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Metallurgical Abstracts (General and Non-Ferrous)

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Metallurgical Abstracts (General and Non-Ferrous) METALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS (GENERAL AND NON-FERROUS) Volume 2 APRIL 1935 Part 4 I.— PROPERTIES OF METALS (Continued from pp. 89-94.) *The Annealing of Pure Aluminium and Its Possible Utilization as a Criterion of the Purity of This Metal. Jean Calvet (Compt. rend., 1935, 200, 66-68).— The effect of impurities on the temperature of annealing of pure aluminium has been investigateD, the rates of annealing being compareD for a series of specimens ranging from 99-96% (Hoopes aluminium) to 99-9986%. The specimens, containing iron, silicon, anD copper Determinable colorimetrically anD traces of magnesium Detectable spectroscopically, were colD-rolleD from 20-4 to 1-5 mm. in 10 passes. The breaking stress increaseD continuously from 12-68 kg./mm.2 for the purest metal to 15-98 kg./mm.2 for the Hoopes aluminium. In the given conDitions of colD-rolling, pure aluminium (99-9986%) is completely annealeD at 100° C. in 6-10 minutes, anD the reDuction of the breaking stress is probably consiDerable even below 0° C. As the amount of impurities increases, the rate of annealing Diminishes to a remarkable extent, e.g. 99-997% aluminium is not completely annealeD after 6 hrs. at 100° C., anD 99-996% aluminium requires 48 hrs. at 175° C. Thus the presence of impurities to the extent of 1 part in 100,000 affects the rate of annealing. These results show that the rate of annealing after cold- working is a criterion of the purity of the metal, anD that very pure aluminium spontaneously self-anneals at orDinary temperatures. [Note, by Abstractor : The temperature of annealing is similarly useD as an inDication of the puritv of fine golD.]—J. H. W. *The Reflecting Properties of Aluminium-Surfaced Mirrors. E. P ettit (Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications, 1934, F eb .; anD Light Metals Research, 1935, 3, 307-311).—The reflecting powers of aluminium- anD silver- surfaceD mirrors have been DetermineD for wave-lengths between X = 0-225 a anD X = 2-3 p.. From these results are computeD the changes in photo­ graphic speeD anD visual sensitiveness when two silvereD surfaces are exchangeD for two aluminium or one aluminium anD one silvereD surface in the telescope.—J. C. C. *0n the Magneto-Resistance of Bismuth, Nickel, Iron, Cobalt, and Heusler Alloy by the Longitudinal Magnetic Field at Low and High Temperatures. Yosiharu Matuyama (Kinzohu no Kenkyu, 1935, 12, (1), 1-41 (in Japanese), anD Sci. Rep. Tdhoku Imp. Univ., 1934, [i], 23, 537-588 (in English)).— The change of electrical resistance with longituDinal fielD up to 1700 gauss was measureD for bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, anD Heusler’s alloy at various temperatures between — 196° anD + 1200° C. With bismuth the magneto- resistance increases at high temperatures proportionally to the square of the magnetic fielD up to 1700 gauss. At very low temperatures the same ratio increases proportionally to the square of the fielD only in very weak fields, this rate of increase Diminishing in stronger fields. In the cases of nickel anD iron, the results of the present research are similar to those of other workers anD in the magneto-resistance-temperature curve a sharp minimum is founD a t a, temperature just below the critical point. With cobalt the magneto- resistance-fielD curves anD the magneto-resistance-temperature curves Differ from those of nickel anD iron. Below 0° C. the resistance increases propor­ * Denotes a paper Describing the results of original research, t Denotes a first-class critical review. 138 Metallurgical Abstracts V o l. 2 tionally with the magnetic fielD, at least up to 1600 gauss. When the temperature is increaseD its rate of increase Diminishes graDually anD the curve itself approaches saturation in a fielD of about 500 gauss at ^261° C. The magneto-resistance/temperature curve has a maximum at 210 C. In the case of Heusler’s alloy the sign of the magneto-resistance is negative for all ranges of temperature; its value is very large, but Diminishes at first rapiDly anD then slowly as the temperature is increaseD.—S. G. * Action of Mercury Vapour on Calcium at the Ordinary Temperature. Paul Remy-Genneté [Bull. Soc. chim. France, 1934, [v], 1, 1671—1674).—Pure reDistilleD calcium kept over mercury in vacuo for 4 months at the orDinary temperature absorbeD 5% of its weight of mercury.—A. R. P. Chromium : Its Sources and Uses. Maurice Déribéré (M étaux et Machines, 1934, 18, 309-312; 1935, 19, 45-t8).—The opening sections Describe the sources, occurrence, anD principal ores of chromium. An account is then given of the principal ferrous anD non-ferrous chromium alloys ; among the latter the most important are the heat-resistant chrome-nickel series with minor aDDitions (Mchrome, Chromel, Elinvar), anD the corrosion-resistant light alloys containing chromium together with copper, nickel, magnesium, silicon, &c. Brief references to chromium plating anD to the chromium refractories are supplementeD by an extensive bibliography.