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Home , Hermann Oberth, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

ROCKETROCKET LABLABTM T G w o R C

Science A l a s D s L E Pioneers of e s S s o n 9 P l - a 1 S n 2 T E N P

(First class session: 20-25 minutes) A Standard G

LEARN T

I History and Nature of Science 1.Objectives O

• Students will be able to identify the pioneers of spaceflight N Standard 13 and their contributions to science and technology. A Understands the scientific • Students will experience what it is like to be a pioneer of L enterprise

spaceflight while building and launching an Estes model . S T

A Benchmark 1

Materials N Knows that, throughout histo- 1. Generic E2X®, Alpha III® or UP ™ SpaceLoft ™ D ry, diverse cultures have

Rocket Lab Pack™ (12 pack) - 2 or more A developed scientific ideas and

2. Lab Pack™ (24 pack) - 1 or more R solved human problems 3. Electron Beam® Launch Controller - 1 or more D through technology. 4. Porta-Pad® II Launch Pad - 1 or more 5. Paper, pencil, white or carpenter’s glue or plastic cement, Benchmark 2 scissors, modeling knife, ruler and masking tape for each Understands that individuals student and teams contribute to sci- 6. History of PowerPoint ence and engineering at dif- ferent levels of complexity. Time Two class sessions

Background History of Rockets (Slide 1) Where It All Began (Slide 2) The origins of modern rocketry can be traced back to Greece and China. One of the first devices to utilize the principles of rocket was a wooden bird. Aulus Gellius, a Roman, told the story of a Greek named Archytas from Tarentum, an area that is now part of southern Italy. Around 400 B.C., Archytas entertained the townspeople by flying a wooden pigeon. The bird was suspended on wires and was propelled by escaping steam (action-reaction principle). 1 GRADES 9-12 Two Class Lesson Plan 2 TM or and kept it going in one direction in the in one direction it going or and kept ROCKET LAB ROCKET ROCKET LAB ROCKET bility f wder, the opposite end open. leaving was The powder vided sta o e-arrows were a simple form of a solid-propellant rocket. of a solid-propellant a simple form e-arrows were The records that describe rocket experiments from the 13th to the from experiments that describe rocket records ir y e. After the battle of Kai-Keng, of their own made rockets the Mongols The f The historical records of various cultures show that rocket-like devices rocket-like that show of variousThe historical cultures records man ir e. e ir ar roissart launched rockets through tubes to increase the accuracy of the the accuracy tubes to increase through rockets roissart launched illed with gunpo e ying f l ean F ignited and the quickly burning fire, produced powder ignited and the quickly and gas that smoke thrust.escaped out of the open end producing became a simple guid- The stick ance system that pr air. inflicted have arrows may damage, While these fire little physical they had to on the Mongols. damage psychological much imposed have rocket was a tube that was attached to a long stick and was capped at one end capped and was to a long stick attached a tube that was was rocket and f appeared from time to time. time to from appeared devel- were when the first rockets It is unclear real oped and, in fact, been accidents. the first true might have rockets In the first A.D.,century religious for of gunpowder the Chinese often used a simple form celebrations.and other festive They bamboo tubes with the gunpowder filled explosions. to create and tossed them into fires mixture Some of the tubes did- and jumped out of the fires. explode n’t and pushed by They the sparks were the burning from gases produced gunpowder. The Chinese started experiment- these bamboo tubes attached and eventually tubes ing with the gunpowder-filled bows. them with their to arrows and launched these out that Later they found the escaping gas. from created by the power themselves tubes could launch The modern rockets’ born. ancestor was In 1232, against in a war the Mongols. began using their rockets the Chinese In the battle of Kai-Keng, of arrows of with a barrage the Mongols back they drove f (Slide 4) (Slide 3) Around three hundred years after the pigeon, hundred three Around Greek, another Alexandria, of Hero propul- steam for used object called an aeolipile which built a similar rocket-like sion. kettle, on top of a water a sphere After attaching the below built was a fire and turn water to heat the kettle it into steam. through travel The steam would either side of the L-shaped tubes on two and pass through pipes to the sphere turn causing it to sphere around. Engine. call this a Hero Today,we and might have been the people responsible for spreading rockets to Europe. rockets spreading for been the people responsible and might have Ther 15th centuries. During this period in England, Bacon, Roger a monk, on worked of rockets. the range that increased of gunpowder forms improved In France, J . of the modern forerunner the bazooka. design was Froissart’s In Italy, used a surface-running, Fontana de Joanes torpedo to set enemy rocket-powered ships on f GRADES 9-12 Two Class Lesson Plan 3 TM - ysi ganized ph He or -Spangled Banner. he Star T wton (1642-1727). This inspired Francis Scott Key to include Scott Key Francis This inspired ound even before liftoff. before ound even r ROCKET LAB ROCKET ROCKET LAB ROCKET (Slide 8) xperienced a short revival as weapons of war in the late 18th xperienced of war a short as weapons revival kets for the British military for kets to use. were rockets The Congreve oc ets e k the English scientist Sir Isaac Ne Roc The foundations for modern in the late 17th established rocketry for were The foundations Up to this time, or warfare. fireworks for used were rockets An old y illiam Gravesande, built model cars by propelled jets of steam. Rocket b kets’ glare” red in his poem that later became y W ockets work both in Earth’s atmosphere and in the vacuum of . and in the vacuum atmosphere both in Earth’s work ockets oc , r w om them left deep holes in the g essor very successful in battle. British from ships to pound Fort fired were These rockets McHenry of 1812. in the war centur of Motion). Laws (Newton’s laws scientific cal motion into three explain These laws ho Chinese legend shows that rockets were used for transportation. used for were that rockets shows Chinese legend to this According and his assistants made a legend,Wan-Hu official Chinese a lesser-known named rockets. 