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Metallurgical Abstracts (General and Non-Ferrous)

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Metallurgical Abstracts (General and Non-Ferrous) METALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS (GENERAL AND NON-FERROUS) Volume 1 DECEMBER 1934 Part 12 I.— PROPERTIES OF METALS (Continued from pp. 477-486.) W ork of the Technical Committee : Committee for Aluminium Conductors. H. Schmitt (chairman) (Z. Metalllcunde, 1934, 25, 170-172).— The behaviour of the following types of free transmission conductors on the Island of Sylt during 5 yrs.’ exposure is described: (A) 99-2% aluminium after slowly cooling from 350° C., (B) 99-6% aluminium, (C) 99-2% aluminium quenched from 500° C., Aldrey, and copper. The conductors consisted of several strands of wire twisted into a rope. The breaking load of Aldrey decreased from 180 to 160 kg., that of alum inium B and C from about 85 to 78 kg., and that of aluminium A from 80 to 60 kg. in 5 yrs. The decrease was linear throughout the period for Aldrey and aluminium A, but for aluminium B and C the decrease occurred only during the first 2-3 yrs., after which the strength remained constant. For copper the strength remained constant for the first 3 yrs., then commenced to decrease linearly with time of exposure. The surface of aluminium B and C became covered with a protective film which appeared to act as a preventive against further corrosion; the films formed on the other metals were porous and poorly adherent, and therefore afforded little protection.— A. R. P. *0n the Superconductivity of Aluminium. W. H. Keesom (Comm. Onnes Lab. Univ. Leiden, 1934, (224), 11-13).— Aluminium becomes superconductive at 114° abs.— A. R. P. *0n the Change of Shape of Alternately Twisted Metal [Single] Crystals [Cadmium]. W. Fahrenhorst and H. Ekstein (Z. Metalllcunde, 1933, 25, 306- 308).— In dynamic alternating torsion tests of metal crystals the resulting changes in cross-section can be deduced by crystallographic stress analysis from the known elements of deformation. The elements of slip which occur in the tensile test are also effective in this case. The tests were made on cadmium single crystals.— B. Bl. *The Potential of the Cobalt Electrode. M. M. Haring and B. B. W estfall (Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1934, 65, 235-246; discussion, 247).— See M et. Abs., this volume, p. 113.— S. G. *The Electrolytic Valve Action of Columbium and Tantalum on A.C. Circuits. D. F. Calhane and A. J. Laliberte (Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1934, 65, 291- 297; discussion, 297-299).— For abstract of the paper, see M et. A bs., this volume, p. 285. In the discussion F. C. Frary suggested that the difference in the behaviour of columbium was due to the solubility of its oxide in sulphuric acid. D. F. C. agreed that the columbium electrode showed a loss in weight in sulphuric acid and stated that addition of cobalt or iron sulphates did not improve the rectifying action of columbium.— A. R. P. Copper. H. Foster Bain and Wm. G. Schneider (Copper Brass Res. Assoc., 1933, 20 pp.).— A summarized account is given of the history, occur­ rence, metallurgy, properties, and uses of copper with details of production and prices from 1780 until the present time.— A. R. P. On the Solubility of Gases in Copper. I. E . Gorshkov (Metallurg (Metal­ lurgist), 1933, (8), 56-60).— [In Russian.] Recent work is summarized. __________________________ __________________________ — N. A. * Denotes a paper describing the results of original research, f Denotes a first-class critical review. 2 n 546 Metallurgical Abstracts V o l . 1 *Effect oî Temperature upon the Reflectivity of Copper, Silver, and Gold. Yoshio Fuiioka and Tatsuro Wada (Set. Papers Inst. Phys. Chem. Ses. Tokyo, 1ST« «Î95 1Q34 9-191 — rin English.] The relative reflectivities of copper, sifrer, and gold have been measured at -180° 0» and +100° C for the wave-length region 2500-6500 A.; the absolute values of the reflectivity were not determined. With increasing temperature the minimum reflectivity of silver in the region 3200 A. changes to the longer wave-length side, and the minimum becomes less pronounced The results are compared with those calculated from the theories of de Krorng (Proc. Roy Soc 1929, [A , 124 409- 1931 [A], 133, 255) and Fupoka (Z. Physik, 1932, 76, 537; Sci. Papers Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Tokyo, 1933, 22, 202) and the general agree­ ment is satisfactory.—W. H.-R. „ „ x> a tx i • Europium, a Rare Member of the Rare Earth Group. B. S. Hopkins (Electrochem. Soc. Preprint, 1934, Sept., 167-174)-A n account is given of the preparation and properties of the oxide and salts of europium. The best method of separation consists in the cathodic reduction of the samanum- gadolinium-europium fraction of the rare earths in hydrochloric acid con­ taining a little sulphuric acid, when europous sulphate is almost quantitatively precipitated in an almost pure condition. There are no commercial uses so far for the metal or its compounds.