DOCSLIB.ORG

The Simultaneous Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Hydroxide in the Water Softening Process Robert William Peters Iowa State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Simultaneous Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Hydroxide in the Water Softening Process Robert William Peters Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1980 The simultaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide in the water softening process Robert William Peters Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Peters, Robert William, "The simultaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide in the water softening process " (1980). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6800. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6800 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WCl R 4EJ, ENGLAND PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been i dentifi ed here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored illustrations 2. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. °rint shows through as there is text on both sides of page 5, Indistinct; broken or small print on several pages throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine S. CoiTiputer printout pages with indistinct print 9. Pcge(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author 10. Page(s) seem, to be missing in numbering only as text fellows 11, Poor carbon copy 13. Appendix pages are poor copy 14. Original copy with light type SrfU 1 » I nt : £ ri*no>* i'vçTSiry / V IK 11 X M: i The simultaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide in the water softening process by Robert William Peters A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Chemical Engineering A -rs-rrv^rs^ro/^ Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. In C f Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Icwa State University Ames, Iowa 1950 Copyright (5) Robert William Peters, 1980. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pàge NOMENdATORE xvi ABSTRACT xix ESEDICATION xxii INTRODUCTION 1 LITERÂÏUSE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGHOUîîD 7 Lime-Soda Ash Water Softening Reactions 7 Early Water Softening Studies 1? The Water Softening Process 19 Excess lime treatment 25 Split treatment 28 Split treatment with sludge recycle 31 Use of water treatment systems 35 Limitations on Hardness Removal 35 Magnesium removal 35 Calcium removal 37 Ionic strength of solution 43 Saturation Index 47 Alkalinity 49 Hydroxide; carbonate- and bicarbonate al]%lin- ity Calculation from alkalinity measurements alone 55 Kvn «4 a nr\'] v 56 Carbonate only 57 Hydroxide-carbon ate <v Carbonate-bicarbonate 58 Bicarbonate only 58 Calculation froa alkalinity pl—s pH measure- ^ ments iii Hydroxide 59 Carbonate 59 Bicarbonate 60 Calculation from equilibrium equations 60 Carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and pH relation­ ships in natural waters 62 Saturation and Supersaturation 63 Nucleation 66 Primary nucleation 67 Secondary nucleation 68 Effect of agitation on nucleation 70 The Population Balance 72 Dependence of Kinetics on Supersaturation 80 cTvo-nc;T rsr> Tio-ne'i+'vr "fho Tîl-P'Pan+.c n"P saturation 82 Effects of Impurities on Crystallization Kinetics and Crystal Morphology 87 Crystallization Kinetic Studies for Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Hydroxide 96 Studies on the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in the Presence of Mg"^' Ion 111 Miscellaneous Studies and Observations on Cal- . r "**• - ^ T"..- r\ u-LUiii uc a.xn-4. uuii ju. w wu-t-LC —J.;/ -pTj—• nT3 -1 ?o EXPE?.I''IENTAL 132 w wCw I I II ^ ^ ^A.