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Army Lists South America Contents Columbian Civilizations Andean Civilizations Muzo or Panche 800 To 1580 CE Moche 100 To 750 CE Columbian Indian 1000 To 1580 CE Canari 500 To 1533 CE Muisca Confederation 1400 To 1541 CE Chimu 900 To 1470 CE Cauca Valley Tribes 1400 To 1580 CE Chanka 1000 To 1440 CE Paez 1500 To 1580 CE Inca (0.3) 1300 To 1545 CE Brazilian Tribes Hatun-Colla 1440 To 1462 CE Aruak and Carib Indian 1200 To 1580 CE Northern Mapuche 1450 To 1552 CE Gé Brazilian Indian 1200 To 1580 CE Southern Mapuche (0.2) 1536 To 1560 CE Tupi 1200 To 1580 CE Version 2019.03: 31st March 2019 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted, and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled. Where allies are allowed they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take UGs sufficient to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Unless specified in the notes, the general must be the same type as the army commander in the main list but cannot be legendary. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. Where an internal ally is allowed, and no contingent is specified they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. The total number of troops taken of each type in the entire army must not exceed the maxima for that troop type. 3. They must take UGs sufficient to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list if there is sufficient allowance for a UG after the core army itself has taken the minimum. 4. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. Version 2019.03: 31st March 2019 © Simon Hall Historical Introduction The first inhabitants settled in South America at least 11,200 years ago. The earliest permanent settlements date to 3500 BCE. Llamas and alpacas were domesticated in the highlands of the Andes at roughly the same time. The Norte Chico civilization emerged on the north-central coast of Peru at around 2700 BCE. In Columbia the Chibcha speaking communities were the most numerous. The Muisca, known as “The Salt People” were the most advanced. They inhabited the Eastern Ranges of the Columbian Andes. At the time of the Spanish conquest they controlled an area of 25,000 square kilometres (9,700 square miles) and a total population of between 300,000 and 2,000,000. They traded with other Chibcha, Arawak and Cariban speaking groups. They were skilled workers in gold (creating the legend of El Dorado) and used coins. For a long time, scholars believed the Amazon forests were only occupied by hunter-gatherers. It appears that the forests have been shaped by human activity for 11,000 years. Francisco de Orellana travelled the Amazon river in 1542 and described an advanced civilization flourishing at that time. Evidence of large settlements has been discovered. On the coastline of Brazil, Europeans encountered the Tupi tribes. These had pushed back earlier Ge tribes. Along the Andes many different civilizations thrived. The earliest were the Chavin, a pre-literate society that existed between 900 and 200 BCE. The Moche thrived on the north coast of Peru between the first and the ninth century CE. After the collapse of the Moche the Chimu emerged. Chimor was the largest kingdom occupying 1000 km (620 ml) of coastline. The Cañari were the indigenous natives of Equador. The Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000 km (16,000 ml) road system. The Chankas were conquered in 1438. The Kingdom of Chimor (Chimu) around 1470. The Cañari repulsed the Incan invasion with fierce resistance for many years until they fell to Tupac Yupanqui. Tupac Yupanqui also conquered the Collas and the Anti. In the south the Inca advance was stopped by the Mapuche. The shortage of bronze, tin and iron meant that the South American peoples relied on hardwoods and stone for many of their weapons. Poisons were widely used in blowpipes and on arrows. The arrival of the Europeans had a disastrous effect on all the indigenous peoples of South America. With no resistance to smallpox, measles and other diseases many populations were reduced by 95%. Version 2019.03: 31st March 2019 © Simon Hall Muzo or Panche Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 800 CE to 1580 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any InstinctiveTerrain Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-3 Any InstinctiveCamp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size INFANTRY Experienced 0 6 Best warriors Superior Unprotected - -- Tribal Loose Bow 18 INFANTRY Experienced 16 6,8 Warriors Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 144 INFANTRY Experienced 18 6,9 Skirmishers with bow Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 60 INFANTRY Skilled 0 4 Skirmishers with blowpipes Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Darts 8 Notes A command may not have more than one TUG of best