47 fire-arrow kites and flying large two by attaching chair rocket-powered rockets. and signaled 47 assistants to light the sat in the chair On flight day,Wan-Hu All the assistants, with a torch, each to light the fuses at once. rushed forward A air. the filled of smoke clouds billowing and huge loud roar When the smoked to be found. nowhere were and his chair cleared,Wan-Hu sure for No one knows Wan-Hu.what happened to probably and his chair happened,Wan-Hu If this really survivedidn’t the explosion. “the r Congreve Rockets (Slide 7) The Science of Rocketry (Slide 6) (Slide 5) In the 16th century,rockets because of of war used as weapons commonly weren’t their inaccuracy. Instead, displays. fireworks for used were rockets A German fire- innovator,works Schmidlap, Johann designed the step rocket. a was The step rocket to higher altitudes. rockets that propelled rocket multi-staged rocket sky A large (first carried stage). (second stage) rocket a smaller sky rocket larger When the burned out, the showered it before to a higher altitude one continued the smaller cinders. with glowing sky into outer that go today to all rockets This idea is basic space. century 19th century. and early against barrages the British Indian rocket in 1792 so successful that an artilleryand 1799 were expert, Congreve, William Colonel began designing r Newton’s laws soon began to influence designs. laws rocket many Newton’s pro- In 1720 a Dutch f with a mass of more with rockets experimenters in and Germany worked than 45 kilograms. that the escaping gases so powerful were Some of these rockets fr GRADES 9-12 Two Class Lesson Plan 4 TM . call this math- we Today ketry. operates One is that a rocket oc tant to r ROCKET LAB ROCKET ROCKET LAB ROCKET lusions impor experimented with liquid-propellant rockets for many years. many for rockets with liquid-propellant experimented d Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes Method of Reaching Extreme needed. 16, On March 1926, conducted the first Goddard suc- st experiments were with solid-propellant rockets. with solid-propellant were st experiments He began to e A In the early 20th century,RobertIn the early H. (1882-1945), Goddard an ir al conc f In 1898, (1857-1935),Tsiolkovsky In 1898, a Russian teacher, Konstantin pro- ar er s s way in a cabbage patch. in a cabbage way Not too impressive, became but this rocket v a Goddar d’ et could be propelled better byet could be propelled liquid fuel. Until this time, no one had t s k kets were the best way to achieve high altitudes and that the velocity need- high altitudes and that the velocity to achieve the best way were kets oc r hamber oc ed to escape Earth’s gravity could be achieved in this way. could be achieved gravity ed to escape Earth’s Goddar ematical analysis the meteorological sounding rocket. the meteorological sounding ematical analysis In his booklet, Goddard made se efficiency in air. than in a vacuum with greater He also said that multi-stage r Robert H. Goddard (Slide 10) Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (Slide 9) by using rockets.posed the In 1903,Tsiolkovsky suggested range. a greater have to help rockets use of liquid propellants He stated that of a and range of escaping gases limited the speed velocity the exhaust only rocket. and ideas,Tsiolkovksy has been called the Because of his research . of Modern Father Even with the Congreve rockets, with the Congreve Even very not were accurate. rockets Many accuracy. on improving worked the world around researchers In England, spin stabilization. called a technique Hale developed William escaping The at the bottom of the rocket, gases struck vanes small exhaust causing it to spin in flight. a bullet does like still use variations this method of rockets Many today. try various types of solid fuels and to measure the exhaust velocities of the try velocities the exhaust various types of solid fuels and to measure burning gases in 1915. on solid-propellants, While working that he concluded a built a successful liquid-propellant rocket.built a successful liquid-propellant to build liquid- harder much It was tanks, because fuel and oxygen rockets propellant combustion turbines and c flight. rocket cessful liquid-propellant and gaso- fueled by It was line. flew seconds, 2.5 The rocket only for 12.5 meters climbed landed 56 and meter American from Worcester, MA conducted experiments in rocketry. MA conducted experiments Worcester, American from He was higher altitudes. of achieving in ways interested a pamphlet in He published 1919 called the forerunner of a new era in rocket flight. in rocket era of a new the forerunner Rober His rockets grew bigger and flew bigger higher. grew His rockets flight He built a gyroscope system for Pioneers of Modern Rocketry Pioneers of Modern GRADES 9-12 Two Class Lesson Plan 5 TM The , trav- about rocket (Slide 12) ocket scientists,ocket including man r Ger y ROCKET LAB ROCKET ROCKET LAB ROCKET Man The Rocket Into Planetary Space The Rocket ble of spanning the Atlantic Ocean and landing in the spanning the of ble (Slide 13) y’s standards, the V-2 rocket (in Germany called the A-4) was standards, (in Germany called the y’s V-2 rocket the kets as militarykets rocketry and began experimental pro- weapons oc Hermann space pioneer. Oberth is another great (1894-1989) In eapon that could devastate entire city blocks. entire eapon that could devastate the for Fortunately w ed to toda e anced missiles capa ress Robert had made with rocketry. ress Goddard ectiv og f or adv United States. with small upper stage a winged had have would These missiles areas.payload V-2 rockets When Germany fell, unused many Allies acquired the and components. small. its thrust by and alcohol It achieved burning oxygen of liquid a mixture of about one ton everyat a rate seconds. seven