- - ^ ^ ^ i I Feed tanks and pumps 1% Storage tanks 1^9 In-line filters 151 Puimps 152 Constant temperature baths 153 Rotameters 153 pH meters 15^ iv Water supply 155 Oven 156 Conductivity meter I56 Filter paper I56 Titration eq^uip'^ent 156 Desiccator 157 Timer 157 Gas dispersion tubes 15/ Wet test meter 157 Equilibrium study pump 157 Miscellaneous glassware 158 Pressure filter 158 Cheïïiicals 158 Miscellaneous Equipment and Services léO Oxygen meters 160 Seaiiiiixig electron microscope I6I Atomic absorption spectrophotometer I6I X-ray diffraction unit I6I Experimental Design 162 Experimental Procedure I65 Feed tank preparation I66 Titrations I68 Feed stream pumping to holding tariks 170 Flow rate determination 173 Start up 175 operating conairions i?5 Conductivity measurements 177 Alkalinity measurement ISO Sampling for iron analyses 181 Coulver counter sampling 132 Squi Hbrium measurements I85 Hun shu'tdown and clean up IS5 ANALYSIS OF DATA. 189 Coulter Counter Data Reduction 189 +TnA'nT' rro T)*? c+'i-'î "hiT^T riri T)Q-f-.a i Cii» O - -, r:\jyjyf. # _ w J. J. J» ^\jC^ Alkalinity Data 206 Conductivity Data 209 Activity Coefficients 212 Solubility Product 213 Mass Balances 2l4 Suspension Density Measurement 222 Filtration 223 Material "balance 224 Tiiird moment 225 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 228 Crystal Morphology of Simultaneously Precipi­ tated Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Hydroxide 228 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration 24-9 Reactor Vail Deposition 250 Kinetic Measurements 252 Suspension Density 281 Effects and Applications of the Kinetic Order 284 Effects of supersaturation on crystal size distribution 284 Effect of suspended solids on crystal size distribution 291 Comparison with Results of Previous Studies 296 Hardness Removal 299 Supersaturation Measurements 314 Mass Balances 3^7 Suspension and deposition aliocations 3^7 C* C* vi Miscellaneous Experimental Data 33^ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 335 nVJJL V M LVUii i-lCL. J—UC n -» _ J. • OOOf "L"^ ^ /% rVw^ o"** ^ ^ 4» 4 yw^ Ç» coNcnjsiONS 350 RECOMMENDATIONS 356 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3^1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 377 APPENDIX A 379 Calibration Curves 379 APPENDIX B 398 Suspension Allocation 398 Reactor Wall Deposition Allocation 400 APPENDIX C 405 Nuclei Density - Growt-h Rate Relationships 405 ATïïspxmxY n LLor\ Miscellaneous Experimental Data 420 vii LIST OF TflJBLES Page Table 1. Equations used to describe the experimental c> cTirc+o Tnc; 13 Table 2. Equations used to describe the experimental system in this study 15 Table 3. Principal cations causing hardness in water and the major anions associated with them 21 Table 4. Degree of hardness classifications 22 Table 5. Reported solubility products for magnesium hydroxide (brucite) 38 Table 6. Reported solubility products for calcium car­ 40 bonate Table 7. Relative surface areas of various water soften­ ing reactors 141 Table 8. Crystal size distribution in run 33= Dilution = 10:1, sample size = 2.0 ml. Aperture = 280 pim 192 Table 9. Average cr^'stal size distribution in run 33 193 Table 10. Void fraction estimates 226 Table 4 -i Densities of the individual cornponftnts 22? Table 12. Kinetic data for individual runs 255 Table 13. Kinetic order values 257 Table 14. Comparison of crystallization kinetics before and after aragonite to calcite transformation 2? 3 Table 15. Comparison of suspension density measurements 282 Table 16. Comparison cf results for <0 percent increase in residence time for various kinetic distributions 268 Table 17. Comparison of actual increase in n°; G,- and L_ 290 Table 18. Percent increase in n°. G. and for a 10-fold viii Table 19. Comparison of suspension density effects on the crystallization kinetics 295 Table 20. Summary of experimental kinetic expressions for the calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide sys-cems 297 Table 21. Hardness data of feed conditions for individual experimental runs 300 Table 22. Residual hardness at "pseudo" steady state con­ dition Initial magnesium hardness ~ 55 ppm Initial calcium hardness ~ 230-310 ppm (de­ pendent upon lime dosage) 302 Table 23- Ionic strength data 3^4 Table 24. Summary of activity coefficient data 305 Table 2,5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemicals Used for Chemical Manufacturing Page 1 of 2
