DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/JH.2020.v24.i04.p01 p-ISSN: 2528-5076, e-ISSN: 2302-920X Terakreditasi Sinta-4, SK No: 23/E/KPT/2019 Humanis Vol 24.4 Nopember 2020: 339-349
Family Values in the Movie “A Quiet Place”: A Semiotic Approach
Ni Putu Ayuniantari*, Eunike Iona Saptanti, Eunike Serfina Fajarini LSPR Communication and Business Institute, Jakarta [[email protected]] Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia *Corresponding Author
Abstract There are only few commercially successful horror movies over fifty years since 1970s that win many awards. One of many horror films released in 2018 that left deep impression for audiences is ―A Quiet Place‖. McClintock (2018) claimed that the movie has earned more than $300M globally, making strides toward becoming one of the biggest-grossing original scary movies ever. ―A Quiet Place‖ is a silence movie directed by John Krasinski. Because of its silence and quietness, the audiences were forced to focus on the nonverbal signs in the movie. The theme of this movie was family values. One of many important films is mise –en-scene as this communicates indirectly to the audiences. The aim of this study was to know how the theme ―Family Values‖ was visualized in the movie. Using qualitative approach and Semiotics analysis method, this study focused on how the signs and mise-en-scene in the film were interpreted based on the researchers’ interpretation using Metz’ Grand Syntagmatique (1974). This study was a desk research and the data were obtained from selected scenes of the movie. The results showed that there were five syntagma category used in the film; i.e. autonomous shot, episodic sequence, scene, alternate syntagma, and descriptive syntagma. The signs that were presented in the film were arranged by using those five syntagma to show the audience about the family value in the movie.
Keyword: Film, Semiotics, Grand Syntagmatique
Abstrak Sejak tahun 1970-an, terdapat banyak film horror yang sukses secara komersial yang memenangkan banyak penghargaan. Salah satu film horror yang dirilis pada tahun 2018 yang meninggalkan kesan mendalam bagi para penontonnya adalah ―A Quiet Place‖. McClintock (2018) melaporkan bahwa film ini telah menghasilkan lebih dari $300M secara global. "A Quiet Place" adalah sebuah film yang disutradarai oleh John Krasinski. Karena kesunyian dan keheningan yang terdapat dalam film ini, para penonton harus memahami tanda-tanda nonverbal pada film tersebut. Tema film ini adalah nilai keluarga. Salah satu elemen film yang terpenting adalah mise-en-scene karena elemen ini secara tidak langsung mengkomunikasikan pesan film ke audiens. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana tema ―Nilai Keluarga‖ divisualisasikan pada film ―A Quiet Place‖. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis semiotika, kajian ini membahas bagaimana tanda-tanda dan mise-en-scene yang terdapat dalam film dianalisis berdasarkan interpetasi peneliti menggunakan teori Grand Syntagmatique dari Metz (1974). Kajian ini merupakan studi pustaka dan data diperoleh dari scene pilihan pada film ―A Quiet Place‖. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lima kategori sintagma yang digunakan dalam film; yaitu autonomous shot, urutan
339
Info Article Received : 3rd August 2020 Accepted : 18th October 2020 Published : 30th November 2020
340 | Ni Putu Ayuniantari, Eunike Iona Saptanti, Eunike Serfina Fajarini Vol 24.4 Nopember 2020
episodik, scene, sintagma alternatif, dan sintagagma deskriptif. Tanda-tanda yang disajikan dalam film disusun menggunakan kelima sintagma tersebut untuk menunjukkan kepada penonton tentang nilai keluarga dalam film tersebut.
