DOCSLIB.ORG

Appendix Relations with Alien Intelligences – the Scientific Basis of Metalaw1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Appendix Relations with Alien Intelligences – the Scientific Basis of Metalaw1 Appendix Relations with Alien Intelligences – The Scientific Basis of Metalaw1 Ernst Fasan DK 340.114:341.229:2:133 1 The appendix was previously published by Berlin Verlag Arno Spitz in 1970. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 181 P.M. Sterns, L.I. Tennen (eds.), Private Law, Public Law, Metalaw and Public Policy in Space, Space Regulations Library 8, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27087-6 Contents Foreword by Wernher von Braun ����������������������������������������������������������������� 185 Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 187 I: The Possibility of Encountering Nonhuman Intelligent Beings �������������� 189 Opinions in Ancient Literature ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 189 The Results of Modern Science �������������������������������������������������������������� 191 II: The Physical Nature of Extraterrestrial Beings �������������������������������������� 205 The Necessary Characteristics ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 205 Origin and Development of Protoplasmic Life ��������������������������������������� 209 Intelligent Machines – The Question of Robots �������������������������������������� 210 III: The Concept, Term, and Literature of Metalaw ����������������������������������� 213 Selection and Definition of the Term ����������������������������������������������������������� 213 A Survey of Literature ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 215 IV: The Categorical Imperative and Metalaw ���������������������������������������������� 223 V: The Rules of Metalaw �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227 Legal History ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 227 Evolution of the Rules ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 230 VI: An Order of Precedence for Metalaw, and the Pure Theory of Law �������� 237 Order of the Basic Rules ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 237 The Pure Theory of Law and Metalaw ���������������������������������������������������� 238 VII: Metapolitics ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 241 Préface by Eugène Pépin �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 247 Synopsis in French [Résumé Français] ��������������������������������������������������������� 249 Geleitwort by Hermann Oberth �������������������������������������������������������������������� 253 Synopsis in German [Beziehungen zu auβerirdischen Intelligenzen] �������� 255 Eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage für das Metarecht ���������������������������������� 255 Prologo by Aldo Armando Cocca ������������������������������������������������������������������ 259 Synopsis in Spanish [Relaciones con inteligencias extraterrestres] ������������ 263 Una base científica para el metaderecho ������������������������������������������������������ 263 183 184 Contents Bibliography ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 267 Appendix Index ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 269 Foreword Through the entire history of man, his concepts of the world in which he lives and the Universe that surrounds him have been undergoing constant changes. For many, many centuries he believed his home planet to be the true hub of the entire cosmos, around which the crystal dome of the heavens rotate. Today we have come to accept as indisputable that our Earth is only one of the planets revolving around the sun, the sun only one of a billion stars in our galaxy, and our galaxy only one of billions of galaxies in the Universe. It would be presumptuous for modern man to assume that in this infinite vastness of the cosmos, the homo sapiens on Earth were the only manifestation of intelligent life. Of course, our present technological methods and scientific tools seem vastly inadequate to permit any direct contact with extrasolar civilizations. However, for the generations to come who will be able to advance far beyond the present destina- tions of our spacecraft or the reaches of todays’ lasers and radiotelescopes, the dis- covery of such life is highly probable and will be an extremely fascinating and challenging task. Ernst Fasan examines the possibilities of man’s encounter with other civiliza- tions. He emphasizes the legal and philosophical aspects of such an event and makes us aware that only through recognition of and adherence to Kant’s Categorical Imperative can we expect to benefit from the challenges of the future and to avoid cataclysmic events. Wernher von Braun 185 Introduction Since the execution of Project “OZMA” in 1960 and the Green Bank Conference in 1961 the question of contacting extraterrestrial intelligences