    Chemicals used for Chemical Manufacturing Page 1 of 2 Acetic Acid (Glacial, 56%) Glycol Ether PMA Acetone Glycol Ether PNB Acrylic Acid Glycol Ether PNP Activated Carbon Glycol Ether TPM Adipic Acid Glycols Aloe Vera Grease Aluminum Stearate Gum Arabic Aluminum Sulfate Heat Transfer Fluids Amino Acid Heptane Ammonium Acetate Hexane Ammonium Bicarbonate Hydrazine Hydrate Ammonium Bifluoride Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) Ammonium Chloride Hydrogen Peroxide Ammonium Citrate Hydroquinone Ammonium Hydroxide Hydroxylamine Sulfate Ammonium Laureth Sulfate Ice Melter Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Imidazole Ammonium Nitrate Isobutyl Acetate Ammonium Persulfate Isobutyl Alcohol Ammonium Silicofluoride Calcium Stearate Dipropylene Glycol Isopropanolamine Ammonium Sulfate Carboxymethylcellulose Disodium Phosphate Isopropyl Acetate Antifoams Caustic Potash D'Limonene Isopropyl Alcohol Antifreeze Caustic Soda (All Grades) Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid Isopropyl Myristate Antimicrobials Caustic Soda (Beads, Prills) (DDBSA) Isopropyl Palmitate Antimony Oxide Cetyl Alcohol Dowfrost Itaconic Acid Aqua Ammonia Cetyl Palmitate Dowfrost HD Jojoba Oil Ascorbic Acid Chlorine, Granular Dowtherm SR-1 Keratin Barium Carbonate Chloroform Dowtherm 4000 Lactic Acid Barium Chloride Chromic Acid EDTA Lanolin Beeswax Citric Acid (Dry and Liquid) EDTA Plus Lauric Acid Bentonite Coal Epsom Salt Lauryl Alcohol Benzaldehyde Cocamide DEA Ethyl Acetate Lecithin Benzoic Acid Copper Nitrate Ethyl Alcohol (Denatured) Lime Benzyl Alcohol Copper Sulfate Ethylene Glycol Linoleic Acid Bicarbonate
    [Show full text]
  • Purified Sea Salt with Magnesium Carbonate
    Cargill® Food Processing Salts Purified Sea Saltwith Magnesium Carbonate Product Description Physical Information Purified Sea Salt with Magnesium Carbonate This material is a food grade, granular, white crystalline Purified Sea Salt with Magnesium Carbonate sodium chloride product manufactured under stringent PHYSICAL MIN TARGET MAX process control procedures. Cargill Sea Salts are made from Pacific Ocean sea salt, which is harvested from ponds NaCl (%) 99.7 99.96 100 near the San Francisco Bay. Ca & Mg as Ca (%) 0.003 Sulfate as SO4 (%) 0.01 Product Application Water Insolubles (%) 0.025 0.01 Bulk Density (#cu/ft) 69 74 84 This material is intended for table and cooking use, as well as direct application in foods manufactured by the various Bulk Density (g/l) 1105 1185 1345 food processing industries. This material contains Surface Moisture (%) 0.02 Magnesium Carbonate, which is added to improve caking Magnesium Carbonate (%) 0.5 resistance and flowability. PERCENT PARTICLE SIZE MIN TARGET MAX Product Certifications DISTRIBUTION (SCREENS) Sieve - USS 30 Mesh Retained 0 40 50 Cargill® Sea Salts meet USDA, FDA and Food Chemicals Codex for food use. Sieve - USS 40 Mesh Retained 34 Sieve - USS 50 Mesh Retained 16 Cargill® Sea Salts are certified Kosher for Passover (OU-P) SieveCargill - USS 70 Mesh® RetainedSea Salt 8 by the Orthodox Union. Sieve - Retained on Pan 0 1 10 Made with Sun, Wind and Time Allergen Status Harvesting sea salt from San Francisco Bay today is similar to the salt-making process that has been used for centuries. In accordance with the 2004 USA Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA), no allergen declarations are required for this product.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnesium Sulfate
    MAGNESIUM SULFATE Prepared at the 68th JECFA (2007), published in FAO JECFA Monographs 4 (2007), superseding the specifications prepared at the 63rd JECFA (2004) and published the Combined Compendium of Food Additive Specifications, FAO JECFA Monographs 1 (2005). An ADI “not specified” was established at the 68th JECFA (2007). SYNONYMS Epsom salt (heptahydrate); INS No.518 DEFINITION Magnesium sulfate occurs naturally in sea water, mineral springs and in minerals such as kieserite and epsomite. It is recovered from them or by reacting sulfuric acid and magnesium oxide. It is produced with one or seven molecules of water of hydration or in a dried form containing the equivalent of between 2 and 3 waters of hydration. Chemical names Magnesium sulfate C.A.S. number Monohydrate: 14168-73-1 Heptahydrate: 10034-99-8 Dried: 15244-36-7 Chemical formula Monohydrate: MgSO4.H2O Heptahydrate: MgSO4.7H2O Dried: MgSO4.xH2O, where x is the average hydration value (between 2 and 3) Formula weight