ISS MONOGRAPH 173 Th is monograph is a collection of papers that were presented at the African Human Security Initiative conference that was held in Addis Ababa CONTEMPORARY AFRICA’S CHALLENGES CONFLICTS: ORIGINS, PEACEBUILDING AND UNDERSTANDING Understanding Africa’s in February 2008. It discusses the changing methodologies used to analyse and map violent confl icts, confl ict resolution and peace building approaches in Africa by moving away from western- contemporary confl icts A propos de la monographie Il s’agit d’une collection focused socio-political lenses that have defi ned the d’articles présentés lors de la conférence sur l’Initiative diff erent policy reactions to confl ict in the region. Origins, challenges and peacebuilding de Sécurité Humaine en Afrique qui s’est tenue à Addis- It is thus an attempt to apply a more holistic, multi- Abeba en février 2008. Y est abordée la question des disciplinary approach to understanding causes of changements survenus dans les méthodologies utilisées violent confl ict and, perhaps more importantly, how pour l’analyse et la projection détaillée des confl its to diff use them in a way that allows for the total violents, de la résolution de ces confl its, des approches disengagement of the military from the political visant à la consolidation de la paix en Afrique, dès lors control of the state by positioning the former in a que l’on s’est détaché de cette focalisation socio- manner that allows them to safeguard the territorial politique proprement occidentale à travers laquelle integrity of the states they serve, as this guarantees avaient jusqu’alors été déterminées les diff érentes democratic stability by protecting and defending politiques de réaction aux confl its dans la région. Cette legitimate democratic institutions. Th e monograph’s monographie présente donc la volonté d’appliquer chapters off er distinctive and harmonising une approche plus holistique et multidisciplinaire approaches to the way in which peace is, and can be, permettant de comprendre les causes des confl its achieved in sub-Saharan Africa. violents, et peut-être, par-dessus tout, la façon de les atténuer de manière à permettre un désengagement total de l’armée du contrôle politique du gouvernement en lui donnant une position lui permettant de sauvegarder l’intégrité territoriale des Etats au service ISS Monograph No 173 desquels elle se trouve, car c’est cela qui garantit la ISBN 978-1-920422-21-9 stabilité démocratique, en protégeant et en défendant les institutions démocratiques légitimes. Tout en ayant leurs propres caractéristiques, les diff érents chapitres de la monographie fusionnent et présentent une approche harmonisée de la façon dont la paix est et peut être 9 781920 422219 établie en Afrique sub-saharienne. This publication was made possible through funding provided by the Governments of Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Dr Richard Bowd and Dr Annie Barbara Chikwanha (eds) Understanding Africa’s contemporary confl icts Origins, challenges and peacebuilding Dr Richard Bowd and Dr Annie Barbara Chikwanha (eds) Monograph 173 September 2010 A monograph for the Africa Human Security Initiative. Select conference papers from the AHSI Conference on Peace and Security in Africa ‘Beyond the African Union Charter, Peace, Security and Justice’, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 21 – 22 February 2008. www.africareview.org Th e African Human Security Initiative (AHSI) is a consortium of organisations that took the initiative to emphasise human security in Africa through infl u- encing criminal justice policy reforms in select Africa Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) member countries and contributing to the peace and confl ict dialogue in Africa through regional bodies (for example the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council). Th e AHSI partners are Southern Africa Human Rights Trust (SAHRIT), West African Network for Peace-building (WANEP), African Security Dialogue and Research (ASDR), African Peace Forum (APFO), University for Peace Africa Programme (UPEACE), South African Institute for International Aff airs (SAIIA), Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa (IHRDA) and the Institute for Security Studies (ISS). Contents About the authors . iii Acronyms and initialisms . vi Introduction . x Dr Richard Bowd and Dr Annie Barbara Chikwanha Part 1 Approaches of confl ict analysis Chapter 1 L’infl uence des analyses théoriques de la confl ictualité d’après-guerre froide dans la « construction de la paix » L’exemple des confl its de la région du fleuve Mano . 3 Romain Malejaqc Chapter 2 Beyond greed and grievance Towards a comprehensive approach to African armed confl icts: Sierra Leone as a case study . 25 Oscar Mateos Part 2 Confl ict resolution and peacebuilding Challenges and obstacles Chapter 3 Mediation and peacebuilding through regional arms control and disarmament diplomacy A diplomatic continuum in the Somali peace process . 63 Philip Mwanika Monograph 173 i Understanding Africa’s contemporary conflicts Chapter 4 Violent confl icts Key obstacles for sub-Saharan Africa to achieving the Millennium Development Goals – where is the evidence? . 