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UNITED STATES POLICY and the TRANSITION to DEMOCRACY in KENYA, 1990-1992 Phillip Nyinguro

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UNITED STATES POLICY and the TRANSITION to DEMOCRACY in KENYA, 1990-1992 Phillip Nyinguro UNITED STATES POLICY AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN KENYA, 1990-1992 Phillip Nyinguro To cite this version: Phillip Nyinguro. UNITED STATES POLICY AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN KENYA, 1990-1992. Political science. University of South Carolina, Department of Government and International Studies Program in Political Science, 1999. English. tel-01266796 HAL Id: tel-01266796 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01266796 Submitted on 3 Feb 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNITED STATES POLICY AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN KENYA, 1990-1992 by Phillip 0. Nyinguro Bachelor of Arts University of Nairobi, 1984 Master of Arts University of Nairobi, 1990 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Government and International Studies Program in Political Science University of South Carolina 1999 c(iithAIN Major Professor Committee M ber Chairman, Examining Committee ( Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School To my parents, the late ex-chief Nying'uro Akala who always exhorted me to "read up to Amerika," and Nora Adoyo Nying'uro who has been the source of my strength throughout. IFRA 110161011 IFRA004760 cltaire 0 . .. ... 1) ....... Cote Acknowledgments I am indebted to several individuals and institutions for the completion of this study for which I, however, remain accountable for any shortcoming. Professor Mark DeLancy, the able director of the dissertation, had been a source of invaluable support in many ways since I joined the graduate program in 1995. This work is, indeed, the product of his inspiration and encouragement. Professors Donald Puchala, Charles Kegley and Ronald Atkinson, all of whom readily accepted to serve on the dissertation committee, have each left a distinct indelible mark on my academic career. They were always available for consultation and discussions. Mr. Holmer Steedly and Ms Elna Corwin of the College of Leberal Arts Computer Lab, without whom this dissertation would not have been produced in the required format and form should be assured of my appreaiation as well. The Fulbright Board granted me the scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of South carolina. The Graduate Committee of the Department of Government and International Studies, and the Walker Institute of International Studies generously extended financial support for Spring 1999 to enable me remain in residence to complete the writing. The University of Nairobi granted a generous study leave and agreed to extend it to enable me complete the program. To all these institutions, I am forever indebted. I can not fail to mention Professors Robert Wirsing and Laura Woliver and their lovely families who made me feel at home "away from home;" Professors Dan Sabia, Janice Love and Sharough Akhavi who showed keen interest in my progress and were a 4 source of encouragement; Professor Gilbert Khadiagala of the School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C. for his insightful and invaluable comments and support at the data collection stage; my student colleagues Denise Stokes, Benard Bongang and William Middleton provided the necessary congenial atmosphere in and out of school; and Bob and Grace Malakoff who generously provided accommodation in Washington, D.C. during research for this study. My son, Henry, and daughter, Natalie, innocently, but painfully, put up with the loneliness occasioned by my absence. To both, I surrender all the good things that might accrue from this study. - -iv- ABSTRACT UNITED STATES POLICY AND THE DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN KENYA, 1990-1992 By Phillip 0. Nyinguro This study examines U.S. policy on the transition to democracy in Kenya from the beginning of 1990 to the end of 1992. It uses the case study method and relies on data from official policy documents and oral interviews to understand why, how and with what results the U.S. intervened in Kenya's democratic transition. It focuses on the pressure by the U.S. government on the government of President Daniel arap Moi to accede to growing demands for democratic reforms, especially to allow multipartyism, to generally review the country's laws and constitution, to release political prisoners, and to hold free and fair multiparty elections. The central thesis is that U.S. pressure was instrumental in nudging the recalcitrant Moi regime to repeal the one-party clause in the constitution in December 1991, thus allowing for multipartyism, and to take other measures to open up the political system. The U.S. used both its hegemonic position as the sole superpower and influence in the donor community to rally international pressure for democratic reform in Kenya. It also deployed