Kata kunci: Film, Semiotika, Grand Syntagmatique
INTRODUCTION entertaining us at the same time in a There are only few commercially cathartic experience‖. Conversely, this successful horror films over the years film is different. What makes the film won many awards. For instance, there interesting is that many audiences was The Exorcist which was nominated claimed that they cried after watching the for multiple Oscars and took home two film even though it is a horror film, they awards in 1974, Silence of the Lambs thought the story is very touching. which won Best Picture and Best Actor As can be expected from the movie awards for Jodie Foster, and The Sixth title—―A Quiet Place‖—, the movie is Sense took home an award for adapted tremendously quiet. The characters screenplay (LaPorte, 2018). Generally, mostly talked in signs language. With horror movies are profitable as the almost no dialogue throughout the entire budget productions are low. In addition, film, this film very much relies on visual most of the time, this specific genre gains storytelling. People live in such a world a huge success overseas as scares get with very much sound around us. It is beyond culture and language. For those very hard to imagine such constant sound reasons, many film producers want to do being taken away. The people express horror films. The production does not themselves with sound—it is a part of cost much since the filming is done in a human nature. In addition, the film uses single location with few famous stars. that part of the human condition in a way One of many films released in 2018 that charting its own new ground. that left deep impression for audiences is There have been many studies about ―A Quiet Place‖. ―A Quiet Place‖ is a movies and semiotics done over the horror film produced by John Krasinski. years. One of them is a study that was John Krasinski–who is also a Hollywood conducted by Yanti (2018). The study actor– not only produced the film, but he focused on two things; i.e. identifying also starred in it. Interestingly, A Quiet concepts of symbols and describing the Place was a first film he has ever meaning of the symbols used by the mute directed. In spite of his first time character in the film ―Rise of Guardian‖. directing, the movie gets many positive The similarity between Yanti (2018) and reviews and gets 8.1/10 average rating this study is that both studies talk about from Rotten Tomatoes. Furthermore, the same topic –Semiotics, film, and McClintock (2018) claimed that the mute character. However, the focus on movie has earned more than $300M both studies is different. Yanti (2018) globally, making strides toward focused on the symbols used by the mute becoming one of the biggest-grossing character while this study focuses on how original scary movies ever. the theme is visualized in the film. Filmsite.org (2018) claimed that There are only a few verbal signs ―Horror Films are unsettling films found in the movie. As a result, the designed to frighten and panic, cause audiences are forced to see signs in the dread and alarm, and to invoke our movie and interpreted it based on their hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying, understanding. In an online interview shocking finale, while captivating and with Jimmy Kimmel (2018), John
Family Values in the Movie ―A Quiet Place‖: A Semiotic Approach | 341
Krasinski stated that he was interested to Christian Metz is a figure in the field direct this film because of the theme of Semiotic Cinema, where he brought up ―Family Values‖. He was offered to several discussions about the pattern of direct the film just after her wife, Emily shooting and the meaning behind the Blunt gave birth to their second child. shooting. According to Metz (1974), The theme ―family values‖ in a horror what takes precedence is the content of movie is rarely found. Besides, the film is each filmed motif (shot as the result of a mostly silent. For such reasons, this study photo shoot). Camera or cinematic shots is conducted. like words made sequentially like Based on the explanation on the sentences. So the camera shots if sorted background presented above, the problem into one the same as words prepared into in this study was how the theme ―Family sentences. Shot indefinitely in numbers. Values‖ is visualized in the movie ―A Shot is a creation of filmmakers. One Quiet Place‖. shot has a lot of information. In order to explain the purpose of the film, a deeper METHOD understanding is needed in reading the A research method can be defined as film, which is called the grand a process of collecting information and syntagmatique or a function of the data for the purpose of making decisions. syntagmatic category. Metz (1974) It is very important in analyzing the data categorizes the grand syntagmatic into in this study. In addition, it is very crucial eight syntagmas. to determine a success of the study. 