Monohydrate: 138.38 Heptahydrate: 246.47 Assay Not less than 99.0 % and not more than 100.5% on the ignited basis DESCRIPTION Colourless crystals, granular crystalline powder or white powder. Crystals effloresce in warm, dry air. FUNCTIONAL USES Nutrient; flavour enhancer; firming agent; and processing aid (fermentation aid in the production of beer and malt beverages) CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFICATION Solubility (Vol. 4) Freely soluble in water, very soluble in boiling water, and sparingly soluble in ethanol. Test for magnesium (Vol. 4) Passes test Test for sulfate (Vol. 4) Passes test PURITY Loss on ignition (Vol. 4) Monohydrate: between 13.0 and 16.0 %, Heptahydrate: between 40.0 and 52.0 %, Dried: between 22.0 and 32.0 % (105°, 2h, then 400° to constant weight) pH (Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanosynthesis of Magnesium and Calcium Salt?Urea Ionic Cocrystal
    Letter pubs.acs.org/journal/ascecg Mechanosynthesis of Magnesium and Calcium Salt−Urea Ionic Cocrystal Fertilizer Materials for Improved Nitrogen Management Kenneth Honer, Eren Kalfaoglu, Carlos Pico, Jane McCann, and Jonas Baltrusaitis* Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Only 47% of the total fertilizer nitrogen applied to the environment is taken up by the plants whereas approximately 40% of the total fertilizer nitrogen lost to the environment reverts back into unreactive atmospheric dinitrogen that greatly affects the global nitrogen cycle including increased energy consumption for NH3 synthesis, as well as accumulation of nitrates in drinking water. In this letter, we provide a mechanochemical method of inorganic magnesium and calcium salt−urea ionic cocrystal synthesis to obtain enhanced stability nitrogen fertilizers. The solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis presented can result in a greater manufacturing process sustainability by reducing or eliminating the need for solution handling and evaporation. NH3 emission testing suggests that urea ionic cocrystals are capable of decreasing NH3 emissions to the environment when compared to pure urea, thus providing implications for a sustainable global solution to the management of the nitrogen cycle. KEYWORDS: Fertilizers, Nitrogen, urea, Mechanochemistry, Cocrystal, pXRD, NH3 Emissions, Stability ■ INTRODUCTION ammonia as opposed to up to 61.1% of soil treated with urea 7,8 fi only, which suggests that major improvements to the global Atmospheric dinitrogen, N2, xation to synthesize ammonia, 9,10 ’ 1 nitrogen cycle are achievable. Additionally, urea molecular NH3, consumes more than 1% of the world s primary energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Potassium-Magnesium Citrate Is an Effective Prophylaxis Against Recurrent Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis
    0022-5347/97/1586-2069$03.00/0 JOURNAL OF UROLOGY Vol. 158,2069-2073, December 1997 Copyright Q 1997 by AMERICANUROLOGICAL ASS~CIATION, INC. Printed in U.S.A. POTASSIUM-MAGNESIUM CITRATE IS AN EFFECTIVE PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST RECURRENT CALCIUM OXALATE NEPHROLITHIASIS BRUCE ETTINGER,* CHARLES Y. C. PAK, JOHN T. CITRON, CARL THOMAS, BEVERLEY ADAMS-HIJET AND ARLINE VANGESSEL From the Diuision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, California, the Department of Mineral Metabolism, Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Walnut Creek, California, Department of Urology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Francisco, California, and Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Oakland, California ABSTRACT Purpose: We examined the efficacy of potassium-magnesium citrate in preventing recurrent calcium oxalate kidney calculi. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective double-blind study of 64 patients who were randomly assigned to receive placebo or potassium-magnesium citrate (42 mEq. potassium, 21 mEq. magnesium, and 63 mEq. citrate) daily for up to 3 years. Results. New calculi formed in 63.6%of subjects receiving placebo and in 12.9%of subjects receiving potassium-magnesiumcitrate. When compared with placebo, the relative risk of treat- ment failure for potassium-magnesium citrate was 0.16 (95%confidence interval 0.05 to 0.46). potassium-magnesium citrate had a statistically significant effect (relative risk 0.10,95%confi- dence interval 0.03 to 0.36) even after adjustment for possible confounders, including age, pretreatment calculous event rate and urinary biochemical abnormalities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Minerals in the Long Term Health of Humans Philip H