has been more and more the center of scientific interest and examination. That any such contact would bring about an enormous impact on all science is obvious. One of these sciences is the legal one, since every contact between ­intelligent beings is performed according to some rules. These rules, rules of con- duct, are at the same time basically legal in nature. Thus such rules – the rules of Metalaw – have been discussed in numerous papers, addresses, and in books in Space Law. But up to now no book exists dealing with the entire set of problems involved. An extensive study of Metalaw seems to also require an examination of some extralegal aspects of a possible contact with aliens – be it bodily or merely by tele- communication. Beyond this, it seems to presuppose an inquiry as to whether it is sensible to discuss legal questions before any actual encounter has occurred. Assuming an affirmative answer to the last question, it seems necessary to find a sound philosophical basis upon which all rules of Metalaw can be developed. Metalaw will be a rule of conduct for intelligent beings. Thus, the Categorical Imperative will apply. Metalaw will be, furthermore, a natural law based on those natural characteristics which are necessarily common to all partners who subscribe to Metalaw. These characteristics are, as we shall see: Life, Intelligence, Detectability, Three-dimensionality, and Will to Live. From these starting points we have endeav- ored to deduce eleven rules of Metalaw with a firm scientific basis. Our task may be considered premature. But when we realize that more and more experiments are being made to contact aliens, and when we take into account the scientific discussions such as those of theHermann Oberth Society in 1968 and those of the International Astronautical Academy, scheduled for 1970 and the fol- lowing years, we nevertheless feel justified in carrying out this investigation. 187 188 Introduction We should like to express our thanks to Mr. Arno Spitz, publisher of the Berlin Verlag, for his enterprising decision to publish this book, to Professor Schütte for providing the star maps and above all, to the late Andrew G. Haley who considered “Metalaw” and who during the last year of his life advised us to carry out the studies which have led to this publication. Thanks are also due to Mrs. Fasan, to whom this book is dedicated. I: The Possibility of Encountering Nonhuman Intelligent Beings Opinions in Ancient Literature Whenever we raise the question on nonhuman intelligent beings, we are confronted with the picture of the “little green men” or the “bug-eyed monsters”, or even the nonsense of “flying saucers”, i.e., with creations of sheer fiction or, what is worse, with fantastic results of rather wild pseudoscientists. This is the reason why the whole question is often ridiculed and is considered “sciencefictioneerish”. On the other hand, for more than 2000 years the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligent life has been discussed and has by no means been considered chimerical. The pre-Incas were of the opinion that the stars, especially the Pleiades, were inhabited.2 The same belief was expressed by Anaximander, Xenophanes, Democritus and Plutarch.3 Sullivan quotes the very interesting statement of the Sung Dynasty Chinese scientist Teg Mu: “How unreasonable would it be to assume that there are no other skies besides the earth and the sky we see”.4 He also points out that the holy Buddist book Saddharma Pundarika describes an assembly of Bodhisattvas from many worlds who are congregated before the face of God.5 Sullivan also quotes, from more recent times, the opinion of Huygens: “… thus we must recognize all the planets which are around this huge number of suns. They must have plants and animals, and even reasoning beings which wonder about the sky and look at it much as we do …”.6 2 Däniken, Erinnerungen an die Zukunft (Vienna, 1968), p. 90. 3 Sullivan, We are not alone, German ed., 1966, pp. 14–17. 4 Ibid., p. 17. 5 Ibid., p. 346. 6 Sullivan, op. cit., p. 28. 189 190 I: The Possibility of Encountering Nonhuman Intelligent Beings In a similar vein, Sullivan quotes from Giordano Bruno and Milton’s Paradise Lost, and the opinion of John Wilkins, bishop and founding member of the Royal Society. As regards seventeenth century opinions, we must not forget Cyrano de Bergerac, in whose novel, L’homme dans la lune, the hero-author flies to the moon and meets there our satellite’s intelligent inhabitants. Magno quotes in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History of Rocket Technology