its diplomatic and economic leverage it had accumulated over the years as one of Kenya's major donors and diplomatic patrons to apply pressure independently on the Moi regime. U.S. unilateral and multilateral initiatives played a great role in the inauguration of the transition to democracy which saw the government legalize the opposition, release political prisoners, amend some of the laws and to ultimately organize the first multi-party elections in twenty-six years. Its contribution to the inauguration of the transition notwithstanding, U.S. policy was, however, fraught with contradictions, ambivalence, equivocation and conflicts between the major actors (Congress, the Administration in Washington and the embassy in Nairobi). These problems arose mainly because of the perennial conflict between promotion of democracy and other goals of U.S. foreign policy. The need to address other urgent issues of national interest sometimes led to policy actions that either slowed pressure for reform or contradicted stated policy all together. This only goes a long way in underlining the limitations of external actors as agents of democratic reform in countries where they intervene. Dissertation Director - Professor Mark W. DeLancy. -vi- TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication (ii) Acknowledgments (iii) Abstract (v) Table of Contents (vii) List of Tables (x) CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Objective of Study, Statement of the Problem and Research Questions 2 Justification and Significance of Study 4 The Case Study Method: Utility and Limitations 9 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 10 Research Problems and Limitations 11 Scope and Focus of Study 14 Politics in Independent Kenya, 1963-1990: The Basis for Political Change 17 From Kenyatta to Moi: The Rise and Crystallization of Authoritarianism 18 The Rise of the Democracy Movement and the Beginning of the Transition 25 Organization of Study 37 Summary of Research Questions 40 CHAPTER TWO: EXTERNAL ACTORS AND DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS....42 Introduction 42 Democratic Transition: Toward a Conceptualization 44 Scope and Limitations of Influence by External Actors 48 National Interest or Promotion of Democracy? 52 Instruments of Influence 58 Motivations for Intervention 70 Conclusions: The Literature, its Potential and Limitations, and the Contributions of this Study 74 Research Questions, Propositions and Hypotheses 75 CHAPTER THREE: UNITED STATES POLICY AND THE PROMOTION OF DEMOCRACY IN PERSPECTIVE 78 Introduction 78 Democratic Idealism in U.S. Foreign Policy 80 Why Promote Democracy? Democracy as a Policy Goal 86 U.S. and the Promotion of Democracy in Practice: The Past as Prologue 95 -vii- The Pre-World War II Epoch: The Rise of an Activist Promotion of Democracy Policy 96 The Cold War Epoch: Anti-Communism or Promotion of Democracy 9 102 The U.S. and the Democratic Transitions in Japan, Italy, and Southern Europe 104 TheU.S. and Democratic Transitions in Cold War Latin America 114 The U.S. and Democracy in Post-Colonial Africa 133 U.S. Policy and Post-Cold War Democratic Transitions 143 Recapitulation: Lessons From the Past and Implications for U.S. Policy on Kenya's Democratic Transition 153 CHAPTER FOUR: UNITED STATES-KENYA RELATIONS, 1963-1969: THE BASIS FOR LEVERAGE AND INFLUENCE 158 Introduction 158 U.S. policy Toward Kenya Before Independence: Courting a Future Client 161— U.S. Interests in Kenya 169 U.S.-Kenya Diplomatic Relations 175 The Military/Strategic Partnership 183 U.S. Economic Interests in Kenya 188 The U.S. as a Major Source of Aid to Kenya: Accumulation of the Donor Leverage 192 The U.S. and Democracy in Post-Colonial Kenya: Indifference, Ambiguity and Neglect 194 Conclusions 203 CHAPTER FIVE: MOTIVATIONS FOR U.S. INTERVENTION IN KENYA'S DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTION 208 Introduction 208 U.S. Africa Policy Shifts and Their Implications for U.S. Kenya Policy 210 Kenya's Significance for U.S. Policy 222 Regional Strategic and Economic Considerations 223 Kenya as a Potential Regional Hegemon 226 Kenya and the Globalization Strategy 229 Conclusion 231 CHAPTER SIX: U.S. POLICY AND KENYA'S DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION, 1990-1992 234 Introduction 234 Phase 1: January 1990-February 1991: From Indifference to Concern Amidst Ambiguity 235 Moi's Visit to Washington, February 1990: The Sign of the "Changing Times." 237 Ambassador Hempstone's Early Initiatives, Moi's Intransigence and the Administration's Equivocation 240 The Saba Saba and the Fall-Out 255 August 1990-March 1991: Congressional Pressure, Moi's Limited Reforms and U.S. Policy Carrots 263 The Administration's Magnanimity: Influence Through Carrots? 266 Phase II: Spring 1991 to December 1992: The Era of Intense Pressure 274 Pressure For The Release of Political Prisoners, Defending Human Rights, and The Push For Multipartyism 275 The November 16 Multi-party Rally and Its Impact on U.S.
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