    The Importance of Minerals in the Long Term Health of Humans Philip H. Merrell, PhD Technical Market Manager, Jost Chemical Co. Calcium 20 Ca 40.078 Copper 29 Cu 63.546 Iron Magnesium 26 12 Fe Mg 55.845 24.305 Manganese Zinc 25 30 Mn Zn 55.938 65.380 Table of Contents Introduction, Discussion and General Information ..................................1 Calcium ......................................................................................................3 Copper .......................................................................................................7 Iron ...........................................................................................................10 Magnesium ..............................................................................................13 Manganese ..............................................................................................16 Zinc ..........................................................................................................19 Introduction Daily intakes of several minerals are necessary for the continued basic functioning of the human body. The minerals, Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) are known to be necessary for proper function and growth of the many systems in the human body and thus contribute to the overall health of the individual. There are several other trace minerals requirements. Minimum (and in some cases maximum) daily amounts for each of these minerals have been established by the Institute of
    [Show full text]
  • Laxatives for the Management of Constipation in People Receiving Palliative Care (Review)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery Laxatives for the management of constipation in people receiving palliative care (Review) Candy B, Jones L, Larkin PJ, Vickerstaff V, Tookman A, Stone P This is a reprint of a Cochrane review, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2015, Issue 5 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com Laxatives for the management of constipation in people receiving palliative care (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 PLAINLANGUAGESUMMARY . 2 BACKGROUND .................................... 2 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 4 METHODS ...................................... 4 RESULTS....................................... 7 Figure1. ..................................... 8 Figure2. ..................................... 9 Figure3. ..................................... 10 DISCUSSION ..................................... 13 AUTHORS’CONCLUSIONS . 14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 14 REFERENCES ..................................... 15 CHARACTERISTICSOFSTUDIES . 17 DATAANDANALYSES. 26 ADDITIONALTABLES. 26 APPENDICES ..................................... 28 WHAT’SNEW..................................... 35 HISTORY....................................... 35 CONTRIBUTIONSOFAUTHORS . 36 DECLARATIONSOFINTEREST . 36 SOURCESOFSUPPORT . 36 DIFFERENCES
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfate Resistance Study of Carbonated Low-Calcium Silicate Systems
    Sixth International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures Paper Number PSE12 18 - 20 July 2018 University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom Sulfate Resistance Study of Carbonated Low-Calcium Silicate Systems R. Tokpatayeva and J. Olek Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA J. Jain, A. Seth and N. DeCristofaro Solidia Technologies Inc., Piscataway, NJ, USA ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the results of sulfate resistance study of carbonated mortar specimens made with Solidia Cement (SC) and tested for expansion according to ASTM C1012 specification while