    CHAPTER 1 History of Rockets 1. 1. INTRODUCTION Action-Reaction Principle Take any technology and you always find that its practical demonstration had been realized much before the theory was established. However, you may note that the fast and effective refinement of a technology begins only after its theory, explaining the underlying basic principles, has been established. The action-reaction principle that is fundamental to jet propulsion, which includes airbreathing- as well as rocket-propulsion, was theoretically explained only in 1687 by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton by his famous publication “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”). But, approximately 2100 years before this, Archytas, a Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, had demonstrated the action-reaction principle by his toy pigeon in the city of Tarentum, Fig. 1. 1. Archytas suspended on a wire his wooden pigeon that contained hot steam at an elevated pressure in its belly cavity. The other end of the wire was hooked on to the top of a tall pole. On releasing a plug, a jet of steam escaped through a hole from the rear of the pigeon to produce a thrust that made the toy pigeon fly in circles around the pole. Thus Archytas mystified and amused the citizens of Tarentum by his flying toy- pigeon and demonstrated the fundamental principle of propulsion: “every force has an equal and opposite reaction”. The second recorded-demonstration of the action-reaction principle was in the first century B.C. Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician 1 and scientist, constructed a device known as aeolipile.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
    THE FRONTIERS COLLEctION THE FRONTIERS COLLEctION Series Editors: A.C. Elitzur L. Mersini-Houghton M. Schlosshauer M.P. Silverman J. Tuszynski R. Vaas H.D. Zeh The books in this collection are devoted to challenging and open problems at the forefront of modern science, including related philosophical debates. In contrast to typical research monographs, however, they strive to present their topics in a manner accessible also to scientifically literate non-specialists wishing to gain insight into the deeper implications and fascinating questions involved. Taken as a whole, the series reflects the need for a fundamental and interdisciplinary approach to modern science. Furthermore, it is intended to encourage active scientists in all areas to ponder over important and perhaps controversial issues beyond their own speciality. Extending from quantum physics and relativity to entropy, consciousness and complex systems – the Frontiers Collection will inspire readers to push back the frontiers of their own knowledge. Other Recent Titles Weak Links Stabilizers of Complex Systems from Proteins to Social Networks By P. Csermely The Biological Evolution of Religious Mind and Behaviour Edited by E. Voland and W. Schiefenhövel Particle Metaphysics A Critical Account of Subatomic Reality By B. Falkenburg The Physical Basis of the Direction of Time By H.D. Zeh Mindful Universe Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer By H. Stapp Decoherence and the Quantum-To-Classical Transition By M. Schlosshauer The Nonlinear Universe Chaos, Emergence, Life By A. Scott Symmetry Rules How Science and Nature are Founded on Symmetry By J. Rosen Quantum Superposition Counterintuitive Consequences of Coherence, Entanglement, and Interference By M.P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Drake Puzzle by Shane L
    The Drake Puzzle by Shane L. Larson Department of Astronomy, Adler Planetarium “Our sun is one of 100 billion stars in our galaxy. Our galaxy is one of billions of galaxies populating the universe. It would be the height of presumption to think that we are the only living things in that enormous immensity.” ∼ Wernher von Braun Introduction The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) has long been of interest to humankind. The problem is how would we communicate with extraterrestrial biological entities (EBEs) if we met them? It is said that in 1820, the famous German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss recommended that a giant right triangle of trees be planted in the Russian wilderness, an exercise that would demonstrate to EBEs that the inhabitants of Earth were civilized enough to understand geometry. It is also said that 20 years later, the Viennese astronomer Joseph von Littrow proposed digging a twenty-mile-long ditch in the Sahara, filling it with kerosene, and lighting it at night, again to communicate that there was intelligent life down here. In the modern era, the American radio astronomer Frank Drake is generally credited with beginning the first serious efforts geared toward communication with possible extraterrestrial intelligences. In 1960, at the Green Bank radio astronomy facility in West Virginia, he began the first modern search for radio signals of extraterrestrial origin, called Project Ozma. Communication without preamble In the years that followed Project Ozma, there was a great deal of debate as to whether or not we could actually decode a message if we received it, and even more to the point, whether or not an EBE could decode a message from us if it received one.
