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A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy of Central European University in Part Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science

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A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy of Central European University in Part Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science A thesis submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy of Central European University in part fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science Analysing Land Use Changes with Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of the Azov Sea Basin CEU eTD Collection Sara Margareta PRUCKNER June, 2018 Budapest Erasmus Mundus Masters Course in Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management MESPOM This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the Master of Science degree awarded as a result of successful completion of the Erasmus Mundus Masters course in Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management (MESPOM) jointly operated by the University of the Aegean (Greece), Central European University (Hungary), Lund University (Sweden) and the University of Manchester (United Kingdom). CEU eTD Collection i Notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights: (1) Copyright in text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the Author. (2) The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in the Central European University, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. (3) For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be referred to as: Pruckner, S. 2018. Analysing Land Use Changes with Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of the Azov Sea Basin. Master of Science thesis, Central European University, Budapest. Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place is available from the Head of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University. CEU eTD Collection ii Author’s declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Sara Margareta PRUCKNER CEU eTD Collection iii CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT OF THESIS submitted by: Sara Margareta PRUCKNER for the degree of Master of Science and entitled: Analysing Land Use Changes with Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of the Azov Sea Basin Month and Year of submission: June, 2018. Google Earth Engine revolutionizes land change analysis, as it provides possibilities to analyse satellite imagery and other datasets via cloud-computing technology and server-sided JavaScript programming. This saves resources on the client’s side and can lead to vast improvements of results for scientists of all levels. The application of this new tool was tested on the land use classification of the Azov Sea basin and its subbasins. In total, a time series of seven land use maps from 1985 to 2015 was created, and urbanization and deforestation trends were detected. Additionally, the change within the region of the Donbas conflict was analysed from 2013 to 2017 to track the effect of the war on the environment. Subsequently, the collapse of the Soviet Union as a driver of agricultural land abandonment was discussed and examined. NASA population datasets were analysed to determine the relationship between the urbanization of the region and population change. Finally, the precipitation deficit of the Upper Don catchment basin was calculated with GLDAS data from 1984 to 2010 to draw conclusions on the effect of local land use changes on the water balance. It was concluded that the rising proportion of built-up land could have caused a rise in the local temperature in interaction with climate change, which caused the local evapotranspiration rates to rise and the water level of the Tsimlyansk reservoir to decrease. The developed geospatial database was made available online on: https://syslab.ceu.edu/projects/GEE-land-use-azov-basin CEU eTD Collection Keywords: Land use change, Google Earth Engine, Remote sensing, Azov Sea, watershed iv Acknowledgements I would, first and foremost, like to thank my friends who helped me to not lose my mind in the past few months. You are what made these two years special. Furthermore, I would like to thank Elizaveta Khazieva for her support with Google Earth Engine, as well as the Google Developer’s Guide and Forum for their help and support. Also, thank you to Anastasia Kvasha for her help with finding and translating Russian datasets. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude towards my supervisor, Viktor Lagutov, who gave me advice and feedback on my work and helped me in the making of this thesis. Danke, köszönöm, thank you, ευχαριστώ. CEU eTD Collection v Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. xi 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Aim, Questions, and Objectives ................................................................... 4 1.2 Thesis Outline .............................................................................................................. 5 2 Review of Literature and Theoretical Background ............................................................ 7 2.1 Land Change Science .................................................................................................. 7 2.2 DPSIR-Framework .................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Ecosystem Services ................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Conclusion of the Literature Review ......................................................................... 16 3 Review of Google Earth Engine ....................................................................................... 18 3.1 GEE Application and Case Studies ........................................................................... 18 3.2 GEE Land Use Classifiers ......................................................................................... 23 4 Methods and Approach .................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Land Use Mapping .................................................................................................... 30 4.2 Interpretation of Land Use Data ................................................................................ 31 4.3 Collection and Analysis of Socio-Economic Data .................................................... 32 4.4 Limitations ................................................................................................................. 33 5 Case Study Area: Azov Sea Basin ................................................................................... 35 5.1 Ecosystem .................................................................................................................. 36 5.2 Agriculture ................................................................................................................. 36 5.3 Industrial and Economic Development ..................................................................... 39 5.4 Conclusion of the Case Study Area Review .............................................................. 41 6 Land Use Classification ................................................................................................... 42 6.1 Classification Process with GEE ............................................................................... 42 6.1.1 Setting the Stage ................................................................................................. 42 6.1.2 Collecting Training Data ................................................................................... 47 6.1.3 Classifying the Map ........................................................................................... 51 6.1.4 Accuracy Assessment ......................................................................................... 55 CEU eTD Collection 6.1.5 Mean Spectra ...................................................................................................... 59 6.2 Land Use Areas of the Subbasins .............................................................................. 61 6.3 Donbas Conflict ......................................................................................................... 66 6.4 Validation of Results ................................................................................................. 71 6.4.1 Global Forest Watch ........................................................................................... 71 6.4.2 JRC Surface Water Data Set .............................................................................. 75 vi 7 Impacts and Drivers of Land
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