1) Autonomous Shot Syntagma, is Besides, they are very influential for the divided into two types, i.e. Single Shot validity of the writing as well. Sequence and four insert types. This study is a desk research and the 2) Parallel Syntagma, is a non- data collecting technique in this study is chronological syntax consisting of a divided into two; i.e. primary and combination of several shots with secondary data. The primary data in this contrasting images. study is the film ―A Quiet Place‖. In 3) Bracket Syntagma, is part of the non- addition, the secondary data are collected chronological syntagma that combines from library, journals, and some images with similar themes. The information online. syntagma gives a specific example of The collected data (selected scenes an order of reality, without connecting from the movie A Quiet Place) in this it chronologically. study was analyzed using Grande 4) Descriptive Syntagma, is a Syntagmatique by Metz (1974). Using chronological syntagma that descriptive qualitative approach and sequences events in one screen and Semiotics analysis method, the signs settings directly. Descriptive syntagma were interpreted; studying the meanings consists of more than one shot. The and how those signs visualize the shots that are strung together have message and represent the theme of the continuity in space and time. movie itself based on the researcher’s 5) Alternating Syntagma, consists of understanding. more than one shot, displaying chronological events that occur in two THEORETICAL BASIS different scenes in turn and related. 6) Scene, this displays specific or special Grand Syntagmatique by Christian scenes chronologically and Metz (1974) continuously. This can be a place
342 | Ni Putu Ayuniantari, Eunike Iona Saptanti, Eunike Serfina Fajarini Vol 24.4 Nopember 2020
setting, event, and action. It consists of c) the more than one shot that provides food and continuity of time and space candles experienced as if without pause. on a table 7) Episodic Sequence, syntagma that is (4/3) a) chronological, sequential and linear, Monopol but does not take place continuously y board and usually consists of more than one b) small shot. This syntagma tends to be bobbles
constant or constant and still talks Figure 3. Scene 4, shot 3 of wools about the same thing or purpose. (Reseacher’s processed data, c) Small 8) Ordinary Sequences, are syntagms 2020) hands’ on consisting of more than one shot that the left is chronological, sequential, and and right linear. Put more emphasis on and (4/4) a) Regan develop action that continues. and Marcus RESULT AND DISCUSSION on the The selected scenes containing back family value in the movie ―A Quiet Figure 4. Scene 4, shot 4 b) fallen Place‖ were analyzed using Metz’ s (Reseacher’s processed data, oil lantern (1974) Grand Syntagmatique. 2020) c) flame d) loud Analysis of Scene 4 sound The series of these following shots describes the Abbott’s family dinnertime. (4/5) a) Abbott Here are some screen shots of the scene. Family Scene/Shot Number Sign(s) b) Lee (4/1) a) Lee’s puts off reflection the fire on the Figure 5. Scene 4, shot 5 mirror (Reseacher’s processed data, b) water 2020) dripping (4/6) a) Lee b) finger Figure 1. Scene 4, shot 1 c) on his (Reseacher’s processed data, Regan’s lips 2020) silhoutte c) bigger (4/2) a) Abbott Figure 6. Scene 4, shot 6 eyes Family (Reseacher’s processed data, sitting 2020) and (4/7) a) Loud holding sound Figure 2. Scene 4, shot 2 each from the (Reseacher’s processed data, other’ roof 2020) hands b) Lee’s b) closed Figure 7. Scene 4, shot 7 terrified eyes look with
Family Values in the Movie ―A Quiet Place‖: A Semiotic Approach | 343
(Reseacher’s processed data, one hand them so that they will not produce any 2020) raised sound. Even they have to be quiet when c) they play. Then suddenly we see fallen Regan’s lantern and flame and we hear loud back sound. The fallen lantern has made a (4/11) a) Lee sound so that Lee has to put the fire off. looks up The bigger eyes as he raises his finger to from the his lips signify that the father is on his window protective mode. The protective mode of the father can also be seen on the seventh Figure 8. Scene 4, shot 8 shot as Lee raises one of his hands with (Reseacher’s processed data, terrified look to Regan who wants to also 2020) go closer. He wants to protect his daughter from danger. (4/12) a) rat The sounds found in this scene
