritage; exploration 1. Introduction Space tourism is an endeavor, similar to but distinctly different from other forms of space travel, that relies on its participants’ and brokers’ faith that carrying out brave expeditions, modeled on and inspired by those in the past, will ultimately pay off in a better future for humankind. Faith, in this case, refers to a subjective sense that a particular future is guaranteed and may or may not have religious foundations. This faith appears to be heightened by the collective work undertaken by groups endeavoring to send humans into space, creating a sense of what anthropologists Victor and Edith Turner have described as communitas, a shared feeling of equality and common purpose. -
THE SOVIET MOON PROGRAM in the 1960S, the United States Was Not the Only Country That Was Trying to Land Someone on the Moon and Bring Him Back to Earth Safely
AIAA AEROSPACE M ICRO-LESSON Easily digestible Aerospace Principles revealed for K-12 Students and Educators. These lessons will be sent on a bi-weekly basis and allow grade-level focused learning. - AIAA STEM K-12 Committee. THE SOVIET MOON PROGRAM In the 1960s, the United States was not the only country that was trying to land someone on the Moon and bring him back to Earth safely. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also called the Soviet Union, also had a manned lunar program. This lesson describes some of it. Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS): ● Discipline: Engineering Design ● Crosscutting Concept: Systems and System Models ● Science & Engineering Practice: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions GRADES K-2 K-2-ETS1-1. Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem that can be solved through the development of a new or improved object or tool. Have you ever been busy doing something when somebody challenges you to a race? If you decide to join the race—and it is usually up to you whether you join or not—you have to stop what you’re doing, get up, and start racing. By the time you’ve gotten started, the other person is often halfway to the goal. This is the sort of situation the Soviet Union found itself in when President Kennedy in 1961 announced that the United States would set a goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade. -
Education Guide Available for Download
Sudekum Planetarium Adventure Science Center 55 minutes Grades 4 & up www.adventuresci.com/www.adventuresci.com 615-862-5160 615-862-5160 Dawn of the Space Age Program Summary Vocabulary From Sputnik to the Space Shuttle and beyond, join the excitement of exploring the final frontier. Behold the drive, passion, and perseverance of the men and Agena women who dare to explore, as the world celebrates the 50th anniversary of the first human in Earth orbit and the 30th anniversary of the first Space Shuttle launch. Alexei Leonov With the advent of international cooperation and commercial spaceflight, we are Apollo experiencing the dawn of a new space age. atmosphere Tennessee Science Standards atmospheric pressure See www.adventuresci.com to find specific Grade Level Expectations (GLE). command module EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING Deep Space Network Conceptual Strand: Society benefits when engineers apply scientific discoveries to design materials and processes that develop into enabling technologies. elliptical PHYSICS / CONCEPTUAL PHYSICS STANDARD 1 – MECHANICS freefall Conceptual Strand 1: Laws and properties of mechanics are the foundations of physics. Galileo STANDARD 6 – THE UNIVERSE Gemini Conceptual Strand 6: The cosmos is vast and explored well enough to know its basic structure and operational principles. Gravity STANDARD 11 – MOTION International Space Station Conceptual Strand 11: Objects move in ways that can be observed, described, predicted, and measured. hydrogen STANDARD 12 – FORCES IN NATURE Kazakhstan Conceptual Strand 12: Everything in the universe exerts a gravitational force on everything else; there is interplay between magnetic fields and electrical currents. Laika lunar module Objectives maria 1. Name at least one astronaut and describe what he or she did in space.