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Nickel and Its Alloys

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Nickel and Its Alloys DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF STANDARDS George K. Burgess, Director NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS CIRCULAR OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS, No. 100 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF STANDARDS George K. Burgess, Director CIRCULAR OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS, No. 100 NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS [2d Edition] Revised, May 9, 1924 PRICE, 40 CENTS Sold only by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1924 ; NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS. ABSTRACT. In this circular the various physical properties of pure and commercial grades erf nickel are described, together with a discussion of the relation of these properties to the composition and treatment of the material. The properties and applications of nickel and its commercially important alloys as Monel metal, nickel steels, ferro- nickels, copper-nickel and chromium-nickel alloys, and other alloys containing 4. nickel are dealt with. Attention is given to those alloys now finding wide industrial applications by reason of their electrical resistance, heat-resisting, and acid-resisting qualities. An extensive bibliography on nickel and its alloys is included. CONTENTS. Page. Historical—Continued. Page. Introduction 3 Electroplating 5 Historical 4 5V Nickel steel 5 1. Nickel 4 6. Hydrogenation of oils 5 2. Malleable nickel 4 7. The Edison accumulator 5 3. Early days of nickel industry 4 8. Monel metal 5 Part A.—NICKEL. Page. VI. Physical properties—Continued. Page I. Sources, metallurgy, refining 6 10. Optical properties 35 II. Commercial grades: Uses and applica- 11. Compressibility 36 tions 8 12. Elasticity 36 1. Nickel in various forms 8 13. Hardness 37 2. Malleable nickel. 15 14. Tensile properties 37 3. Nickel used in nonmetallic form. 17 VII. Effect of impurities on the properties of ni. Statistics of production 17 nickel 39, IV. Metallography 21 1. Carbon 39 V. Chemical properties 23 2. Manganese 41 VI. Physical properties 25 3. Nickel oxide 42 1. Density . 25 4. Sulphur 42 2. Change of state 25 5- Iron 43 3. Specific heat 26 6. Cobalt 43 Thermal expansivity 4. 27 7. Silicon 44 Thermal conductivity 5. 29 VIII. Technology 44 6. Electrical resistivity 29 1. Casting 44 7. Thermoelectromotive force. ...... 31 2. Rolling, forging, annealing. 8. Magnetic properties 32 3. Welding and soldering 47 9. Electrolytic solution potential 4. Electrodeposition 48 passivity 34 Part B.—ALLOYS OF NICKEL. Page X. Commercial alloys—Continued. IX. Equilibrium of binary alloys of nickel 51 I. Monel metal—Continued. XL. Commercial alloys S3 (6) Physical properties—Con. Page. 1. Monel metal Thermal conductivity. .... 53 . 56 (a) Metallography 55 Electrical resistivity 56 (&) Physical properties 56 Magnetic properties 56 Density 56 Optical properties 58 Change of state 56 Elasticity 58 Specific heat 56 Hardness 58 Thermal expansivity 56 Tensile properties 58 I . 1 ) 2 Circular of the Bureau of Standards Part B.—ALLOYS OF NICKEL—Continued X. Commercial alloys—Continued. X. Commercial alloys—Continued. Page 1. Monel metal—Continued. Page, 3. Copper-nickel-zinc alloys; nickel (c) Applications, resistance to cor- silver (nickelene) 73 rosion 62 4. Ferronick el alloys 79 (a) steels Cd) Fabrication 64 Nickel 82 Machining 64 (1b Invar and related alloys 96 Welding 64 5. Alloys for electrical purposes 97 Soldering and brazing 65 6. Heat-resisting alloys 10s Mechanical working 66 7. Acid-resisting alloys in 2. Copper-nickel alloys 66 8. Miscellaneous alloys 115 Part C.—APPENDIXES. Page. 3. Bibliography—Continued. 1. Definitions of physical terms 122 B. Alloys of nickel—Continued. 2. Typical specifications for nickel alloys 127 2. Binary alloys—Continued. Page. 3. Bibliography 132 Gold-nickel 149 A. Nickel 132 Iron-nickel 149 1. General 132 Lead-nickel 150 2. Statistics i 33 Magnesium-nickel 150 3. Metallurgy 133 Manganese-nickel 150 4. Uses i35 Molybdenum-nickel 150 5 . Metallography i 35 Nitrogen-nickel 150 6. Chemical properties 135 Oxygen-nickel 150 General 135 Palladium-nickel 150 Oxides 136 Phosphorus-nickel 151 Used as catalyst 136 Selenium-nickel 151 Corrosion 138 Silicon-nickel 151 Analytical methods 138 Silver-nickel 151 Toxicology 138 Sulphur-nickel 151 7 - Thermal properties 139 Tantalum-nickel 151 Change of state 139 Tellurium-nickel 151 Specific heat 139 Thallium-nickel iSi Thermal expansivity 139 Tin-nickel 151 Thermal conductivity 140 Titanium-nickel 151 8. Electrical properties 140 Tungsten-niekel 151 Electrical resistivity 140 Uranium-nickel 151 Thermoelectromotive force. 140 , Vanadium-nickel 151 Magnetic properties 14 Zinc-nickel 152 Electrolytic solution potential . 