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The Genus Anadenanthera in Amerindian Cultures
THE GENUS ANADENANTHERA IN AMERINDIAN CULTURES BY SIRI VON REIS ALTSCHUL, PH .D. RESEARCH FELLOW BOTANICAL MUSEUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1972 This monograph is dedicated in affectionate memory to the late DANIEL HERBERT EFRON, PH.D., M.D. 1913-1972 cherished friend of the author and of the Botanical Museum, a true scientist devoted to the interdisciplinary approach in the advancement of knowledge. A/""'f""'<J liz {i>U<// t~ },~u 0<<J4 ~ If;. r:J~ ~ //"'~uI ~ ()< d~ ~ !dtd't;:..1 "./.u.L .A Vdl0 If;;: ~ '" OU'''-k4 :/" tu-d ''''''"-''t2.. ?,,".jd,~ jft I;ft'- ?_rl; A~~ ~r'4tft,t -5 " q,.,<,4 ~~ l' #- /""/) -/~ "1'Ii;. ,1""", "/'/1'1",, I X C"'-r'fttt. #) (../..d ~;, . W,( ~ ~ f;r"'" y it;.,,J 11/" Y 4J.. %~~ l{jr~ t> ~~ ~txh '1'ix r 4 6~" c/<'T'''(''-;{' rn« ?.d ~;;1';;/ a-.d txZ-~ ~ ;o/~ <A.H-iz "" ~".,/( 1-/X< "..< ,:" -.... ~ ~ . JJlr-0? on . .it-(,0.1' r 4 -11<.1.- aw./{') -:JL. P7t;;"j~;1 S .d-At ;0~/lAQ<..t ,ti~?,f,.... vj "7rU<-'- ~I""" =iiR-I1;M~ a....k«<-l, ¢- f!!) d..;.:~ M ~ ~y£/1 ~/.u..-... It'--, "" # :Z:-,k. "i ~ "d/~ efL<.<~/ ,w 1'#,') /';~~;d-t a;.. tlArl-<7'" I .Ii;'~.1 (1(-;.,} >Lc -(l"7C),.,..,;.. :.... ,,:/ ~ /-V,~ , ,1" # (i F'"' l' fJ~~A- (.tG- ~/~ Z:--7Co- ,,:. ,L7r= f,-, , ~t) ahd-p;: fJ~ / tr>d .4 ~f- $. b".,,1 ~/. ~ pd. 1'7'-· X ~-t;;;;.,~;z jM ~0Y:tJ;; ~ """.,4? br;K,' ./.n.u" ~ 7r .".,.~,j~ ;;f;tT ~ ..4'./ ;pf,., tJd~ M_~ (./I<'/~.'. IU. et. c./,. ~L.y !f-t.<H>:t;.tu ~ ~,:,-,p., .....:. -
An Exploration of the Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Well Being Among Indigenous Groups in the Andes Region
AN EXPLORATION OF THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HEALTH AND WELL BEING AMONG INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN THE ANDES REGION By HALIMA TAHIRKHELI Integrated Studies Project submitted to Dr. Leslie Johnson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Integrated Studies Athabasca, Alberta June, 2010 2 Table of Content Abstract p.3 Introduction p.4 Andean Native Traditional Way of Life p.9 Environmental Change in the Andean Region p.12 Environmental Stress of Alpine Plants p.23 Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resources p.29 Microfinance p.40 Conclusion p.50 References p.52 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 Map of Peru p.12 Figure 2 Surface Air Temperature at p.19 tropical Andes between 1939 and 2006 Figure 3 Change in length of ten tropical Andean p.23 glaciers from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia between 1930-2005 Figure 4 Picture of the Queen of the Andes p.25 Table 1 The Diet of Nunoa Quechua Natives p.30 Table 2 Nutritional Value of the Major Peruvian p.32-33 Andean Crops Table 3 Uses of Medicinal Plants from the Callejon p.38 de Huaylas 3 Abstract The Andean areas of Peru, South America are declared to be extremely vulnerable to global warming and these regions are facing major challenges in coping with climate change. One native group from this area, in particular, the Quechua, is the focus of this paper. The Quechua communities include Huanca, Chanka, Q’ero, Taquile, and Amantani, but, for the purposes of my analysis, all of these groups will be dealt with together as they share similar use of natural resources for food and medicine (Wilson, 1999). -
Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state. -
Session Abstracts
THE INCAS AND THEIR ORIGINS SESSION ABSTRACTS Most sessions focus on a particular region and time period. The session abstracts below serve to set out the issues to be debated in each session. In particular, the abstract aims to outline to each discipline what perspectives and insights the other disciplines can bring to bear on that same topic. A session abstract tends to consist more of questions than answers, then. These are the questions that it would be useful for all participants to be thinking about in advance, so as to be ready to join in the debate on any session. And if you are the speaker giving a synopsis for that session, you may wish to start from the abstract as a guide to how to develop these questions, so as best to provoke the cross-disciplinary debate. DAY 1: TAWANTINSUYU: ITS NATURE AND IMPACTS A1. GENERAL PERSPECTIVES FROM THE VARIOUS DISCIPLINES This opening session serves to introduce the various sources of data on the past which together can contribute to a holistic understanding of the Incas and their origins. It serves as the opportunity for each of the various academic disciplines involved to introduce itself briefly to all the others, and for their benefit. The synopses for this session should give just a general outline of the main types of evidence that each discipline uses to come to its conclusions about the Inca past. What is it, within each of their different records of the past, that allows the archaeologist, linguist, ethnohistorian or geneticist to draw inferences as to the nature and strength of Inca control and impacts in different regions? In particular, how can they ‘reconstruct’ resettlements and other population movements within Tawantinsuyu? Also crucial — especially because specialists in other disciplines are not in a position to judge this for themselves — is to clarify how reliable are the main findings and claims that each discipline makes about the Incas. -