— A. R. P. *The Change of Resistance of Single Crystals of Gallium m aM agnetic Field. —H W J. de Haas and J. W. Blom (Physica, 1934, 1, 465-474; C. Abs., 1934 28 6036).— Cf. M et. A bs., this volume, p. 285. Previous work on the effect of a magnetic field on the resistance of gallium single crystals at liquid helium temperatures was extended to higher temperatures. A number of rotational diagrams and tabulated data of R versus angle or field strength with a field perpendicular to the axis of the crystal rod are given for tem­ peratures from 155° to 49-8° abs. At each temperature a field strength exists at which the resistance is the same in the direction of the 2 short crystallographic axes ; this value of the field strength decreases with a decrease in temperature.— S. G. t . The Use of Lead as Protection Against X-Rays. J. Mahul (Aciers spéciaux, 1934, 9, 145-151).— The relative efficiency of lead and other materials as protection against X-rays and the thickness of lead sheet to effect given reductions of intensity are discussed. The technique of the use of lead is not fixed at present, and there exist a number of systems, here described, none of which appears to be superior to the others, and each case requires its own solution to the problem (cf. Bâtiment illustré, 1934, March).— J. H. W. *The Atomic Weight of Lithium. M. Hlasko and J. Kuszpecinska (Bull, internat, acad. polonaise, Classe sci. math, nat., 1933, [A], 523-531 ; C. Abs., 1934, 28, 4280).— Li2C03 was submitted to a series of transformations and purifications. The pure LiCl to which it was finally converted was used in determining the ratio LiCl : AgCl. The atomic weight of lithium thus found was 6-934 ± 0 001.— S. G. , *On Alternating Torsion Tests with Magnesium Single Crystals. E. Schmid and G. Siebel (Metallwirtschaft, 1934, 13, 353-356).— In alternating torsion tests with single crystals of magnesium translation and twin-formation occurs in a similar crystallographic manner to_that which occurs in the tensile test. Fracture occurs along the (0001), (1010), (lO ll), and (10l2) planes. The yield-point is first increased and then decreased with increase in the number of alternations. If the basal plane is only slightly inclined to the axis of the rod, the crystal becomes brittle in the endurance test.— v. G. Manganese : Its Occurrence, Milling, and Metallurgy. I.— Physical Pro­ perties and Preparation of Metallic Manganese. Manganese in Non-Ferrous Alloys. R . S. Dean (U.S. Bur. Mines Information Circ. No. 6768, 1934, 1-13).— A review.— S. G. 1934 I.—Properties of Metals 547 Manganese: Its Occurrence, Milling, and Metallurgy. V — Bibliography (U.S. Bur. Mines Information Circ. No. 6772, 1934, 309-334).— Includes 405 references.— S. G. «■Mercury Crystals. E. Griineisen and O. Sckell (Ann. PhysiJc, 1934, [v], 19, 387-408).— Crystals of mercury are obtained by cooling the metal to 190 C. in a gypsum tube; heating to —■ 79° C. produces recrystallization. The density is 1447, the linear coeff. of expansion 47 X 10-« parallel to the trigonal axis and 37-5 X 10“« perpendicular thereto, and the cubic coeff. of expansion 122 X 10-6. Young’s modulus has been determined on 19 crystals by the bending vibration method and the torsion modulus by static torsion tests. The elastic constants at — 190° C. are as follows (in 10"12 cm.2/dyne): i u = 154, s33 == 4-5, s44= 15-1, s12= - 11-9, s13 = - 2-1, s14 = - 10. The greatest moduli (in dynes/cm.2) are: l'max = 3700 X 10«, O = 662 X 10«; E miD = 529 X 10«, Gmin. = 214 X l o " - v . G. «■Conductivity of Liquid Mercury at High Temperatures and Pressures. Francis Birch (Phys. Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 1054).— Abstract of a paper read before the American Physical Society. The electrical conductivity of mercury was measured in the region between 0 and 1100° C., and from 1 to 4000 atm. In this region the specific resistance increases with temperature, and decreases with increasing pressure. Taking the specific resistance at 0 and 1 atm as 1-00, the resistance at 1100° C. and 1000 atm. is about 4-5, at 1100° C and 4000 atm. about 2-9. Both 1 Ip(SplST) and 1 lp(8P/8p)T decrease as p in- creases, and increase as T increases. The boiling curve of mercury has been retraced, by an electrical method, and indications found of the liquid—vapour critical point, at about 1460° 0. and 1600 atm. The criterion applied was the continuous variation of resistance with increasing temperature, at constant pressure.— S. G. Purification of Mercury Containing Metallic Impurities. W. F. Alewiin (Chem. Weekblad, 1933, 30, 687; C.
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