exposed to three types of soak solutions: sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and deionized water. A control set of ordinary portland cement (OPC) mortars was also evaluated. Besides the length change measurements, visual observations of changes in the appearance of specimens were conducted after various lengths of exposure. In addition, microstructural characterization of the specimens was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Finally, changes in the concentration of the chemical species present in the soak solutions in contact with the SC specimens were evaluated using both, the ion chromatography (IC) and the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). As expected, the OPC mortar specimens started deteriorating early and reached the critical (i.e.0.1%) level of expansion in about 4 months in case of sodium sulfate solution and in about 6 months in case of magnesium sulfate solution. With respect to the SC mortar specimens, those exposed to magnesium sulfate solution showed higher expansion than those exposed to sodium sulfate solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Medication Other Information Aches and Pains Constipation Cough/Cold Diarrhea Fever Over the Counter Medications in Pregnancy
    Over the Counter Medications in Pregnancy Women commonly use over the counter medications in pregnancy. This is a list of those medication you may safely use during pregnancy. If you have any questions about these medications and how to use them please contact your Healthcare Provider's office. Unless otherwise stated please take the medication as directed on the manufactures label. Medication Other Information Aches and Pains * Tylenol Extra Strength 500 mg tablet No more than 6 tablets in a 24 hour period * Tylenol 325 mg tablet No more than 8 in a 24 hour period Constipation Stool Softener Increases the amount of water in your stools to make them easier to pass * Colace (docusate sodium) * Surfak (docusate calcium) * Docusate Fiber Laxative Increases the amount of bulk in your stools to make them easier to pass * Metamucil (psyllium) * Fibercon (Calcium polycarbophil 625 mg) Stool Softener/Fiber Laxative Increases the amount of water in your stools to make them easier to pass * Peri-Colace (docusate sodium/sennosides) * Senekot -S (docusate sodium/sennosides) Osmotic Laxative Increases the amount of water in your stools to make them easier to pass * Milk of Magnesia * MiraLax (polyethylene glycol 3350) Cough/Cold Expectorants Help thin mucus and phlegm so they can be coughed up * Robitussin * Guaifenesin Antihistamines Can be used to relieve seasonal allergy and common cold symptoms of nasal congestion, * Chlorpheniramine sneezing and itchy eyes Cough Suppressants Help calm a cough * Dextromethorphan Decongestants Are used to relieve
    [Show full text]
  • Cycle Stability and Hydration Behavior of Magnesium Oxide and Its Dependence on the Precursor-Related Particle Morphology
    nanomaterials Article Cycle Stability and Hydration Behavior of Magnesium Oxide and Its Dependence on the Precursor-Related Particle Morphology Georg Gravogl 1,2, Christian Knoll 2,3 , Jan M. Welch 4, Werner Artner 5, Norbert Freiberger 6, Roland Nilica 6, Elisabeth Eitenberger 7, Gernot Friedbacher 7, Michael Harasek 3 , Andreas Werner 8, Klaudia Hradil 5, Herwig Peterlik 9, Peter Weinberger 2 , Danny Müller 2,* and Ronald Miletich 1 1 Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (R.M.) 2 Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (C.K.); [email protected] (P.W.) 3 Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 4 Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 5 X-ray Center, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (W.A.); [email protected] (K.H.) 6 RHI-AG, Magnesitstraße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; [email protected] (N.F.); [email protected] (R.N.) 7 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (E.E); [email protected] (G.F.) 8 Institute for Energy Systems and Thermodynamics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 9 Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-1-5880-1163-740 Received: 31 August 2018; Accepted: 2 October 2018; Published: 7 October 2018 Abstract: Thermochemical energy storage is considered as an auspicious method for the recycling of medium-temperature waste heat.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of a Drugs & Therapeutics Backgrounder on Docusate Utilization