Ucla Archaeology Field School
THE SONDOR BIOARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT, PERU Session 1: June 18 – July 15, 2017 Session 2: July 16– August 12, 2017 FIELD SCHOOL DIRECTOR: Dr. Danielle S. Kurin, University of California, Santa Barbara ([email protected]) At this time, no credit units are awarded for this field school. Students will receive a certificate of completion at the end of the program. However, students are encouraged to present this syllabus to their advisors and petition their home university for awarding credit units internally. The IFR is standing by to help students with this endeavor. INTRODUCTION The Sondor Bioarchaeology Project investigates the enigmatic fate of the Chanka society of ancient Peru. The Chanka emerged in the south-central Andean highlands around 1000 CE. Today, they are well known through Colonial-era documents and oral history as vicious warriors who were ultimately vanquished by the Inca Empire in the early 15th century. But what became of Chanka society after their spectacular defeat? This project, situated at Sondor, the premier Inca-Chanka site in the region, employs the full spectrum of bioarchaeological methods to reveal the biological and social consequences of "growing up Chanka” in the face of Inca imperial conquest. THE HISTORY OF SONDOR The history of Sondor begins during an era known as the Late Intermediate Period (1000-1400 CE). This dynamic period in prehistory was characterized by a range of overlapping social, political, and environmental changes. Many of these transformations were spurred by the fragmentation of the twin Wari and Tiwanaku empires. Most notably, during this “dark age,” local people experienced recurring warfare. -
Texto Completo
Sobre el buen hacer del conquistador. Técnicas y tácticas militares en el advenimiento de la conquista de las Indias El Buen hacer of the Conquistador. Techniques and Military Tactics in the Advent of the Conquest of the Indies. Sobre a boa atuação do conquistador. Técnicas e táticas militares na iminência da conquista das Índias A través del análisis de diversos testimonios acerca de media docena AUTOR de campañas militares llevadas a cabo entre 1524 y 1569 en otros tantos Antonio Espino territorios americanos, nuestra intención ha sido reflexionar sobre las principales López causas que condujeron a la derrota del elemento aborigen, concluyendo que no sólo no se puede argumentar a favor de las armas de fuego o la caballería Universidad Autónoma de como arma principal de la victoria hispana, sino que, de hecho, no existe una Barcelona, causa tecnológica clara –el avance en tecnología militar de los europeos con Barcelona, España respecto a los amerindios– que explique por sí sola dicha derrota. Más bien, en conquistas como las que nos han ocupado, fue la férrea voluntad por conquistar, Antonio.Espino@uab. por apoderarse de un territorio y sus habitantes y riquezas, es decir por no es desalentarse y persistir en el intento, la principal causa de la dominación hispana de las Indias. Palabras clave RECEPCIÓN 26 de abril 2012 APROBACIÓN 11 de octubre 2012 Through the analysis of diverse testimonies from about a half dozen military campaigns carried out between 1524 and 1569 in territories across the Americas, the purpose of this article is to analyze the main causes that lead to the military defeat of the indigenous. -
Asentamiento Español Y Conflictos Encomenderos En Muzo Desde 1560 a 1617
ASENTAMIENTO ESPAÑOL Y CONFLICTOS ENCOMENDEROS EN MUZO DESDE 1560 A 1617. HUMBERTO TEQUIA PORRAS PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA CARRERA DE HISTORIA BOGOTÁ, D.C. 2008 ASENTAMIENTO ESPAÑOL Y CONFLICTOS ENCOMENDEROS EN MUZO DESDE 1560 A 1617. HUMBERTO TEQUIA PORRAS Trabajo de Grado presentada como requisito para optar al título de HISTORIADOR Director: RAFAEL DIAZ DIAZ Doctor en Historia PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA CARRERA DE HISTORIA BOGOTÁ, D.C. 2008 DEDICATORIA A Dios, por darme la vida para alcanzar las metas propuestas. A mi hijo Humberto, por su preciosa existencia, fuente de amor y luz en mi vida. A mis padres, por su paciencia, abnegación y apoyo incondicional. A