Romine Final Final Dissertation
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“Into the Mainstream and Oblivion”: Julian Mayfield's Black Radical Tradition, 1948–1984 by David Tyroler Romine Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Adriane Lentz-Smith, Supervisor ___________________________ Sarah Deutsch ___________________________ Ronald Williams II ___________________________ Timothy Tyson ___________________________ William Chafe Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 ABSTRACT “Into the Mainstream and Oblivion”: Julian Mayfield's Black Radical Tradition, 1948-1984 by David Tyroler Romine Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Adriane Lentz-Smith, Supervisor ___________________________ Sarah Deutsch ___________________________ Ronald Williams II ___________________________ Timothy Tyson ___________________________ William Chafe An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 Copyright by David Tyroler Romine 2018 Abstract “Into the Mainstream and Oblivion” is a study of the intellectual and political biography of the African American writer and political activist Julian Hudson Mayfield. As a member of the black Left, Mayfield’s life of activism and art bring the complex network of artists, activists, and political theorists who influenced the construction, tactics, and strategies of social movements during the latter half of the twentieth century into sharper focus revealing the ways in which black, modernist writing served as a critical site of political, social, and cultural ferment during the Cold War. Using art to communicate ideas and arguments about the relationship between race, gender, and political economy, Mayfield and his contemporaries illuminate the broader influence of black writers on American culture and politics. In addition, the state’s response to Mayfield’s life of literary activism sheds light on the ways in which anti-communism worked to disrupt, marginalize, and dampen the effect of challenges to white supremacy. The project makes extensive use of archives at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Life in Harlem, which houses the archives of Julian Mayfield and many of his contemporaries. In addition to these primary source documents, this project examines government documents produced by the extensive surveillance of African American writers by various government agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of State, and United States Information Agency. Finally, the dissertation has benefitted from a close working relationship with the family of Julian Mayfield and oral histories from contemporaries which sheds light on the complex interplay of gender and class among black social movements during the latter half of the twentieth century. iv Dedication For Lis, with adoration and appreciation v Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures..................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................... viii Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Radical Roots: Travel, Mobility, and the Fashioning of a Radical Writer, 1948–1959 ................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: “The End of Summer”: Literature and Activism, 1959–1961 ................................. 79 Chapter 3: “In Every Sense a Stranger”: Community and African Unity in Accra, 1961–1966 ............................................................................................... 151 Chapter 4: Uptight in Cleveland: Black Nationalism, Hollywood, and the Academy, 1966–1971 ...................................................................................................................... 227 Chapter 5: The Nation and the Pan-African Ideal: Nationalism, Sovereignty, and Guyana, 1971–1975 ........................................................................................... 293 Conclusions: “Something as Important as Power”: The Legacy of a Radical Writer, 1975–1984 ................................................................................ 359 Works Cited ...................................................................................................................................... 366 Biography .......................................................................................................................................... 385 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Julian Mayfield holding his infant son, Rafael, in the spring of 1957 ........................ 68 Figure 2: Advertisement announcing the formation of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee in April 1961.......................................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 3: Photograph taken of members of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee who visited Havana, Cuba during the summer of 1960 .................................................................................. 124 Figure 4: Photograph of “outdooring ceremony” for Emiliano Mayfield .............................. 168 Figure 5: Family photo featuring Dr. Ana Livia Cordero, Julian Mayfield, and their sons Rafael and Emiliano ........................................................................................................................ 224 Figure 6: Movie poster for Uptight featuring Juilan Mayfield as Tank ...................................... 264 vii Acknowledgements I would not have been able to write this dissertation without the assistance, guidance, and consideration of numerous people. First and foremost, I am grateful to Adriane Lentz- Smith, who gave me the benefit of her vast knowledge of American history and incisive analysis, but also gifted me her valuable time in walking me through the many, many steps it took to get from this project’s genesis to its conclusion. As my advisor and chair of my committee, she has pushed me to be a better, thinker, writer, and historian. In our many informal conversations, Sally Deutsch has served as both a sounding board for ideas and a thoughtful, considerate critic and cheerleader. Ronald Williams, who has become both a mentor and a friend, pushed me to grapple with many of the complexities and nuances of writing black intellectual histories of the recent past. As my introduction to Julian Mayfield through his own work, Tim Tyson provided me with an example of how biography can best be marshaled in the service of history. He was also an enthusiastic supporter of this project. As a teacher, a writer, and a researcher, Bill Chafe’s support and assistance over the years has never wavered and in our many discussions, he has been a sounding board and a valuable resource for writing better history. I am most grateful for this committee’s patience and time in shepherding me through this process. The Department of History at Duke has been my home away from home for the past eight years. Special thanks go to John Martin, Robin Ennis, Cynthia Hoglen, Phil Stern, and Jamie Hardy for their labor on my and the graduate program’s behalf. In particular, Pete Sigal has been a tireless and indefatigable person in my journey and I owe him a great debt. Through my early courses with Jolie Olcott and John French, I was introduced to the rigorous training of historical research and, with the assistance of Nancy McLean, Bruce viii Hall, Laurent Dubois, and Malachai Hacohen, I was initiated into the many sub-disciplines of history which have informed this dissertation. Despite my lack of formal study with Jan Ewald and Thavolia Glympth, my work has benefited from their probing, thoughtful questions. Ashley Farmer, as a friend and a mentor, has been invaluable to my writing and my thinking when it comes to African American Intellectual inquiry. In addition to the faculty and staff, since I arrived at Duke I have been surrounded by several cohorts of colleagues and friends who have shared the difficulties and joys of graduate school with me. Special thanks to Caroline Garriot for her warmth, kindness, and generosity of spirit. Ashley Elrod and Ashley Young were tireless motivators during the writing process, despite our geographical distance. I also want to thank Jon Free, Claire Payton, Ryan Poe, Mandy Cooper, Mandy Hughett, Dan Papsdorf, Stephanie Rytilahti, Rachel Bessner, Tina Davidson, and Jes Malitoris for their assistance with my earliest drafts and the germination of many ideas. Karlyn Forner and Kaley Deal, in their role as my collaborators on SNCC Digital Gateway, also played a significant role in the construction of this dissertation and, last but not least, thank you to Bryan Pitts and Ahab for always being there when I needed a friend (or two). Without archivists, historians are merely writers. For that reason, I want to thank the many dedicated archivists and librarians whose assistance and labor is