    [Show full text]
  • Albert Einstein and Wernher Von Braun – the Two Great German-American
    Albert Einstein and Wernher von Braun – the two great German-American Physicists seen in a Historical Perspective FRIEDWARDT WINTERBERG, University of Nevada Reno. Abstract It was Albert Einstein who changed our view of the universe to be a non-Euclidean curved space-time. And it was Wernher von Braun who showed how to make the first step to take us into this universe, leaving the gravitational field of our planet earth, with the landing a man on the moon the greatest event in human history. Both these great physicists did this on the shoulders of giants. Albert Einstein on the shoulders of his German landsman Bernhard Riemann, and Wernher von Braun on the shoulders of Goddard and Oberth. Both Einstein and von Braun made a Faustian pact with the devil, von Braun by accepting research funds from Hitler, and Einstein by urging Roosevelt to build the atom bomb (against Hitler). Both of these great men later regretted the use of their work for the killing of innocent bystanders, even though in the end the invention of nuclear energy and space flight is for the benefit of man. Their example serves as a warning for all of us. It can be formulated as follows: “Can I in good conscience accept research funds from the military to advance scientific knowledge, for weapons developed against an abstract enemy I never have met in person?" Weapons if used do not differentiate between the scientist, who invented these weapons, and the non-scientist. In this short essay I will show that there are many surprising parallels in the life of Albert Einstein and Wernher von Braun, the two great German-American physicists who had a decisive influence on the history of the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Now in English! Hermann Oberth: “The Rocket Into Planetary Space”
    Now in English! Formats: HardcoverBook eBook (PDF) eBook (EPUB) Print/eBook Hermann Oberth: “The Rocket into Planetary Space” “Under certain economic conditions, the construction of such machines may even become profitable. Such conditions might arise within a few decades. In the present document I intend to prove this statement.” (“Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen”, Hermann Oberth 1923). With this revolutionary statement, physicist Hermann Oberth proved to be one of the most visionary and ingenious pioneers of rocketry. Fundamental and scientifically solid, his ideas were not only comprehensive, but he also conducted meticulous investigations about all possible rocket parameters. His proposals included spacecraft instrumentation for scientific missions, and novel ideas for launch and test facilities. Oberth did not limit himself to robotic rockets, but also looked closely at the various technical, physiological, and psychological problems and challenges that would be encountered with sending humans into space. Fundamental and scientific-technically solid were not only his comprehensive, meticulous investigations and optimization trade-offs of all possible rocket parameters, but also his proposals for spacecraft- instrumentation for manned and scientific missions as well as his novel ideas for launch- and test facilities. Oberth’s “Outlook” (§17) provides a prophetic “blue-print” of the many space applications which followed in the years to come and culminated in the implementation of today’s permanent manned space station which followed Hermann Oberth’s conceptual descriptions very closely. The book, thoroughly and expertly translated and now first published in English allows also all non- German readers to go back to the beginning, appreciate the problems associated with space travel and understand the never ending quest for space exploration.
    [Show full text]
  • A Pictorial History of Rockets
    he mighty space rockets of today are the result A Pictorial Tof more than 2,000 years of invention, experi- mentation, and discovery. First by observation and inspiration and then by methodical research, the History of foundations for modern rocketry were laid. Rockets Building upon the experience of two millennia, new rockets will expand human presence in space back to the Moon and Mars. These new rockets will be versatile. They will support Earth orbital missions, such as the International Space Station, and off- world missions millions of kilometers from home. Already, travel to the stars is possible. Robotic spacecraft are on their way into interstellar space as you read this. Someday, they will be followed by human explorers. Often lost in the shadows of time, early rocket pioneers “pushed the envelope” by creating rocket- propelled devices for land, sea, air, and space. When the scientific principles governing motion were discovered, rockets graduated from toys and novelties to serious devices for commerce, war, travel, and research. This work led to many of the most amazing discoveries of our time. The vignettes that follow provide a small sampling of stories from the history of rockets. They form a rocket time line that includes critical developments and interesting sidelines. In some cases, one story leads to another, and in others, the stories are inter- esting diversions from the path. They portray the inspirations that ultimately led to us taking our first steps into outer space. NASA’s new Space Launch System (SLS), commercial launch systems, and the rockets that follow owe much of their success to the accomplishments presented here.
    [Show full text]
  • SETI in VIVO: TESTING the WE-ARE-THEM HYPOTHESIS ∗ MAXIM A.MAKUKOV1 and VLADIMIR I
    PREPRINT VERSION JULY 12, 2017. ACCEPTED IN THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ASTROBIOLOGY Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 01/23/15 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550417000210 SETI IN VIVO: TESTING THE WE-ARE-THEM HYPOTHESIS ∗ MAXIM A. MAKUKOV1 and VLADIMIR I. SHCHERBAK2 ABSTRACT After it was proposed that life on Earth might descend from seeding by an earlier extraterrestrial civilization motivated to secure and spread life, some authors noted that this alternative offers a testable implication: microbial seeds could be intentionally supplied with a durable signature that might be found in extant organisms. In particular, it was suggested that the optimal location for such an artifact is the genetic code, as the least evolving part of cells. However, as the mainstream view goes, this scenario is too speculative and cannot be meaningfully tested because encoding/decoding a signature within the genetic code is something ill-defined, so any retrieval attempt is doomed to guesswork. Here we refresh the seeded-Earth hypothesis in light of recent observations, and discuss the motivation for inserting a signature. We then show that “biological SETI” involves even weaker assumptions than traditional SETI and admits a well-defined methodological framework. After assessing the possibility in terms of molecular and evolutionary biology, we formalize the approach and, adopting the standard guideline of SETI that encoding/decoding should follow from first principles and be convention-free, develop a universal retrieval strategy. Applied to the canonical genetic code, it reveals a nontrivial precision structure of interlocked logical and numerical attributes of systematic character (previously we found these heuristically). To assess this result in view of the initial assumption, we perform statistical, comparison, interdependence, and semiotic analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • FRANK D. DRAKE Education 1952 Cornell University BA, Engineering