mi esposa Xiomara, por su decidido apoyo y acompañamiento en la elaboración de este trabajo. AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, fuente inagotable de saber, por brindarme todas las herramientas metodológicas y teóricas aplicadas en el ejercicio cotidiano de mi profesión. Al Archivo General de la Nación, especialmente al personal de la sala de investigadores por todo el aporte de información. A la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, el ICANH y la Biblioteca de la Academia Colombiana de Historia, por su constante actualización en información bibliográfica. A mi director Rafael Díaz, por su paciencia e inigualable guía. CONTENIDO Pág. INTRODUCCION 1 1. SOCIEDAD, ESPACIO E IMAGINARIO DE LA CONQUISTA DE MUZO. 12 1.1 ANTECEDENTES Y CONTEXTO INICIAL 12 1.2 ESPACIO GEOGRÁFICO: Descripción y análisis 17 1.3 LOS MUZOS IMAGINADOS: Imaginarios: discurso / retórica 25 2. LA SOCIEDAD DE LA CONQUISTA 31 2.1 LA EXPANSION DE LA CONQUISTA DE LA REGIÓN CENTRAL DE LA 31 NUEVA GRANADA. -
ETNOHISTORIA ECUATORIANA Estudios Y Documentos
ETNOHISTORIA ECUATORIANA Estudios y documentos Waldemar Espinoza Soriano ETNOHISTORIA ECUATORIANA Estudios y documentos Ediciones Abya-Yala 1999 ETNOHISTORIA ECUATORIANA Estudios y documentos Waldemar Espinoza Soriano 1ra Edición: Ediciones Abya-Yala Agosto de 1988 2da. edición: Ediciones Abya-Yala Av. 12 de Octubre 14-30 y Wilson Casilla 17-12-719 Telfs.: 562-633 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.abyayala.org Quito-Ecuador enero de 1999 Autoedición: Abya-Yala Editing Quito-Ecuador ISBN: 9978-04-458-2 Impresión: Producciones digitales UPS Quito-Ecuador Tiraje 200 ejemplares PRESENTACION El mundo andino, del cual el Ecuador forma parte muy signifi- cativa, está siendo revelado poco a poco. Primeramente fueron los cro- nistas de los siglos XVI y XVII, y más tarde los viajeros del XVIII y XIX los que nos fascinaron con sus relatos. Sin embargo, es en la centuria presente (XX) en la que las investigaciones metodológicas han permi- tido y continúan permitiendo un verdadero redescubrimiento de lo que fue ese mosaico de pueblos, etnias, nacionalidades y reinos que cu- brieron el espacio territorial del perímetro andino en los doscientos años inmediatos al arribo de los conquistadores españoles. Para el Ecuador, a partir de los trabajos pioneros de Federico González Suárez, Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño y Joaquín Santa Cruz, se ha avanzado e intensificado cuantiosamente el estudio y conocimiento de las etnias y nacionalidades que vivieron y se desarrollaron en los Andes septentrionales. Es una tarea en la que han intervenido y siguen inter- viniendo ecuatorianos y extranjeros; entre éstos últimos fundamental- mente alemanes, estadounidenses, franceses y peruanos. -
EL FINAL DE LA EXPANSIÓN INCAICA Y EL Tiel\1PO DE HUAYNA CÁPAC
UNA APROXILVIACIÓN A LA GUERRA EN LOS ANDES: EL FINAL DE LA EXPANSIÓN INCAICA Y EL TIEl\1PO DE HUAYNA CÁPAC Eduardo Torres Arancivia " ... Ponemos aquí algunos de los que fueron más valientes)' señores, porque des tos ha)' memoria y se tuvo y se ticne el día de hoy cuenta ... " (Diego Fernández de Palencia, Segunda parte de la Historia del Perú, Libro III, p. 82) A. INTRODUCCIÓN Las guerras de conquista, la conformación y funcionamiento de los contingentes armados y el control estatal de los curacazgos absorbidos por la hegemonía inca son temas que aún aguardan un estudio amplio y profundo por parte de los historiadores. Salvo algunos trabajos pioneros como los de Bram (1977 [1941]) Y Guillén (1980), estas cuestiones sólo han ocupado capítulos aislados dentro de historias generales que abordan a los incas en todos sus aspectos l . Este breve artículo, entonces, busca exponer los principales tópicos que se relacionan con el acto de la guelTa y el control estatal en lOs Andes hacia el final de la expansión incaica (inicios del s. XVI), y deja pendiente, por el momento, el estudio específico de las denominadas guerras rituales que se producen en la definición de los procesos sucesorios de los gobernantes cuzqueños pues sobre el tema hay varios aportes importantes' que todavía se mantienen abiertos al debate. En las siguientes páginas se analizará el procedimiento del acto guerrero, es decir, la forma en que los cuzqueños emprendieron sus conquistas y campañas de BIRA 27 (Urna): 393-436 (2000) 3~A. APROXIiv!ACiÓN ;., L" GUE RRA EN LOS AN DE S. -
Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes
Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Beatriz Goubert All rights reserved ABSTRACT Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Muiscas figure prominently in Colombian national historical accounts as a worthy and valuable indigenous culture, comparable to the Incas and Aztecs, but without their architectural grandeur. The magnificent goldsmith’s art locates them on a transnational level as part of the legend of El Dorado. Today, though the population is small, Muiscas are committed to cultural revitalization. The 19th century project of constructing the Colombian nation split the official Muisca history in two. A radical division was established between the illustrious indigenous past exemplified through Muisca culture as an advanced, but extinct civilization, and the assimilation politics established for the indigenous survivors, who were considered degraded subjects to be incorporated into the national project as regular citizens (mestizos). More than a century later, and supported in the 1991’s multicultural Colombian Constitution, the nation-state recognized the existence of five Muisca cabildos (indigenous governments) in the Bogotá Plateau, two in the capital city and three in nearby towns. As part of their legal battle for achieving recognition and maintaining it, these Muisca communities started a process of cultural revitalization focused on language, musical traditions, and healing practices. Today’s Muiscas incorporate references from the colonial archive, archeological collections, and scholars’ interpretations of these sources into their contemporary cultural practices. -
A Conference in Pre-Columbian Iconography Elizabeth P. Benson
A Conference in Pre-Columbian Iconography OCTOBER 3l ST AND NOVEMBER l ST, 1970 Elizabeth P. Benson, Editor Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections TRUSTEES FOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY Washington, D.C. Copyright 1972 Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress catalog number 72-90080 Preface OBERT WOODS BLISS began collecting Pre-Columbian art because he was lured by the beauty of the materials, the fineness of the craftsmanship, and Rthe fascination of the iconography of the first Pre-Columbian objects he saw. The Bliss Collection has been, since its beginning in 1912, primarily an esthetic one-probably the first esthetically oriented collection of Pre-Columbian artifacts- so it seemed appropriate to organize a conference that would focus on a cross-cultural, art-historical approach. When we sought for a theme, the first that came to mind was that great unifying factor in Pre-Columbian cultures, the feline. Large cats such as the jaguar and puma preoccupied the artists and religious thinkers of the very earliest civilizations, the Olmec in Mesoamerica and Chavín in Peru. The feline continued to be an important theme throughout much of the New World until the European con- quests. We are indebted to Barbara Braun for the title, “The Cult of the Feline.” Pre-Columbian studies merge many disciplines. This conference was not only cross- cultural but cross-disciplinary-with contributions from anthropologists, archaeolo- gists, art historians, and ethnologists-since we believed that the art-historical ap- proach to iconography should be based on the knowledge of what has been found archaeologically and what is known of the customs of the present-day peoples who have been isolated enough to carry on what must be very ancient traditions. -
Documenting the History of Inca Precious Metal Production Using Geochemical
Documenting the History of Inca Precious Metal Production Using Geochemical Techniques from Lake Sediments in the Andahuaylas Region of Peru by Molly Kane B.S. in Geology, B.A. in Environmental Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 2011 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Pittsburgh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Molly Kane It was defended on March 30, 2011 and approved by Colin Cooke, PhD, Yale University Charles Jones, PhD, University of Pittsburgh Mark Collins, MFA, University of Pittsburgh Thesis Director: Mark Abbott, PhD, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Molly Kane 2011 iii Documenting the History of Inca Precious Metal Production Using Geochemical Techniques from Lake Sediments in the Andahuaylas Region of Peru Molly Kane, B.S. University of Pittsburgh, 2011 The process of studying heavy metal concentrations in lake sediments in order to reconstruct pollution history has been used in a variety of environments and locations. Laguna Pacucha is one in a series of metal pollution studies from Peru and Bolivia, an area with a rich history of metallurgy. Laguna Pacucha lies in the Andahuaylas region of Peru, 145 km west of Cuzco, the Inca capital, and 20 km west of Curamba, a presumed ancient smelting site. The sediment record of Laguna Pacucha reveals a metal record that dates beyond 1225 AD. A major density change ~1225 AD, concurrent with a known period of drought, inhibits the possibility of a reliable age model below this point.