When launched, an V-2 was the ef London, and Allied Forces the to change came too late in the war this rocket outcome. However, by the end of the war, German scientists had plans rocket f used the V-2 against London during World War II.War of is a result V-2 World The V-2 against London during Germans used the German engineers and scientists, Oberth, including meeting in 1937 in of the Baltic Sea. on the shores Peenemunde Wernher Under the leadership of Braun,von and engineers the scientists the most advanced built and launched of its time. rocket 1923, a book, he published Wernher Compar (Slide 11) control and a payload section for scientific instruments. scientific for section and a payload control had parachute He also to the recovery instruments and that returned systems safely his rockets ground. of Modern call Robert Rocketry the Father Goddard of all because We in rocketry. his achievements el into outer space. This book contained rocketry theories similar to those of Goddard. of space flight speculation on the effects It included on the human body. than its faster could travel theories that a rocket proven Oberth covered in a vacuum. and could operate exhaust He also speculated on the theory of putting in space. important His writings they because were inspired the world. societies around small rocket of many the formation In Germany, fur Raumschiffahrt (Society for Verein society,the of one rocket the formation V-2 rocket. of the led to the development Travel) Space Wernher von Braun, von Wernher United States. came to the Other German scientists rocket Union. the Soviet to went surprised The German with all the scientists were pr II,War the Union acknowledged the United States and the Soviet World After potential of r grams. idea, on a Goddard The United States began working high-altitude Modern Rocketry GRADES 9-12 Two Class Lesson Plan 6 TM aeolipile diversity guidance system gyroscope multi-staged NASA Newton’s Laws of Motion payload propellant propulsion satellites sphere spin stabilization vacuum velocity KEY WORDS esmen of space explo- chitect of the of the Saturnchitect hief ar ROCKET LAB ROCKET ROCKET LAB ROCKET Satellites helped scientists to learn about more ominent spok xploitation. He became the c ockets have been developed. have ockets of space exploration Scientific launched many people and machines into space. people and machines many launched cial e Verne as their original inspiration. Verne e ets. v k erful r ules oc r w esting Fact n ets ha k , II, carrying named . a dog name was real Laika’s Each pioneer of spaceflight, pioneer Each Tsiolkovsky,Hermann Oberth, Konstantin Robert Braun, von Wernher to in space and rockets their interest all trace and Goddard author J Inter our world, the globe. around and communicate the weather forecast Because payloads, and larger more a demand for such was there of versatile array a large and po pace. at a fast continues with robotic orbited the EarthAstronauts and landed on the . Robot space- to other planets like . traveled have craft Space opened up to exploration and commer atmospheric sounding rockets. The U.S. a variety of medium- also developed ballistic missiles. intercontinental and long-range range the These missiles were starting of the U.S. point program. space (Redstone, the program from Missiles into space. astronauts to launch used ,Titan) were On October 4, 1957, an by Union surprised the Soviet launching the world Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. This satellite, Sputnik I, the first was successful nations. the two entry space between for in the race the earth It orbited every 17 seconds.96 minutes Sputnik I, Less than a month after launched the Soviets a not designed mission was means little curly.This which Kudryabka Laika to return to earth. revealed War Documents after the Cold in support the temperature keep couldn’t system died when the life C.her cabin 40 degrees below days. seven She survived in space for On January 31, 1958, I. Explorer the United States launched In October 1958, the U.S. Space and Aeronautics the National created (NASA).Administration with the became a civilian agency NASA of all the benefit of space for of peaceful exploration goal humankind. In 1960, the giant task of developing the given was Braun von Satur launch vehicle that propelled American to the moon. astronauts that propelled vehicle launch He became one of the most pr the United States. for ration Roc GRADES 9-12 Two Class Lesson Plan 7 TM used the Estes y the w orld and ho ield, field, football baseball field, green (Second class period)(Second class eas of the w al diversity of the early pioneersal diversity of the early of space- (First class session:(First class 35 - 40 minutes) or students. in the jobs are Launch ROCKET LAB ROCKET ROCKET LAB ROCKET ious ar ar jobs f h ets for launching in your classroom before going outside to going before classroom in your launching ets for ets outside at a soccer f k k BUILD LAUNCH ets. oc oc k r r Follow the Engine Preparation steps located in the rocket steps located in the rocket the Engine Preparation Follow e oc h ouch Down & Recovery r h. y epar ass area or blacktop area. or blacktop ass area r light emphasizing the v f g Educator Guide for Teachers & Youth Group Leaders. Group Youth & Teachers Educator Guide for Discuss with students the cultur Pr launc Assign and post launc instructions. Launc experience how it felt to be a pioneer of spaceflight. it felt how experience with students,together step-by-step using procedures. kits E2X® rocket easy to assemble. and contain parts colored that are Glue the parts as per the instructions,together decals, the self-stick apply the attach to launch. ready are recovery system and you of spaceflight they created. rockets and the outline form. earl 1. 2. 1. 3. 1. they to will be able their rocket and launch When students make 2.Alpha III®,Generic SpaceLoft™ Aerospace™ Build the E2X® or UP 1. pioneers Ask students to identify the of spaceflight. 2. the pioneers to explain Use the History PowerPoint of Rockets 3. review,students can take notes in an During PowerPoint your rap Up - T W Activity Activity Activity