comes from the fallen lantern and the rat on the roof. The loud sound from the fallen lantern raises the tension on this scene as they are all quiet in the Figure 9. Scene 4, shot 9 beginning. The dim lighting comes from (Reseacher’s processed data, the oil lantern and the candles. They wear 2020) comfortable costumes as they are at (4/13) a) Marcus home. mouthing In this scene, the director use sorry episodic sequence because there are some moments are missed because of the cuts. However, when the series of the shots are Figure 10. Scene 4, shot 10 put together, we see they are arranged in (Reseacher’s processed data, a chronological order. 2020) 1) Lee washes his face Table 1. Signs identification in scene 4 2) Lee and other family members are on dinner table The candles and food on the table 3) Regan and Marcus is playing dignify that the time setting is in the monopoly evening—dinnertime. The signs—Lee’s Between the first and the second actions, reflection on the mirror with water there should have been a shot of Lee dripping signify that he washes his face. going to the dinner table. He suddenly is As he washes his face, we see Regan’s with his family ready for dinner. Between silhouette. Regan comes and tells him the second and third moments, there that it is dinner. We see there are candles should have been a shot of them finishing and food on the table and Abbott’s family their dinner, looking for the game board, raising their hands with their eyes closed. and starting to play. The shot of them in It signifies that the family pray before the middle of playing monopoly suddenly enjoying their dinner. on the screen. It makes us assume that The siblings play monopoly as we they have finished their dinner. These are see there are monopoly board and small done to not make the audience feel bored red bobbles of wools on it. The small red watching the film. bobbles of wools signify that they make
344 | Ni Putu Ayuniantari, Eunike Iona Saptanti, Eunike Serfina Fajarini Vol 24.4 Nopember 2020
Analysis of Scene 6 her left In this scene, Evelyn is checking her Table 2. Signs identification in scene blood pressure and marking her daily blood pressure on a calendar. Some shots The signs—Evelyn and a blood of this scene are presented in the pressure sleeve on her arm signify that following table. she is checking her blood pressure. The calendar with some number written on Scene/Shot Number Sign(s) each day, a marker, and Evelyn’s arm (6/1) a) Evelyn means that she keeps the record of her b) Blood blood pressure every day. Evelyn writes pressure on number 3 signifies that the time sleeve setting for this scene is October 3. The other sign—―due date‖ on 23 signifies Figure 11. Scene 6, shot 1 that she is going to give birth in 20 days. (Reseacher’s processed The stethoscope she puts on her data, 2020) protruding stomach means that she is (6/2) a) Evelyn’s feeling her unborn baby’s heartbeat. As hand she feels the heartbeat, she closes her b) a eyes. This signifies a love to the baby. In marker addition, there is no window found in the c) calendar room. It signifies that she is in the Figure 12. Scene 6, shot 2 d) the new basement. The basement signifies that (Reseacher’s processed writing is she is protective toward her unborn baby. data, 2020) on 3 Evelyn wears comfortable dress to October emphasize on her pregnant stomach. The low lighting comes from the lamp above (6/3) a) calendar her. The room is dim. There are many with props supporting this action; i.e. the phrase medical kits, blood pressure sleeve, ―due date‖ calendar, and marker. The editing use in on 23rd this scene is cut. The shots are cut and Figure 13. Scene 6, shot 3 arranged in chronological order showing (Reseacher’s processed Evelyn’s love and care to the unborn data, 2020) baby. Therefore, the syntagma category (6/4) a) Evelyn in this scene is descriptive syntagma. b) stethoscop Analysis of Scene 10 e on her In this scene, Lee gives Marcus stomach another lesson learned. They go to a Figure 14. Scene 6, shot 3 c) a room waterfall and scream so loud. It is safe. (Reseacher’s processed with no data, 2020) window Scene/Shot Number Sign(s) d) a small (10/1) a) Lee lamp screams above her b) e) medical Marcus’s kits on the horrified table on Figure 15. Scene 10, shot 1 look
Family Values in the Movie ―A Quiet Place‖: A Semiotic Approach | 345
(Reseacher’s processed data, c) Metz (1974) calls the series of the 2020) Waterfall shots as scene because they converse and d) Clear shows continuity of the events. The sunlight action happens in one set and arranged in one time setting. (10/2) a) Marcus’s Analysis of Scene 11 horrified Regan is on her was to the bridge look where her brother, Beau, was attacked by the creature. Marcus is having a deep b) Lee’s Figure 16. Scene 10, shot 2 calming conversation with his father. Meanwhile, (Reseacher’s processed data, gesture Evelyn reminisces Beau. 2020) c) Lee speaks Scene/Shot Number Sign(s) normally (11/1) a) Regan’s (10/3) a) angry Marcus look looks up b) high and trees scream Figure 18. Scene 11, shot 1 c) jacket Figure 17. Scene 10, shot 3 b) Lee (Reseacher’s processed data,