    Biographical Sketch FRANK D. DRAKE Education 1952 Cornell University B.A., Engineering Physics (with honors) 1956 Harvard University M.S., Astronomy 1958 Harvard University Ph.D., Astronomy Professional Employment 1952-1956 U.S. Navy, Electronics Officer 1956-1958 Agassiz Station Radio Astronomy Project, Harvard University 1958-1963 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia - Head of Telescope Operations & Scientific Services Division - Conducted planetary research and cosmic radio source studies 1963-64 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Chief of Lunar & Planetary Sciences 1964-1984 Cornell University - Associate Professor of Astronomy (1964); then Full Professor (1966) - Associate Director, Center for Radiophysics & Space Research (1964-75) - Director, Arecibo Observatory, Arecibo, Puerto Rico (1966-1968) - Chairman, Astronomy Department, Cornell University (1969-71) - Director, National Astronomy & Ionosphere Center, part of which is the Arecibo Observatory (from its creation in 1970 until July 1981) - Goldwin Smith Professor of Astronomy, Cornell University (1976-84) 1984-Present University of California, Santa Cruz - Dean, Natural Sciences Division (1984-1988) - Acting Associate Vice Chancellor, University Advancement (1989-90) - Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics (1984 – 1996) - Professor Emeritus of Astronomy & Astrophysics, (1996 –present) 1984-Present SETI Institute, Mountain View, California: - President (1984-2000) - Chairman, Board of Trustees, (1984-2003) - Chairman Emeritus, Board of Trustees, 2003- present - Director, Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, 2004-present Professional Achievements 1959 Shared in the discovery of the radiation belts of Jupiter, and conducted early pulsar observational studies 1960 Conducted Project OZMA at NRAO, Green Bank, WV -- the first organized search for ETI signals 1961 Devised widely-known Drake Equation, giving an estimate of the number of communicative extraterrestrial civilizations that we might find in our galaxy.
    [Show full text]
  • An Evolving Astrobiology Glossary
    Bioastronomy 2007: Molecules, Microbes, and Extraterrestrial Life ASP Conference Series, Vol. 420, 2009 K. J. Meech, J. V. Keane, M. J. Mumma, J. L. Siefert, and D. J. Werthimer, eds. An Evolving Astrobiology Glossary K. J. Meech1 and W. W. Dolci2 1Institute for Astronomy, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822 2NASA Astrobiology Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, MS 247-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 Abstract. One of the resources that evolved from the Bioastronomy 2007 meeting was an online interdisciplinary glossary of terms that might not be uni- versally familiar to researchers in all sub-disciplines feeding into astrobiology. In order to facilitate comprehension of the presentations during the meeting, a database driven web tool for online glossary definitions was developed and participants were invited to contribute prior to the meeting. The glossary was downloaded and included in the conference registration materials for use at the meeting. The glossary web tool is has now been delivered to the NASA Astro- biology Institute so that it can continue to grow as an evolving resource for the astrobiology community. 1. Introduction Interdisciplinary research does not come about simply by facilitating occasions for scientists of various disciplines to come together at meetings, or work in close proximity. Interdisciplinarity is achieved when the total of the research expe- rience is greater than the sum of its parts, when new research insights evolve because of questions that are driven by new perspectives. Interdisciplinary re- search foci often attack broad, paradigm-changing questions that can only be answered with the combined approaches from a number of disciplines.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating 50 Years of America in Space Fifty Years Ago, a Group of German Rocket Pioneers Led the Team That Put America Into Space
    EIR Science & Technology Celebrating 50 Years Of America in Space Fifty years ago, a group of German rocket pioneers led the team that put America into space. Marsha Freeman reports on a celebration held to mark that milestone. For millions of Americans, the successful launch of the Ex- cle, a 36-story, 6.5-million-pound rocket. Its remarkable re- plorer-1 satellite on the evening of Jan. 31, 1958, three months cord includes 13 launches without any failures, a testament after the Soviet Union orbited Sputnik, allowed a sigh of re- not only to the meticulous design, rigorous testing, and ex- lief. For a team of over 100 German space pioneers, it was the traordinary management of this complex project, but also to culmination of nearly two decades of rocket experiments, and the decades of dedication of the German space pioneers to the proved that soon, man himself, could explore space. dream of space flight. The German rocket team that came to the United States That dream was energized in the late 1920s by Hermann after World War II, under the leadership of Wernher von Oberth, who himself took the dreams of Johannes Kepler, Braun, had already carried out many of the tests, and experi- Jules Verne, and others before him, and created the scientific enced the failures, necessary for the technology of space flight and engineering basis to make manned space flight a reality.1 to be born. As teenagers in Germany in the 1930s, some had In 1927, the German Society for Space Travel was orga- participated in amateur rocket clubs to begin the small-scale nized in Breslau, formed by space enthusiasts, with the after- experiments that would eventually take men to the Moon, and school participation of a teenage Wernher von Braun, and to carry out educational campaigns to excite the public about guidance from Professor Oberth.