    Impact of a Drugs & Therapeutics Backgrounder on Docusate Utilization Darren Pasay, B.Sc.Pharm Drug Stewardship Pharmacist (Central Zone) [email protected] Disclosure I have no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this topic or presentation. Drug Stewardship in Alberta Health Services • Drug Stewardship (DS) Team established in 2012 • “The shared responsibility of Drugs & Safety Therapeutics Committee (DTC), prescribers, pharmacy and care units to ensure Sustainability medications are used in a manner that maximizes the effectiveness, safety and sustainability of care for our patients” Effectiveness • Research and project support Drugs & Therapeutics Backgrounders (DTBs) • Frontline staff wanted background and support on DTC/formulary issues1 • One page document, meant to enhance conversations with prescribers • Supported by content experts, based upon DTC directions • Published 6 times/year • Followed by 2 interactive webinars for each edition 1. Pasay Darren K, Chow Sheldon JS, Bresee Lauren C, Guirguis Micheal, Slobodan Jeremy. Assessment of current antimicrobial stewardship policies and resources: a focus group project. Healthcare Infection 2015; 20: 7–15. Docusate • Over-the-counter stool softener • It is clear, based on published peer-reviewed literature, that docusate is ineffective for the prevention or treatment of constipation • Open listed on AHS Provincial Drug Formulary • Limited coverage on Alberta Drug Benefit List (palliative care only) Docusate DTB • Preliminary work o ~ 2 million doses/year dispensed • Influences o Some LTC sites have eliminated o Engrained in practice use already • Part of pharmacy, medicine, nursing curriculums • Order sets, Pre-printed care • What are the costs of? orders (PPCO) o Procurement o Seen as innocuous, safe o Processing, dispensing o Medication administration o Medication burden BOTTOM LINE: Docusate is no more effective than placebo for the prevention and treatment of constipation.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Nov
    3,539,306 United States Patent Office Patented Nov. 10, 1970 2 properties of quick activity, durable effect and storage 3,539,306 PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION Stability, and that, therefore, the same can provide an ex OF HYDROTALCITE cellent, ideal antacid. Teruhiko Kumura and Norio Imataki, Takamatsu-shi, Hydrotalcite is known as a mineral having a chemical Katuyuki Hasui, Kagawa-ken, and Takeo Inoue and 5 Structure of the formula Kimiaki Yasutomi, Nagao-machi, Kagawa-ken, Japan, assignors to Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, MgAl(OH) 16CO3 4HO O Al2O3 6MgO CO2: 12H2O Japan, a corporation of Japan No Drawing. Filed July 21, 1967, Ser. No. 654,977 which has been naturally produced in only very limited Claims priority, application Japan, July 25, 1966, areas as Norway and Ural. Also a process for the syn 41/48,349; July 17, 1967, 42/45,658 O thesis of hydrotalcite was disclosed, which comprises add Int. C. COf 5/00, 7/00, A61k 27/06 ing Dry Ice or ammonium carbonate to a mixture of U.S. C. 23-315 4 Claims magnesium oxide and y-alumina or the thermal decom position product from of magnesium nitrate and aluminum nitrate, and thereafter maintaining the system at tempera ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE, tures below 325 C. and under elevated pressures of total A process for the preparation of hydrotalcite which 2,000-20,000 p.s.i. (Roy et al.: American Journal of comprises mixing an alumium component such as alumi Science 251, 350-353 (1953)). However this process is num Salt With a magnesium component such as magnesium obviously unpractical for industrial scale production of Salt in an aqueous medium in the presence of carbonate hydrotalcite, because the reaction system must be main ion at a pH of at least 8 and thereafter recovering the 20 tained under considerably high pressures.
    [Show full text]