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© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys (#06178G) Special-Purpose Nickel Alloys NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS have a number of meet special needs. The grades considered in ganese, and copper, a 0.005% limit on iron, and unique properties, or combinations of proper- this section include the following: a 0.02% limit on carbon. This high purity re- ties, that allow them to be used in a variety of sults in lower coefficient of expansion, electri- specialized applications. For example, the high • Nickel 200 (99.6% Ni, 0.04% C) cal resistivity, Curie temperature, and greater resistivity (resistance to flow of electricity) and • Nickel 201 (99.6% Ni, 0.02% C maximum) ductility than those of other grades of nickel heat resistance of nickel-chromium alloys lead • Nickel 205 (99.6% Ni, 0.04% C, 0.04% Mg) and makes Nickel 270 especially useful for to their use as electric resistance heating ele- • Nickel 233 (see composition in table that fol- some electronics applications such as compo- ments. The soft magnetic properties of lows) nents of hydrogen thyratrons and as a substrate nickel-iron alloys are employed in electronic • Nickel 270 (99.97% Ni) for precious metal cladding. devices and for electromagnetic shielding of computers and communication equipment. Iron- Composition limits and property data on sev- eral of these grades can be found in the article nickel alloys have low expansion characteris- Resistance Heating Alloys tics as a result of a balance between thermal ex- “Wrought Corrosion-Resistant Nickels and pansion and magnetostrictive changes with Nickel Alloys” in this Handbook. temperature. Originally used as clock pendu- Nickel 200 and 201. Wrought Nickel 200 Resistance heating alloys are used in many lums, these alloys are now widely employed as (UNS N02200), the general purpose grade, is varied applications—from small household ap- lead frames in packaging electronic chips and used for leads and terminals where good pliances to large industrial process heating sys- as the shadow-masks in color television tubes. strength and toughness at elevated temperature tems and furnaces. In appliances or industrial On a larger scale, they provide one solution to and subzero temperatures are necessary; for process heating, the heating elements are usu- transducers (it being one of three metals dem- coping with the thermal expansion require- ally either open helical coils of resistance wire onstrating magnetostrictive properties); and for ments of storage and transportation tanks for mounted with ceramic bushings in a suitable fuel cell and battery plates. the growing liquid natural gas industry. metal frame, or enclosed metal-sheathed ele- A low-carbon variant, Nickel 201 (UNS Other properties of interest that expand the ments consisting of a smaller-diameter helical N02201), is ideal for deep drawing, etching, markets and applications of nickel and nickel coil of resistance wire electrically insulated spinning, and coining; its rate of work harden- alloys include those to follow: from the metal sheath by compacted refractory ing is also low. insulation. In industrial furnaces, elements of- The selected chemistry of • Shape memory characteristics of equiatomic Nickel 205. ten must operate continuously at temperatures Nickel 205 (UNS N02205) results in a high nickel-titanium alloys that allow them to be as high as 1300 °C (2350 °F) for furnaces used magnetostrictive coefficient and Curie temper- used as actuators, hydraulic connectors, and in metal-treating industries, 1700 °C (3100 °F) ature. Its uses have included grid side rods, eyeglass frames for kilns used for firing ceramics, and occasion- base pins, anodes, getter tabs, and cathode • The high strength at elevated temperature ally 2000 °C (3600 °F) or higher for special ap- shields. and resistance to stress relaxation that allow plications. (UNS N02233) is specially pro- wrought nickel-beryllium-titanium to be Nickel 233 Material Requirements. Materials for elec- duced to the following closely controlled, low- used for demanding electrical/electronic ap- tric heating depend on an inherent resistance to plications, for example, springs subjected to the flow of electricity to generate heat. Copper wire does not get appreciably hot when carry- elevated temperatures (up to 370 °C, or 700 Element Percentage °F) for short times ing electricity because it has good electrical • Carbon 0.15 max The combination of heat removal (high ther- Copper 0.10 max conductivity. Thus for an alloy—as wire, rib- mal conductivity) and wear resistance that Iron 0.10 max bon, or strip—to perform as an electric heating allows cast nickel-beryllium-carbon alloys Magnesium 0.01–0.10 element, it must resist the flow of electricity. to be used for tooling for glass forming oper- Manganese 0.30 max Most of the common steels and alloys such Sulfur 0.008 max ations Silicon 0.10 max as stainless steels do resist the flow of electric- Titanium 0.005 max ity. The measure of this characteristic is re- These and other special-purpose alloys and ap- Nickel 99.00 min ferred to as “electrical resistivity.” It is ex- plications are described subsequently. pressed as either ohm millimeter square per meter (Ω⋅mm2/m) in metric units or ohm residual-element levels: times circular mils per foot (Ω⋅circular mil/ft) This grade is especially suitable for active cath- in English units. odes, vacuum tube anodes, and structural parts If resistivity alone was the prime factor for Commercially Pure Nickel of tubes. for Electronic Applications an electric heating element, the choice could be Nickel 270 (UNS N02270), a high-purity, from many alloy candidates in a broad spec- powder-produced nickel, is 99.97% nickel with trum of cost. However, there are a number of Commercially pure nickel is available in sev- a 0.001% maximum limit on cobalt, magne- requirements a material must meet in order to eral grades, slightly different in composition, to sium, chromium, titanium, sulfur, silicon, man- avoid failure and provide an extended service © 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys (#06178G) Special-Purpose Nickel Alloys / 93 Table 1 Typical properties of resistance heating materials Average change in Thermal expansion, Resistivity(a), resistance(c), %, from 20 °C to: µm · °C, from 20 °C to: Tensile strength Density Basic composition Ω ·mm2 /m(b) 260 °C 540 °C 815 °C 1095 °C 100 °C 540 °C 815 °C MPa ksi g/cm3 lb/in.3 Nickel-chromium and nickel-chromium-iron alloys 78.5Ni-20Cr-1.5Si (80–20) 1.080 4.5 7.0 6.3 7.6 13.5 15.1 17.6 655–1380 95–200 8.41 0.30 77.5Ni-20Cr-1.5Si-1Nb 1.080 4.6 7.0 6.4 7.8 13.5 15.1 17.6 655–1380 95–200 8.41 0.30 68.5Ni-30Cr-1.5Si (70–30) 1.180 2.1 4.8 7.6 9.8 12.2 … … 825–1380 120–200 8.12 0.29 68Ni-20Cr-8.5Fe-2Si 1.165 3.9 6.7 6.0 7.1 … 12.6 … 895–1240 130–180 8.33 0.30 60Ni-16Cr-22Fe-1.5Si 1.120 3.6 6.5 7.6 10.2 13.5 15.1 17.6 655–1205 95–175 8.25 0.30 37Ni-21Cr-40Fe-2Si 1.08 7.0 15.0 20.0 23.0 14.4 16.5 18.6 585–1135 85–165 7.96 0.288 35Ni-20Cr-43Fe-1.5Si 1.00 8.0 15.4 20.6 23.5 15.7 15.7 … 550–1205 80–175 7.95 0.287 35Ni-20Cr-42.5Fe-1.5Si-1Nb 1.00 8.0 15.4 20.6 23.5 15.7 15.7 … 550–1205 80–175 7.95 0.287 Iron-chromium-aluminum alloys 83.5Fe-13Cr-3.25Al 1.120 7.0 15.5 … … 10.6 … … 620–1035 90–150 7.30 0.26 81Fe-14.5Cr-4.25Al 1.25 3.0 9.7 16.5 … 10.8 11.5 12.2 620–1170 90–170 7.28 0.26 73.5Fe-22Cr-4.5Al 1.35 0.3 2.9 4.3 4.9 10.8 12.6 13.1 620–1035 90–150 7.15 0.26 72.5Fe-22Cr-5.5Al 1.45 0.2 1.0 2.8 4.0 11.3 12.8 14.0 620–1035 90–150 7.10 0.26 Pure metals Molybdenum 0.052 110 238 366 508 4.8 5.8 … 690–2160 100–313 10.2 0.369 Platinum 0.105 85 175 257 305 9.0 9.7 10.1 345 50 21.5 0.775 Tantalum 0.125 82 169 243 317 6.5 6.6 … 345–1240 50–180 16.6 0.600 Tungsten 0.055 91 244 396 550 4.3 4.6 4.6 3380–6480 490–940 19.3 0.697 Nonmetallic heating-element materials Silicon carbide 0.995–1.995 –33 –33 –28 –13 4.7 … … 28 4 3.2 0.114 Molybdenum disilicide 0.370 105 222 375 523 9.2 … … 185 27 6.24 0.225 MoSi2 + 10% ceramic additives 0.270 167 370 597 853 13.1 14.2 14.8 … … 5.6 0.202 Graphite 9.100 –16 –18 –13 –8 1.3 … … 1.8 0.26 1.6 0.057 (a) At 20 °C (68 °F). (b) To convert to Ω·circular mil/ft, multiply by 601.53. (c) Changes in resistance may vary somewhat, depending on cooling rate. life. The primary requirements of materials Table 2 Recommended maximum furnace operating temperatures for resistance heating used for heating elements are high melting materials point, high electrical resistivity, reproducible temperature coefficient of resistance, good oxi- Approximate Maximum furnace dation resistance, absence of volatile compo- melting point operating temperature in air nents, and resistance to contamination.
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