87 Derefe Wordofa Chapter 5 ‘Guardians of the nation or unruly disciples?’ A critique of youth participation in post-colonial Zimbabwe’s contested political spaces . 115 Terence Mashingaidze Part 3 Reconstruction successes Chapter 6 The evolving role of the military in the peace and security architecture of West Africa . 143 James Gadin Chapter 7 When combatants become judges The role of ex-combatants in Gacaca courts and its eff ect on the reintegration and reconciliation processes in Rwanda . 161 Dr Richard Bowd Chapter 8 Human rights and confl ict transformation processes in Africa . 195 Lawrence Juma Chapter 9 The role of women in confl ict resolution and peacebuilding . .233 Damilola Agbajobi Chapter 10 Elections de la peur ou peur des élections? Dilemmes et contretemps de la sortie de crise en Côte d’Ivoire . 255 Lucien Toulou Conclusion A renewed understanding of confl ict? . 273 Dr Richard Bowd and Dr Annie Barbara Chikwanha ii Institute for Security Studies About the authors Dr Annie Barbara Chikwanha is a senior research fellow with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) in Nairobi. She currently heads the Africa Human Security Initiative (AHSI) project at the Institute. Annie previously worked as a key re- searcher with the Afrobarometer Network from 1999 until 2006. In that period, she was involved in administering opinion surveys that measured attitudes to democracy and governance in 18 African countries. Her professional background is university teaching, research in democracy, governance, poverty, public opinion surveying and outreach training on democracy and governance. She has published in these areas and is currently working on crime and criminal justice systems in select African Peer Review Mechanism (ARPM) member countries. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Bergen in Norway. Dr Richard Bowd works as a community outreach and peacebuilding project manager for CARE International in Timor-Leste. Richard has conducted exten- sive research and work commitments in Kosovo, Rwanda, DR Congo, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Timor-Leste and has written and presented research papers based on these experiences as well as co-editing a forthcoming book on participatory research methodologies in post-confl ict/disaster environ- ments. Richard has held various research positions at the University of Salford and the University of York and has taught on a number of politics modules at the University of York, including convening the Graduate Research Methods module. His work and research interests include post-confl ict social and political reconstruction, the reintegration of former combatants, co-existence and rec- onciliation, social capital and social development, and peacebuilding. Richard holds a PhD in post-war recovery studies from the Post-confl ict Reconstruction and Development Unit (PRDU) at the University of York, England. Romain Malejaqc is a political scientist and PhD candidate in international relations at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (France) and Northwestern Monograph 173 iii Understanding Africa’s contemporary conflicts University (USA). Romain is working on warlords’ international relations, cur- rently focusing on Afghanistan. He also spent two years working as the senior editor of the Human Security Journal at the Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales (CERI) in Paris, and worked on projects for the CERI Program for Peace and Human Security (CPHS). Oscar Mateos is a political scientist and PhD candidate in international relations at Barcelona Autonomous University (Spain). Oscar spent fi ve years as a lecturer and researcher on African confl icts at the School for a Culture of Peace, Barcelona Autonomous University. Since October 2006 he has been a lecturer at the Peace and Confl ict Department, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone. Philip Mwanika is a researcher with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS). He is currently working in the Environmental Security Programme of the ISS. He previously worked as a junior researcher in the Arms Management Programme, ISS, and has also worked with the Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons (RECSA) in the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa. Philip holds an MA in peace studies and international relations from the Jesuit Campus of the Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi. He also holds a BA in international studies and diplomacy and a diploma in armed confl ict studies in Eastern Africa. Dereje Wordofa is currently the regional director for Africa, based in Pretoria, at the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), which is a Quaker organisation committed to peace and social justice. Prior to this, he worked as head of the regional policy team, and country director for Oxfam GB, based in Oxford and Kampala respectively. He also worked for Save the Children for 10 years in Ethiopia in various roles. He focuses on international policy issues, sustainable development and humanitarian assistance. He ob- tained an MSc (Econ) degree in social policy planning in developing countries from the London School of Economics.