warriors. Historical Notes This list covers tribes of the Magdalena valley. The Panche appear to have pre-dated the invasions of Columbia that took place around 1000 CE. The Spanish allied with the Muisca zipa Sagipa to fight the Panche with only 50 Spanish soldiers and 12,000 to 20,000 guecha warriors in the Battle of Tocarema on August 20, 1538. The Panche then seem to have been quickly suppressed. The Muzo seem to have arrived with other invaders around 1000 CE. A first attempt to suppress the Muzo by the Luis Lanchero, in 1539 failed. When Pedro de Ursúa founded the city of Tudela close to the Muzo territories in 1552, the Muzo people attacked and razed the newly founded settlement. Another expedition by Luis Lanchero, in 1559 or 1560 succeeded in subjugating the Muzo and Santísima Trinidad de los Muzos was founded on the remains of the earlier settlement. Troop Notes Warriors were armed with bows, often using poisoned arrows. Clubs were also carried. Changes from last version Increased maximums. Version 2019.01: 15th December 2018 © Simon Hall Columbian Indian Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 1000 CE to 1580 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any InstinctiveTerrain Mountains, Jungle, Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size INFANTRY - 6 6,8,9 Elite warriors Superior Unprotected Long Spear -- Tribal Flexible -16 INFANTRY - 18 6,8,9 Warriors Average Unprotected Long Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible - 100 INFANTRY -06,9 Warriors armed with macana Superior Unprotected - Melee Expert - Skirmisher -27 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishers with bow Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 36 INFANTRY Experienced 18 6,9 Slingers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Sling 90 INFANTRY Skilled 0 4 Skirmishers with blowpipes Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Darts 8 Allies Paez allies (Pijao only) Notes A command may not have more than one TUG of elite warriors. Historical Notes This list covers tribes including the Pijao, Andaquí, Guayupe and Sae that occupied the Colombian highlands and savanna. They fought wars against the Muisca. Troop Notes The main weapon used by the Colombian tribes were spears up to 14 feet long. Other weapons included clubs, darts, arrows and slingshots. The Guayupe and Sae used round shields of tapir or manatee hide. The Achagua used shields woven from cane. Changes from last version None. Version 2019.01: 15th December 2018 © Simon Hall Muisca Confederation Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 1400 CE to 1541 CE Sub-Generals 0-2 Any InstinctiveTerrain Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 1-3 Any InstinctiveCamp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Army general litter with INFANTRY -04 Superior Protected - Fanatic - protectorate Tribal Loose -4 INFANTRY ExperiencedFleet of Foot, 6 6,8,9 Elite guecha warriors Superior Unprotected Short Spear - Formed Loose JavelinShoot & Charge 18 Upgrade elite quecha INFANTRY Experienced 6,8,9 Superior Protected Short Spear - Shoot & Charge warriors Formed Loose Javelin Any
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  • Documenting the History of Inca Precious Metal Production Using Geochemical

    Documenting the History of Inca Precious Metal Production Using Geochemical

    Documenting the History of Inca Precious Metal Production Using Geochemical Techniques from Lake Sediments in the Andahuaylas Region of Peru by Molly Kane B.S. in Geology, B.A. in Environmental Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 2011 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Pittsburgh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Molly Kane It was defended on March 30, 2011 and approved by Colin Cooke, PhD, Yale University Charles Jones, PhD, University of Pittsburgh Mark Collins, MFA, University of Pittsburgh Thesis Director: Mark Abbott, PhD, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Molly Kane 2011 iii Documenting the History of Inca Precious Metal Production Using Geochemical Techniques from Lake Sediments in the Andahuaylas Region of Peru Molly Kane, B.S. University of Pittsburgh, 2011 The process of studying heavy metal concentrations in lake sediments in order to reconstruct pollution history has been used in a variety of environments and locations. Laguna Pacucha is one in a series of metal pollution studies from Peru and Bolivia, an area with a rich history of metallurgy. Laguna Pacucha lies in the Andahuaylas region of Peru, 145 km west of Cuzco, the Inca capital, and 20 km west of Curamba, a presumed ancient smelting site. The sediment record of Laguna Pacucha reveals a metal record that dates beyond 1225 AD. A major density change ~1225 AD, concurrent with a known period of drought, inhibits the possibility of a reliable age model below this point.