    [Show full text]
  • Pioneers of Spaceflight E S S S O N 9 P L - a 1 S N 2 T E N P
    ROCKETROCKET LABLABTM T G w o R C Science A l a s D s L E Pioneers of Spaceflight e s S s o n 9 P l - a 1 S n 2 T E N P (First class session: 20-25 minutes) A Standard G LEARN T I History and Nature of Science 1.Objectives O • Students will be able to identify the pioneers of spaceflight N Standard 13 and their contributions to science and technology. A Understands the scientific • Students will experience what it is like to be a pioneer of L enterprise spaceflight while building and launching an Estes model rocket. S T A Benchmark 1 Materials N Knows that, throughout histo- 1. Generic E2X®, Alpha III® or UP Aerospace™ SpaceLoft ™ D ry, diverse cultures have Rocket Lab Pack™ (12 pack) - 2 or more A developed scientific ideas and 2. Rocket Engine Lab Pack™ (24 pack) - 1 or more R solved human problems 3. Electron Beam® Launch Controller - 1 or more D through technology. 4. Porta-Pad® II Launch Pad - 1 or more 5. Paper, pencil, white or carpenter’s glue or plastic cement, Benchmark 2 scissors, modeling knife, ruler and masking tape for each Understands that individuals student and teams contribute to sci- 6. History of Rockets PowerPoint ence and engineering at dif- ferent levels of complexity. Time Two class sessions Background History of Rockets (Slide 1) Where It All Began (Slide 2) The origins of modern rocketry can be traced back to Greece and China. One of the first devices to utilize the principles of rocket flight was a wooden bird.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence Through Radio Signals and Messages 1A
    ISSN : 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN : 2230-9543 (Print) IJECT VOL . 5, ISSU E SPL - 2, JAN - MAR C H 2014 Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence Through Radio Signals and Messages 1A. B. Bhattacharya, 2A. Sarkar 1,2Dept. of Physics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, WB, India Abstract hundred yards wide could delineate twenty-mile wide shapes and The paper summarizes the present day research knowledge based then the trenches would be filled with water after which enough on communication with extraterrestrial intelligence through four kerosene could be poured on top of the water to burn for six hours. distinct means covering mathematical languages, pictorial systems Using this technique, a different signal could be sent every night. like the Arecibo message, algorithmic communication systems and In the mean time other astronomers were looking for signs of life computational approaches for detecting and deciphering ‘natural’ on other planets. In 1822, Franz von Gruithuisen [Cattermole and language communication. Moore, 1997] imagined a giant city and evidence of agriculture on the moon and believed evidence of life on Venus but astronomers Keywords using more sophisticated instruments refuted his claims. By the Arecibo Message, Communication, Extraterrestrial Intelligence, late 1800s, Astronomers believed the Kant-Laplace hypothesis, Resonant Receiver which stated that the farthest planets from the sun are the oldest and so Mars was more likely to have advanced civilizations than I. Introduction Venus. Subsequent investigations focused on contacting Martians. Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI) is Charles Cros [Ley, 1958] was convinced that pinpoints of light a subject matter under the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial observed on Mars and Venus were the lights of large cities and Intelligence) research which focuses on composing and was attempted to get funding for a giant mirror with which to deciphering messages that could be understood theoretically signal the Martians.
    [Show full text]