—-P. M. C. R. *An Experiment on the Relation Between the Magnetic Susceptibility and the Elastic Stress [in Copper]. Yuzuru Watase (Sci. Rep. Tôhoku Imp. Univ., 1934, [i], 23, 208-212).—[In English.] The variation of the magnetic sus­ ceptibility of copper was measureD unDer a homogeneous elastic stress.—S. G. A Bibliography of Indium, 1863-1933. Herbert A. Potratz anD John B. Ekeley [Univ. Colorado Studies, 1934, 21, (3), 151-187).—A very full biblio­ graphy, classifieD as follows : reference books ; chemical journals ; Discovery of the element—early researches 1863-1865; occurrence anD extraction; physical properties ; qualitative anD quantitative analysis ; alloys ; chemical properties, compounDs anD properties of compounDs ; miscellaneous informa­ tion : cost, commercial proDuction, uses, physiological action, bibliographies, bulletins, general references.—S. G. *An Interference Extensometer and Some Observations on the Elasticity of Lead. Bruce Chalmers [Proc. Phys. Soc. [Bond.), 1935, 47, 352-368; Dis­ cussion, 368-370).—An extensometer employing interference fringes to measure elastic anD plastic extensions of specimens of length about 3 cm. with an accuracy of 3 x 10"7 cm. is DescribeD. The following results relating to leaD are obtaineD : (1) a specimen that has not recently been severely straineD has a Definite range in which Hooke’s law is obeyeD, anD a Definite elastic limit ; (2) when the specimen has been recently severely straineD, a new type of closeD elastic hysteresis loop is obtaineD; (3) when the stress is below the elastic limit, the whole of the observeD elastic after-effect can be accounteD for thermoDynamically; (4) the true plastic after-effect (creep) commences when the elastic limit is exceeDeD. The elastic limit was founD to be of the orDer 30,000 grm./cm.2, anD the limit of the elastic extension was of the orDer 2 X 10 4 cm./cm. for a straineD specimen. For an unstraineD specimen, the corresponDing values were 9000 grm./cm.2 anD 4 x 10~6 cm./cm.—J. S. G. T. *On the Chemical Activity of Redistilled Magnesium. Action of Water and Action of Carbon Dioxide on Mercury at the Ordinary Temperature. Paul Remy-Genneté [Bull. Soc. chim. France, 1934, [v], 1, 1674-1678).—A clean surface of vacuum-DistilleD magnesium reacts with water at room temper­ ature, hyDrogen being evolveD for several hrs. until the surface of the metal is completely covereD with magnesium hyDroxiDe. In carbon DioxiDe the metal slowly absorbs the gas with the formation of oxiDe anD carbiDe; reaction ceases in about 30 Days, anD on subsequent exposure to moist air a mixture of hyDrogen anD acetylene is evolveD.—A. R. P. 1935 I-—Properties of Metals 139 r, * ^ e 1JM^ neti c Properties of Amorphous Manganese. L. F. Bates anD D. V. ReDDi Pantulu (Proc. Phys. Soc. (Land,.), 1935, 47, 197-204).— Pure amorphous manganese, prepareD in vacuo, is founD to be paramagnetic wDhout trace of ferromagnetism It obeys the Curie-Weiss law in the form, y- r „ 0 I ,n_ ' ( + 1540)’ X Denoting the magnetic susceptibility per grm at 1 abs. The experimental volume of x at 20° C. is 11-80 x 10““ e.m.u./ grm.—J. o. Gr. JL. ' * Kinetics of Mercury Evaporation in the Presence of Thin Layers of Capillary- Active Substances. S. L. Pupko anD M. A. Proskurnin (Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khm n(J Phys Chem ) 1933, 4, 523-528 (in Russian), anD Acta PhysicochiZ mil . / ’ 1> /9~8.9 (m G erm an); Chem.Zentr., 1934,105,1, 3183-3184).— The rate of evaporation of mercury in the presence of oleic aciD anD of triolein has been DetermineD with the aiD of an ionization manometer. A monomolecular oil-film reDuces very consiDerably the rate of evaporation, anD with triolein even less than this is very effective. A. R. P. t *®xP^imental Study of the Viscous Deformation of Iron and Nickel Wires — I, II. Pierre ChevenarD (Rev. Met., 1934, 31, 473-180, 517-535).—(I — ) bpecimens were investigateD by means of a torsion penDulum, DescribeD in Detail, a t temperatures up to 400° C., anD after heating to higher temperatures. Viscosity was stuDieD m a specially DesigneD tension apparatus having an optical lever system, to inDicate the extension, anD means of heatino- the specimen uniformly to the DesireD temperature. The significance of the properties stuDieD is DiscusseD. (II.—) The results of the experiments are given in the form of graphs anD DiscusseD in Detail. The laws governing Deformation of the annealeD metal are only approximate anD are limiteD to temperatures well below the temperature of annealing anD to small Deforma­ tions. In commercial metals the conDitions are much more complicateD owing to simultaneous work-harDening anD annealing. For reliable information on the practical value of a metal at elevateD temperatures, tests of long Duration are essential.—Jll.
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