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Spirited Away Kaori Asakura

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Spirited Away Kaori Asakura MESTRADO EM TRADUÇÃO E SERVIÇOS LINGUÍSTICOS RAMO TRADUÇÃO E SERVIÇOS LINGUÍSTICOS - ÁREA DE INVESTIGAÇÃO Translating Cultural References in Japanese Animation Films: The Case of Spirited Away Kaori Asakura M 2017 Kaori Asakura Translating Cultural References in Japanese Animation Films: The Case of Spirited Away Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Tradução e Serviços Linguísticos, orientada pela Professora Doutora Elena Zagar Galvão Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Julho de 2017 Translating Cultural References in Japanese Animation Films: The Case of Spirited Away Kaori Asakura Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Tradução e Serviços Linguísticos, orientada pela Professora Doutora Elena Zagar Galvão Membros do Júri Professor Doutor Thomas Hüsgen Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Mestre Reiko Kikuchi Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Professora Doutora Elena Zagar Galvão Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Classificação obtida: 18 valores Kaori Asakura A thesis submitted for the Master’s degree in Translation and Language Services at the University of Porto Translating Cultural References in Japanese Animation Films: The Case of Spirited Away Porto, July 2017 Supervisor: Elena Zagar Galvão (PhD) Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. i Abstract ................................................................................................................................. ii Resumo ............................................................................................................................... iii 要約 ....................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background to this study ................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Anime ................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.1.2 A brief history of the reception of anime and its translation in the US ................ 3 1.1.3 Portugal ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1.4 Translating anime and its difficulties .................................................................................. 8 1.2. Aims of this study ............................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Choice of the feature film ................................................................................................ 9 1.4. Structure of this thesis ................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 Spirited Away ............................................................................................... 13 2.1. Synopsis ............................................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Hayao Miyazaki ................................................................................................................. 14 2.3. The theme of Spirited Away .......................................................................................... 15 2.4. Animism in Spirited Away ............................................................................................. 18 Chapter 3 Audiovisual translation ............................................................................ 26 3.1. Dubbing ............................................................................................................................... 27 3.1.1 The dubbing of Anime .............................................................................................................. 28 3.1.2 The dubbing of Spirited Away ............................................................................................... 29 3.2. Subtitling ............................................................................................................................. 30 3.2.1 The subtitling of Anime ........................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Dubbing and subtitling ................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 4 Linguistic and cultural issues in AVT .................................................. 35 4.1. Cultural References as translation problems ......................................................... 35 4.2. Taxonomies of translation strategies ....................................................................... 37 4.3. Vinay and Darbelnet’s Taxonomy .............................................................................. 39 4.3.1 Direct translation procedures .............................................................................................. 40 4.3.2 Oblique translation procedures ........................................................................................... 41 4.4. Pedersen’s taxonomy ...................................................................................................... 43 4.5. Ranzato’s Taxonomy ....................................................................................................... 50 4.6. Factors influencing the translator’s decision-making ......................................... 52 Chapter 5 Analysis of Spirited Away ......................................................................... 55 5.1. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 55 5.2. Analysis of honorifics ..................................................................................................... 58 5.3. Analysis of characters’ names ...................................................................................... 60 5.3.1 The English translations of names ...................................................................................... 60 5.3.2 The Portuguese translations of names ............................................................................. 69 5.4. Religious references ........................................................................................................ 72 5.5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 84 Chapter 6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 88 Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Elena Zagar Galvão, for all her direction, encouragement, patience, and insightful comments. I cannot be thankful enough for her invaluable guidance throughout the course of this thesis. I am grateful to my English teacher, Guy Cowan, who has always enthusiastically taught me English, read my drafts, and gave me much useful advice. My deepest gratitude goes to my family in Portugal for all their patience and understanding along the way. I can never be thankful enough to my mother-in-law and my sister-in-law for their precious support. I also thank my dearest daughters for all their love and support. Last, but not least, I wish to thank my beloved husband in Japan for all the sacrifices that he has made for me. He gave me the opportunity to study in Portugal and has selflessly supported me in everything. i Abstract Anime (or Japanese animation) is, beyond question, a global phenomenon. Many of the anime series/films are dubbed and subbed worldwide. Thanks to technological advances, people are often given the choice between dubbed and subtitled versions of animated content on DVD, BluRay, and online video streaming services like Netflix. In Portugal, anime is commonly translated using English as a pivot language. This work focuses on the Oscar-winning animated feature film Spirited Away as a case study and analyzes the translations of three types of Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECR) - honorifics, characters’ names and religious references - in the English subtitling and dubbing, as well as in their Portuguese counterparts. The objective of this analysis is to shed light on the predominant translation strategies used in the dubbings and the subtitles of the film and the effect of a pivot translation on the Portuguese version. We compare the original Japanese dialogue to the English subtitles and dubbing, as well as the English subtitles (the pivot text) to the Portuguese subtitles and dubbing. The result of the analysis indicates that the predominant translation strategies for the ECRs in the Japanese to English dubbing and subtitling are target-oriented except for the case of characters’ names; on the contrary, it is source-oriented in the English to Portuguese subtitling
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