142 3. Ternary alloys 152 Passivity 142 4. Quaternary alloys 153 9 - Mechanical properties 142 C. Monel metal i 53 Tensile properties 142 1. General i 53 Elasticity 142 2. Properties i 54 10, Optical properties 143 3. Uses i 54 11. Miscellaneous physical prop- 4. Technology i 55 erties 143 D. Copper-nickel-zinc alloys: Nickel 12. Technology 143 silver i 55 General 143 E. Nickel steels 156 Electrodeposition 144 1. General 156 13 . Alloys of nickel 145 2. Structural 156 I. General 145 3. Manufacture 157 2. Binary alloys 146 4. Uses i 57 Aluminum-nickel 146 5. Metallography i 57 Antimony-nickel 146 6. Properties 158 Arsenic-nickel 146 7. Corrosion IS8 Bismuth-nickel 146 8. High nickel steels 158 Boron-nickel 147 9. Chrome-nickel steels 159 Carbon-nickel 147 10. Copper-nickel steels 160 Cerium-nickel 147 n. Nickel in cast iron 160 Chromium-nickel 147 F. Electrical alloys of nickel 161 Cobalt-nickel 147 G. Heat-resisting alloys of nickel 161 Copper-nickel 147 H. Acid-resisting alloys of nickel 162 Nickel and Its Alloys. 3 INTRODUCTION. The bureau is continually in receipt of requests for information concerning the properties, statistics, and manufacture of metals and of alloys coming from other departments of the Government, technical or purchasing agents of manufacturing firms, or from persons engaged in special investigative work in universities and private technical institutes. Such information is rarely to be found in systematic form; usually the sources of such information are difficult of access, and their accuracy not always certain. Often quoted information of this sort is valueless, either for the reason that the data upon which it is based are actually incorrect or that they have not been properly interpreted. There are, therefore, being issued from time to time in response to these demands circulars on individual metals or alloys, with the idea of grouping in these circulars all of the best information which the bureau has as a result of its tests and investigations, together with that available in all records of published tests and investiga- tions of such material. The circulars deal primarily with the physical properties of the metal or alloy. All other features, except a few statistics of pro- duction and the methods of manufacture, presence of impurities, etc., are discussed only in their relation to these physical properties. It must be realized that the physical properties of metals and alloys are often in great degree dependent upon such factors, so that the statement of values for such properties should include information regarding these factors by which the properties are affected. The endeavor, therefore, in the circulars is to reproduce only such data as have passed critical scrutiny and to qualify suitably in the sense outlined above all statements, numerical or otherwise, made relative to the characteristics of the metal. The probable degree of accuracy of data is indicated or implied by the number of significant figures in the values given. The bureau has received much valuable assistance and informa- tion in the preparation of this circular from the International Nickel Co., American Nickel Corporation, British-America Nickel Corporation, the Driver-Harris Co., the Electrical Alloys Co., the Crucible Steel Co. of America, the Hoskins Manufacturing Co., the American Brass Co., the Scovill Manufacturing Co., and others; also, from Dr. P. D. Merica and R. G. Waltenberg, of the Inter- national Nickel Co., and Dr. C. T. Hennig of the American Nickel Corporation, for which it wishes to express its grateful appreciation. 4 Circular of the Bureau of Standards. 1. HISTORICAL. NICKEL. Long before the isolation and recognition of the element nickel alloys of a copper-nickel composition were known and used. Representative of such alloys are Bactrian coins of the third century B. C. The existence of the mineral known as niccolite was first stated in 1694 by Hiarni, who called it copper-nickel, or “false copper,” since it reddish color, possessed a 2. yet no copper could be obtained therefrom. It was not until 1751, however, that the metal itself was discovered and isolated by Cronstedt, who recognized it as a new element and metal and in 1754 named it “nickel.” Cron- 3. stedt’s discovery was confirmed in 1755 by Bergmann. Since that time the chemistry of this metal, has been continuously unfolded, until to-day a large variety of its alloys and compounds are known. MALLEABLE NICKEL. In 1804 Richter showed that the metal was malleable, ductile, and possessed a high tensile strength. Fleitmann, in 1879, made an even more malleable nickel by the addition of magnesium. EARLY DAYS OF NICKEL INDUSTRY. The nickel and cobalt industry was first developed in 1830 at Birmingham, England, by the firm of Henry Merry. Until about 1872 practically the whole of the nickel supply was obtained from arsenical ores containing considerable quantities of cobalt, and up to 1875 the nickel was produced in the form of cubes or rondelles. Henry Merry appears to have been the first maker of an efficient substitute for packfong, a copper-nickel-zinc alloy very long known in China. In about 1830 he, in conjunction with Charles Askin, carried out experiments which led to the development of “Merry’s plate” and “Merry’s metal blanc.” Prior to the intro- duction of electroplating by Elkington, Merry and his brother patented, in 1836, a process for silver plating on this metal.
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