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Military Architecture the Early Friars Proved That They Were Practical

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Military Architecture the Early Friars Proved That They Were Practical Military Architecture The early friars proved that they were practical architects and engineers. As a defense against Moro pirates they constructed forts and fortresses. The first fort was constructed by Fr, Antonio Sedeno who arrived in Manila in 1581. He began and planned the construction of the "Real Fuerza de Santiago (Fort Santiago) at the mouth of Pasig River as it was conceived by Legaspi. With the walls of Intramuros, this was completed in 1872. Fort Pilar in Zamboanga was constructed by Fr. Melchor de Veyra. Fr. Francisco Duco built fortresses at Iligan and Misamis. The first stone pier was built in Guiuan, Samar, by Fr. Pedro Monasterio. Early stone bridges were built in Bulacan by Fr. Ignacio Manzanarez in Catarman, Cebu, a sea-wall was built by Fr. Antonio Fuertes. Irrigation and Water System The first artesian wells were built in Betis, Pampanga by Fr. Manuel Camanes. The water system in Manila (now MWSS) had its beginning from the water works constructed by Fr. Juan Peguero in 1686. The first irrigation system was constructed in Tanay, Rizal by Fr. Jose Delgado. Schools The Spanish missionaries founded and organized schools (nautical and commerce, fine arts, agriculture, trades, home arts, surveying, medicine). The early schools were San Agustin College, Iloilo; San Alberto College, Dagupan, Pangasinan; San Juan de Letran, Manila and Colegio de Sto. Tomas, Manila. Domestic In domestic architecture, the mansion type for the well-to- do families was given importance. The first floor was usually of adobe stone while the second floor was of wooden structure with tiled roofs. The main door was the main decorative treatment and was treated with pilasters capped with cornice and pediment. The heavy wooden doors were of two sashes made of heavy timber planks studded with wrought iron or bronze nails, knockers, sockets and heavy cross bars. The street windows of the first floor were elevated from the sill (ventanillas). The open interior court or "patio" was a popular feature of the house plan. The gate entrance hallway was called "zaguan" which led to the patio. Open terraces with balustrades surrounded the patio on the second floor. The upper exterior walls were treated with paneled wood partitions, sliding windows of shell sashes and wood louvres above the sill, sliding "ventanillas" below the sill and protected from without by heavy, wide projecting caves. Filipino Architects At the closing years of Spanish regime, some Filipino engineers and architects were in the practice of the profession after they returned from Europe where they studied architecture and engineering. The first Filipino architects were Felix Roxas and Diego Hervas. The early works of the former were the reconstruction of the Sto. Domingo Church, the Church of St. Ignacio and the massive Catholic church of Bacoor, Cavite. He reconstructed the Ayuntamiento (Marble Hall) formerly the Philippine Senate, the palatial residences at San Miguel, Manila for Filipino aristocracy, the Roxas Family, the Paternos, the Valdez', the Aranetas and the Hidalgos. Diego Hervas' works included the St. Paul's Hospital, Assumption Convent, Oriente Building, Monte de Piedad. The later architect was Julio de la Rosa. Influence of European Building Technique. Steel and concrete construction was introduced in the mid-80s as a result of European and American Influence. The first steel structures in the Philippines were: i. Compania General de la Tabacalera, planned in Spain, and erected in Manila in 1894. ii. Puente Colgante (now Quezon Bridge), a suspension bridge spanning the Pasig River. iii. The all-steel Church of San Sebastian, manufactured in Belgium, Gothic in style which was completed in 1891, built by Architect Genaro Palacios. The introduction of reinforced concrete in the Philippines was in the 1900s and its use in the construction of the Masonic Temple, the first multi-structure in Escolta, Manila. List of Local Edifices and Their Architects Name of Local Edifice A r c h i t e c t Quiapo Church Juan Nakpil Sta. Cruz Church Gregorio Gutierrez San Sebastian Church Genaro O. Palacio Sto. Domingo Church Jose Zaragoza Manila Cathedral Fernando Ocampo Baclaran Church Cesar H. Concio Lourdes Church Luis Araneta Christ The King Church Fr. Frederick Linzenbach San Agustin Church Bro. Antonio Herrera St. Jude Church Fr. Lyn San Miguel Pro-Cathedral Juan Nakpil Antipolo Cathedral Fernando Ocampo Victoria’s Church Antonin Raymond Antipolo Church (Circular) Leandro Locsin U. P. Protestant Chapel Cesar H. Concio U. S. T. Chapel Fernando Ocampo St. Andrew’s Church (Circular) Leandro Locsin San Beda Chapel Andres Luna de San Pedro Iglesia Ni Kristo Church in San Juan Juan Nakpil Sanctuario de San Antonio Manalac Construction Mount Carmel Church Max Vicente Legislative Building Antonio Toledo Manila City Hall Antonio Toledo Agrigulture and Finance Building Antonio Toledo Manila Post Office Arellano and Mapua Malacanang Palace William Parsons Old Manila Hotel Willam Parsons Rizal Memorial Sports Complex Juan Arellano Philippine General Hospital Tomas Mapua Old Metropolitan Theatre Juan Arellano Quezon Institute Hospital Juan Nakpil Old Veterans Memorial Building Federico Illustre Quezon City Hall Ruperto Gaite Development Bank of the Philippines Carlos Arguelles Philippine National Bank (Escolta) Carlos Arguelles Department of Foreign Affairs Crecenciano de Castro Social Security System Building in Quezon City Juan Nakpil U. S. Embassy Building in Manila A. L. Aydelott and Associates Bonifacio Monument Juan Nakpil and Tolentino Rizal Monument Richard Kissling Quezon Memorial Federico Illustre Fort Santiago Fr. Antonio Dendon Cultural Centre of the Philippines Leandro Locsin Links to Filipino Architecture Armand Ajala's Pre-Hispanic Architecture Roger Gerard Gaspar's Philippine Colonial Churches Tribung Pinoy Sining Panitikan: The Filipino Arts and Literature Page Arkitektura Link Filipino Architecture page Joel Chua's Homepage on Filipino Architecture August Li's Page on Architecture Back to Home Page Copyright © 1997 Most recent revision Saturday, August 02, 1997 .
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