(Reseacher’s processed data, looks up 2020) 2020) ad smiles (11/2) a) Marcus Table 3. Signs identification in scene 10 b) water stream The setting in this place is at a waterfall. The sunlight signifies that the action happens in the afternoon. The Figure 19. Scene 11, shot 2 waterfall not only shows the audience (Reseacher’s processed data, about the setting, but also another 2020) information. The waterfall produces a (11/3) a) Regan naturally loud sound because of the b) Bridge constant heavy current flow. This signifies that the creature will only attack when there is a sound from a quiet place. Lee screaming signifies without any Figure 20. Scene 11, shot 3 fear signifies that he knows about the (Reseacher’s processed data, fact. Marcus’ horrified looks shows us 2020) that the tension he feels. He genuinely (11/4) a) Marcus scared if the creature comes and attack b) Serious them. Lee speaking normally—not with look sign language and with calming gesture shows us that he wants his son to trust him. Marcus finally screams so loud. This signifies he trusts his father. Lee Figure 21. Scene 11, shot 4 looks up signifies that he is proud of his (Reseacher’s processed data, son. The smile makes the audience can 2020) feel the love he has for his son. (11/5) a)
346 | Ni Putu Ayuniantari, Eunike Iona Saptanti, Eunike Serfina Fajarini Vol 24.4 Nopember 2020
Evelyn’s b) flowers blank and other face toys on b) A the
Figure 22. Scene 11, shot 5 couch Figure 27. Scene 11, shot 11 ground (Reseacher’s processed data, c) A bed (Reseacher’s processed data, c) Regan 2020) d) A 2020) kneeling window down e) A doll (11/11) a) Lee’s on her frowning hand face f) dim b) sunlight Marcus’
(11/6) a) Lee’s Figure 28. Scene 11, shot 11 head serious (Reseacher’s processed data, face 2020) b) dim (11/12) a) sunlight Regan’s Figure 23. Scene 11, shot 6 sad face (Reseacher’s processed data, 2020) (11/7) a) Evelyn Figure 29. Scene 11, shot 12 crying (Reseacher’s processed data, b) dim 2020) sunlight Table 4. Signs identification in scene 11
Figure 24. Scene 11, shot 7 The signs—Regan’s angry look, (Reseacher’s processed data, trees, and jacket, tell the audience that 2020) she is going somewhere far from the (11/8) a) house. The setting for Regan’s action is Regan’s the bridge. The bridge and the handmade sad face wooden cross sign signifies that—the b) A bridge is at the same place where the handmad creature attacked Beau. The setting for e cross Marcus and Lee’s conversation is at the Figure 25. Scene 11, shot 8 river as we see water stream. Meanwhile, (Reseacher’s processed data, the signs—window, a couch, a bed, and a 2020) doll on Evelyn’s lap signifies that he is at (11/9) a) Beau’s room. The dim sunlight tells us Marcus’ that the time setting for the three actions side face is on the late afternoon. The director uses b) Lee’s natural sunlight for the lighting of the shoulder three actions to give the reality to the Figure 26. Scene 11, shot 9 audience. (Reseacher’s processed data, The angry and sad looks from Regan 2020) show us that she blames herself for what (11/10) a) The happened to Beau. The blank look from toy rocket Evelyn tells us that she is daydreaming.
Family Values in the Movie ―A Quiet Place‖: A Semiotic Approach | 347
When she suddenly cries, we know she creature reminisces her death son. The serious comes looks from both the father and the son and tells us that they are having a deep attacks conversation. The frown face from Lee Figure 31. Scene 16, shot 2 him when his son asks him if he loves Regan (Reseacher’s processed data, signifies a disbelief. He of course loves 2020) his daughter so much. (16/3) a) The editing uses cross cutting. The Evelyn series of shot-reverse shots show the wakes audience that are there are three different up actions alternately. Here are the actions. b) dim
1. Regan is on the way to her brother’s Figure 32. Scene 16, shot 3 light grave and reminisces his death. She (Reseacher’s processed data, feels responsible of what happened. 2020) 2. Marcus and Lee talk about Regan. Table 5. Signs Identification in scene 16 Marcus wants to clear the misunderstanding between his sister The setting of this scene is in the and Lee. He wants her to feel the love basement. The lighting is dim. It signifies from her father as Lee always seems that it is at the night. The editing process to be cold to her. Regan mistakenly uses cut. The syntagma category is takes it as a sign that Lee blames her autonomous shot. This is the only for what happened. autonomous shot found in the entire 3. Evelyn is reminiscing Beau and keeps movie. It is in the scene where Evelyn his spirit alive. has a nightmare about Beau who is The series of the shots in this scene are attacked by the creature. This is a sequentially organized. The shots of subjective insert showing Evelyn’s Regan and Evelyn’s during Marcus and nightmare. Lee’s dialogue do not function as inserts. They represent a series alternating CONCLUSION different actions. Therefore, the syntagma Based on the foregoing category in this scene is alternate discussion, it can be seen that the syntagma. Abbott family has to survive from a creature attack. This film teaches us Analysis of Scene 16 how important family is. We can This is a short scene in which Evelyn also see how the members of the dreams about Beau. Then she wakes up. family love each other from the Scene/Shot Number Sign(s) movie. It is very touching to see how they are all struggling to survive (16/1) a) Beau from the creature’s attack. holding In understanding the film, we the toy have to know the elements of the rocket film—one of them is mise en scene.