STEP 2. STEP 3. GRADES 9-12 Two Class Lesson Plan 8 TM w Cox Corp. All rights reserved. light and ho 008 Estes- 2 of spacef s © and Youth Group Leaders Group Youth and s bout the pioneer a eacher T ROCKET LAB ROCKET y ROCKET LAB ROCKET or le and launch a . le and launch eacher’s Guide with Activities in Science, Guide with eacher’s Mathematics, T Model Rocketry Book Model Rocketry ite a summar – ets-A Rock – Oberth, Braun. or von Goddard,Verne research, Based on their they will about a skit spaceflightwrite a significant to the class and present accom- plishment in their life. at places like slaves camp and did employ concentration machine Peenemunde. selfish to the allies for surrendered Braun Von is said that It reasons, altruism. scientific pure not out of quest or will do a web Students out the truth to find library about their ties with the NAZIs, research why and what they U.S. did in the neersof spaceflight, contributed their discoveries and how to rockets their spaceflight today. (choices) the events how Students should also consider accomplishments. lead them to their individual have life in a person’s They summary their should conclude by reflecting building on the rocket launch. and their rocket process ASA Estes Educator™ - Guide f N presentation. Students will wr Students will assemb their discoveries contributedtheir discoveries to spaceflight. and Technology • • – www.esteseducator.com Website Estes Educator™ • Civil Air Patrol • • of the Historyin outline form notes Students will take PowerPoint of Rockets • 1.Tsiolkovsky, one of the pioneers - to research in groups Students can work 2. war both supported Braun the NAZI von Wernher Hermann Oberth and • 2. Students will write a summary pio- the considered of the people who are References Evaluation/Assessment Extensions