When it is applied in the film, Mise Figure 30. Scene 16, shot 1 en scene covers all visual aspects (Reseacher’s processed data, that appear on the film, such as 2020) settings, actors, settings, costumes, (16/2) a) The lighting and so on. Mise en scene
348 | Ni Putu Ayuniantari, Eunike Iona Saptanti, Eunike Serfina Fajarini Vol 24.4 Nopember 2020
with cinematography and editing Attitudes, and Culture. techniques will greatly affect the International Journal of effect of the film's dramatization on Communication, 12, 2751-2759. the audience. It can also affects the audience to stay seated to know the DiVietri, P. J. (2019). What Are Family development of the whole scene, or Values? Manassas: Family Life just leave the film when playing. Institute. All of the film elements are arranged using Metz’ Grand El-Nawawy, M., & Elmasry, M. H. Syntagma. There are syntagma (2018). The Signs of A category used in the film; i.e. Strongman: A Semiotic and autonomous shot, episodic sequence, Discourse Anaysis of Abdelfattah scene, alternate syntagma, and Al-Sisi's Egyptian Presidential descriptive syntagma. The signs that Campaign. International Journal are presented in the film are arranged of Communication, 10, 2275- in such a way to show the audience 2296. about the family value in the movie. They signs, mise en scene and Foucault, M. (1989). Foucault Live syntagma are all related to each Collected Interviews 1961-1985. other. New York: Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Series. REFERENCES Herrmann, A. F., & Herbig, A. (2018). Ajiwe, U. C., & Bature-Uzor, N. A. Returning to Kolchak: (2015). From Script to Screen: A Polymediated Narrative, Semiotic Approach. American Discourse, and Supernatural Journal of Social Science Drama. International Journal of Research, 1, 63-70. Retrieved Communication, 12, 222-250. from http://files.aiscience.org/journal/a HORROR FILMS. (n.d.). Retrieved rticle/pdf/70330009.pdf January 31, 2019, from https://www.filmsite.org/horrorfilm Amos, R. (1982). The Meaning of the s.html Built Environment. Beverly Hills: The University of Arizona Press. John Krasinski on Casting Wife Emily Blunt in A Quiet Place [Video file]. A Quiet Place (2018). (n.d.). Retrieved (2018, October 17). Retrieved January 31, 2019, from January 31, 2019, from https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v /a_quiet_place_2018 =k9Fc6mu9t8I
Chandler, D. (2007). Semiotic The LaPorte, N. (2018, July 11). Why horror Basics. New York: Routlege. movies are now more important than ever in Hollywood. Retrieved Cui, D., Wang, Z., & A, A. R. (2017). August 06, 2020, from Narrative Persuasion in Historical https://www.fastcompany.com/901 Film: Examining the Importance 99673/why-horror-movies-are- of Prior Knowledge,Existing
Family Values in the Movie ―A Quiet Place‖: A Semiotic Approach | 349
now-more-important-than-ever-in- hollywood
McClintock, P. (2018, May 22). Box- Office Milestone: 'A Quiet Place' Screams Past $300M Globally. Retrieved January 31, 2020, from https://www.hollywoodreporter.co m/heat-vision/a-quiet-place- screams-past-300m-at-global-box- office-1114103
Metz, C. (1974). Language Film A Semiotics of the Cinema. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Pandey, S. (2012). Using Popular Movies in Teaching Cross-Cultural Management. European Journal of Training & Development, 36, 320-350.
Setiadi, E. M., & Kolip, U. (2012). Pengantar Sosiologi. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Shargi, M., Fayyaz, E., & Kausari, M. (2016). Semiotic Analysis of Prominent Myths of the Movie "Qeysar". Asian Social Science, 12, 93-99.
Yanti, Ni Kadek Winda. Semiotic Study of Symbol for Sandy The Mute Character in Rise of Guardian Movie. Humanis, [S.l.], v. 22, n. 2, p. 368-373, may 2018. ISSN 2302-920X. Available at: