DOCSLIB.ORG

Managing Ferret Toxicoses J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Managing Ferret Toxicoses J CLINICIAN’S NOTEBOOK Managing Ferret Toxicoses J. RICHARDSON AND R. BALABUSZKO Jill A. Richardson, DVM, Dipl ACFE ASPCA National Animal Poison Control Center 1717 South Philo Road Suite 36 Urbana, Illinois 61802 [email protected] FERRETS ARE EXTREMELY CURIOUS and adept at accessing areas where PRACTICE TIP baits, cleaners, chemicals and medica- Rachel A. Balabuszko, CVT tions are stored. Ferrets can even pry ASPCA National Animal Poison caps from child-resistant bottles or Control Center chew through heavy plastic contain- ers. Products such as antifreeze, Dr. Jill A. Richardson received her DVM flavored medications or pest control degree from Tuskegee University in baits have an appealing taste. Because 1994. In 1996, following experience in the average weight of the adult ferret small animal practices in Tennessee and is less than 2 kg, even small amounts in West Virginia, Dr. Richardson joined of toxins can be dangerous when the ASPCA National Animal Poison ingested. Therefore, prompt treatment Control Center as a Veterinary Poison of toxicoses is essential. Information Specialist. Rachel Balabuszko, CVT, joined the In cases of oral exposure, ferrets have ASPCA National Animal Poison Control the ability to vomit. However, the Center as a Certified Veterinary length of time since ingestion of the Ferrets can be restrained by scruffing Technician in 1998, after receiving her toxicant, the ferret’s age, its previous the loose skin on the back of the neck. associate degree in veterinary technol- medical history, and the type of ogy from Parkland College. poison ingested all affect the decision to induce emesis. Tom Schaefges Photography Sidney, Illinois [email protected] EXOTIC DVM VOLUME 2.4 2000 23 CLINICIAN’S NOTEBOOK STEPS IN MANAGING FERRET TOXICOSES START ASSESS THE SITUATION STABILIZE THE FERRET ✖ Is the ferret seizuring? ✖ Administer oxygen if necessary ✖ Is the ferret breathing? ✖ Control seizures ✖ What is the heart rate? ✖ Correct any cardiovascular ✖ What color are the mucous abnormality membranes? Table 1. ✖ Is the ferret in shock? Potentially Lethal Agents ✖ What is the body temperature? Via Oral Exposure ✖ Is there evidence of hemorrhage? ✖ 5-fluorouracil ✖ isoniazid If stable ✖ metaldehyde ✖ strychnine Patient Information ✖ tricyclic antidepressants ✔ age Table 2. ✔ sex Seizurogenic Toxicants ✔ pregnant or lactating? ✔ health problems? ✖ 5-FU ✔ recent abdominal surgeries? ✖ aminopyridine ✔ currently on medication? ✖ amphetamines Exposure history ✖ cocaine ✔ when was the exposure? ✔ how much was ingested? ✖ metaldehyde ✔ when did clinical signs occur? ✖ methylxanthine ✖ nicotine ✖ strychnine ✖ tremorgenic mycotoxins I Emesis ✔ is hyperactive Table 3. Hydrogen Peroxide 3% ✔ has recent history of abdominal surgery Corrosive Agents (1 ml/lb PO) ✔ has already vomited or is exhibiting ✖ acids ✔ dilute with milk or clinical signs water in cases of ✖ alkali (e.g., sodium or potassium ✔ has ingested hydrocarbon-containing hydroxide found in some drain corrosive ingestion (1-3 materials ml/lb) cleaners) ✔ has ingested cationic detergents, acids, ✔ causes vomiting through ✖ cationic detergents or alkali mild gastric irritation ✖ phenolics I Gastric Lavage ✔ vomiting occurs usually within 15 minutes ✔ use when emesis is contraindicated Table 4. but emptying the stomach is essential ✔ can be repeated once Hydrocarbons ✔ use cuffed endotracheal tube to prevent ✔ most effective shortly after toxin ingestion ✖ butane aspiration ✔ most productive after small moist meal ✖ fuel oil ✔ choose anesthetic agent based on type (e.g., canned cat foot) of toxicant ✖ gasoline Do not induce emesis ✔ isoflurane is optimal anesthetic agent ✖ kerosene if the ferret: ✔ diazepam or a short-acting barbiturate ✖ mineral spirits ✔ has a history of epilepsy or cardiovascular may be appropriate ✖ motor oil disease ✔ do not perform with ingestion of caustic ✔ ✖ propane is debilitated, severely depressed or in a or petroleum distillate products coma ✖ tar ✖ transmission fluid 24 2000 VOLUME 2.4 EXOTIC DVM PREVENT ABSORPTION CONTROL ANCILLARY MEASURES I Dermal Exposure CLINICAL SIGNS ✖ monitor the systems most likely to be ✖ bathe the ferret with mild liquid ✖ administer specific “antidote” if affected detergent or non-insecticidal pet applicable ✖ chemistry panels, coagulation panels, shampoo ✖ correct acid base balance, hydration diagnostic tests ✖ may need to be repeated and electrolytes if needed ✖ supportive care offered until full ✖ rinse well with warm water ✖ diuresis may be beneficial for recovery ✖ towel dry to prevent chilling exposures to nephrotoxic agents or to enhance elimination of the ✖ monitor skin for redness, swelling poison or pain I Adverse effects of diuresis I Ocular Irrigation ✔ pulmonary edema ✖ flush eyes with tepid tap water or ✔ cerebral edema physiological saline for a minimum ✔ metabolic acidosis or alkalosis of 20-30 minutes. After flushing, ✔ water intoxication treat with lubricant ointments ✖ if the substance is corrosive, examine the eyes for corneal ulceration ✖ follow-up examinations I Oral Exposure ✖ emesis, gastric lavage, and/or treatment with activated charcoal may be required Oral Exposure I Activated Charcoal bradycardia, hypotension, and respiratory (1-3 g/kg body weight) depression; do not give magnesium sulfate Table 5. to patients with renal compromise) Toxicants Causing CNS ✔ adsorbs a chemical or Depression toxicant ✖ osmotic: Sorbitol® 3 ml/kg (can be used ✖ barbiturates ✔ helpful for organic poisons, safely with repeated charcoal administration) chemical or bacterial toxins ✖ bulking: Metamucil® psyllium or vegetable ✖ benzodiazepines or if enterohepatic recir- fiber such as canned pumpkin, sweet ✖ ethanol culation occurs potato, bran cereal (indicated with ✖ ethylene glycol ✔ repeated doses of activated charcoal may be ingestion of bulky physical agents) ✖ ivermectin indicated ✔ some commercial products contain both ✖ marijuana ✔ administer via large syringe or gastric tube activated charcoal and a cathartic ✔ ✖ opiods ✔ use cuffed endotracheal tube in sedated or do not use cathartics if ferret has diarrhea or clinically depressed ferrets is dehydrated ✖ phenothiazines I ✔ do not use activated charcoal for ingestion Enterogastric Lavage ✖ TCAs of: ✖ caustic materials ✔ may be necessary when potentially lethal oral ✖ heavy metals (iron, lead, mercury) exposures have occurred ✖ arsenic ✔ possible complications may include intestinal I Cathartics rupture and gastroenteritis ✔ administer to facilitate removal of the I Enemas activated charcoal-bound substance ✔ eliminate toxicants from the lower GI tract ✔ cathartic classifications ✔ use soapy water, plain water or water mixed ✖ saline: sodium or magnesium sulfate with activated charcoal (excess magnesium can cause drowsiness or CNS depression, muscular weakness, ✔ do not use pre-mixed solution for humans EXOTIC DVM VOLUME 2.4 2000 25 CLINICIAN’S NOTEBOOK Table 6. References Nephrotoxic Agents PRACTICE TIP 1. Orcutt CJ: Emergency and critical ✖ cadmium care of ferrets. Vet Clin No Amer Exotic Animal Practice 1(1):99-125, ✖ cantharidin 1998. ✖ cholecalciferol 2. Mason DE: Anesthesia, analgesia, and sedation for small mammals. In ✖ diquat herbicides Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE (eds): ✖ ethylene glycol Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents - Clinical Medicine and Surgery. ✖ mercury Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1997, ✖ nephrotoxic antibacterials: OTC pp 378-391. bacitracin, polymyxin-B, gentamycin, 3. Exotic Animal Formulary - A neomycin Supplement to AAHA’s Practitioner Guides to Exotic Animal Medicine. ✖ nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Lakewood, CO, The American ✖ oxalic acid Animal Hospital Association, 1995, pp 5-11. ✖ phenolics 4. Beasley VR, et al: Management of ✖ rhubarb toxicoses. Vet Clin No Amer 20(2):307-337, 1990. ✖ zinc 5. Brown SA: Basic anatomy, physiol- ogy, and husbandry. In Hillyer EV, Table 7. Quesenberry KE (eds): Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents - Clinical Hepatotoxic Agents Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia, ✖ acetaminophen Treats can be used as a distraction while WB Saunders Co, 1997, pp 3-13. procedures such as blood collection are 6. Mullen H: Soft tissue surgery. In ✖ amanita mushrooms performed. Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE (eds): ✖ arsenic Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents - Clinical Medicine and Surgery. ✖ blue-green algae Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1997, ✖ copper General supportive care, including pp 131-144. 7. Quesenberry KE: Basic approach to ✖ fluid therapy and nutritional supple- Cycad species veterinary care. In Hillyer EV, ✖ hepatoxic mycotoxins mentation, is an important part of Quesenberry KE (eds): Ferrets, treating a toxicosis. Additional treat- Rabbits, and Rodents - Clinical ✖ iron Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia, ment may be necessary, such as the ✖ phenolics WB Saunders Co, 1997, pp 14-25. use of gastric protectants or anti- 8. Plumb DC: Veterinary Drug ✖ pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants Handbook 3rd ed. Ames, Iowa State biotics. ✖ tannic acid University Press, 1999, pp 387-388. 9. Rosenthal KL: Respiratory diseases. ✖ vitamin A Ingestion of alkali agents can cause In Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE (eds): corrosive damage to the mouth, Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents - Clinical Medicine and Surgery. Table 8. tongue and stomach, which may Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1997, Drugs That Have an require several days of gastric protec- pp 77-84. Anti-emetic Effect tants and antibiotics. Ingestion of ✖ antidepressants estrogen, lead, or anti-neoplastic ✖ antihistamines medications can cause anemia that ✖ barbiturates may require support. ✖ benzodiazepine ✖ codeine ✖ dimenhydrinate ✖ marijuana ✖ phenothiazines The ASPCA National Animal Poison Control Center, an operating division of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), is the only animal-oriented poison control center in North America. It is a unique, emergency hotline providing 24-hour-a-day, 7-day-a-week telephone assistance. The Center’s hotline veterinarians can quickly answer questions about toxic chemicals, dangerous plants, products or substances found in our everyday surroundings that can prove poisonous or fatal to animals. <www.napcc.aspca.org> 26 2000 VOLUME 2.4 EXOTIC DVM.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rio Grande National Forest Draft Assessment 5 At-Risk Species
    Rio Grande National Forest- Draft Assessment 5 Identifying and Assessing At-risk Species Rio Grande National Forest Draft Assessment 5 Identifying and Assessing At-risk Species Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Information Sources and Gaps .............................................................................................................. 2 Existing Forest Plan Direction .............................................................................................................. 2 Scale of Analysis (Area of Influence) ................................................................................................... 4 Assessment 5 Development Process ..................................................................................................... 4 Federally Recognized Species .................................................................................................................. 6 Uncompahgre Fritillary Butterfly ......................................................................................................... 6 Black-footed Ferret ............................................................................................................................... 8 Canada Lynx ....................................................................................................................................... 11 New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Magnesium Sulfate
    MAGNESIUM SULFATE Prepared at the 68th JECFA (2007), published in FAO JECFA Monographs 4 (2007), superseding the specifications prepared at the 63rd JECFA (2004) and published the Combined Compendium of Food Additive Specifications, FAO JECFA Monographs 1 (2005). An ADI “not specified” was established at the 68th JECFA (2007). SYNONYMS Epsom salt (heptahydrate); INS No.518 DEFINITION Magnesium sulfate occurs naturally in sea water, mineral springs and in minerals such as kieserite and epsomite. It is recovered from them or by reacting sulfuric acid and magnesium oxide. It is produced with one or seven molecules of water of hydration or in a dried form containing the equivalent of between 2 and 3 waters of hydration. Chemical names Magnesium sulfate C.A.S. number Monohydrate: 14168-73-1 Heptahydrate: 10034-99-8 Dried: 15244-36-7 Chemical formula Monohydrate: MgSO4.H2O Heptahydrate: MgSO4.7H2O Dried: MgSO4.xH2O, where x is the average hydration value (between 2 and 3) Formula weight Monohydrate: 138.38 Heptahydrate: 246.47 Assay Not less than 99.0 % and not more than 100.5% on the ignited basis DESCRIPTION Colourless crystals, granular crystalline powder or white powder. Crystals effloresce in warm, dry air. FUNCTIONAL USES Nutrient; flavour enhancer; firming agent; and processing aid (fermentation aid in the production of beer and malt beverages) CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFICATION Solubility (Vol. 4) Freely soluble in water, very soluble in boiling water, and sparingly soluble in ethanol. Test for magnesium (Vol. 4) Passes test Test for sulfate (Vol. 4) Passes test PURITY Loss on ignition (Vol. 4) Monohydrate: between 13.0 and 16.0 %, Heptahydrate: between 40.0 and 52.0 %, Dried: between 22.0 and 32.0 % (105°, 2h, then 400° to constant weight) pH (Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanosynthesis of Magnesium and Calcium Salt?Urea Ionic Cocrystal
    Letter pubs.acs.org/journal/ascecg Mechanosynthesis of Magnesium and Calcium Salt−Urea Ionic Cocrystal Fertilizer Materials for Improved Nitrogen Management Kenneth Honer, Eren Kalfaoglu, Carlos Pico, Jane McCann, and Jonas Baltrusaitis* Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Only 47% of the total fertilizer nitrogen applied to the environment is taken up by the plants whereas approximately 40% of the total fertilizer nitrogen lost to the environment reverts back into unreactive atmospheric dinitrogen that greatly affects the global nitrogen cycle including increased energy consumption for NH3 synthesis, as well as accumulation of nitrates in drinking water. In this letter, we provide a mechanochemical method of inorganic magnesium and calcium salt−urea ionic cocrystal synthesis to obtain enhanced stability nitrogen fertilizers. The solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis presented can result in a greater manufacturing process sustainability by reducing or eliminating the need for solution handling and evaporation. NH3 emission testing suggests that urea ionic cocrystals are capable of decreasing NH3 emissions to the environment when compared to pure urea, thus providing implications for a sustainable global solution to the management of the nitrogen cycle. KEYWORDS: Fertilizers, Nitrogen, urea, Mechanochemistry, Cocrystal, pXRD, NH3 Emissions, Stability ■ INTRODUCTION ammonia as opposed to up to 61.1% of soil treated with urea 7,8 fi only, which suggests that major improvements to the global Atmospheric dinitrogen, N2, xation to synthesize ammonia, 9,10 ’ 1 nitrogen cycle are achievable. Additionally, urea molecular NH3, consumes more than 1% of the world s primary energy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Minerals in the Long Term Health of Humans Philip H
    The Importance of Minerals in the Long Term Health of Humans Philip H. Merrell, PhD Technical Market Manager, Jost Chemical Co. Calcium 20 Ca 40.078 Copper 29 Cu 63.546 Iron Magnesium 26 12 Fe Mg 55.845 24.305 Manganese Zinc 25 30 Mn Zn 55.938 65.380 Table of Contents Introduction, Discussion and General Information ..................................1 Calcium ......................................................................................................3 Copper .......................................................................................................7 Iron ...........................................................................................................10 Magnesium ..............................................................................................13 Manganese ..............................................................................................16 Zinc ..........................................................................................................19 Introduction Daily intakes of several minerals are necessary for the continued basic functioning of the human body. The minerals, Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) are known to be necessary for proper function and growth of the many systems in the human body and thus contribute to the overall health of the individual. There are several other trace minerals requirements. Minimum (and in some cases maximum) daily amounts for each of these minerals have been established by the Institute of
    [Show full text]
  • Care of the Pet Ferret
    Care of the Pet Ferret What is a ferret? Ferrets are playful, friendly animals that can make excellent pets for the right person. • A ferret may not be the best pet for a family with young children. Interactions between ferrets (or any pet!) and a young child should always be monitored. • Ferrets also tend to get along well with most cats and dogs, however this predator species may not get along with birds, rabbits, rodents, or lizards. • Some states, counties, and cities carry restrictions on the ownership of ferrets or require permits. Be sure to research the law in your area! The ferret is a relative of the weasel, skunk, and otter. Most ferrets sold as pets in the United States come from a commercial breeding farm where young ferrets or “kits” are neutered and their anal musk glands are removed (descented). Two small blue tattoos are placed in the ear at the same time these procedures are performed. Although pet ferrets are descented, they still retain their natural musky odor. Ferrets live an average 6 to 8 years. Females typically weigh between 500 and 900 grams (1.1-2 lb) while males generally weigh 800 to 1200 grams (1.7-2.6 lb). Feeding your ferret The ferret is a strict carnivore that requires a diet rich in animal protein (30% to 40%) and fat (15% to 20%) plus approximately 2% fiber. Most ferret foods or a high-quality dry cat food (e.g. Science Diet, Iams) meet their nutritional requirements. Most ferrets eat many small meals in a day, so make food available at all times.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfate Resistance Study of Carbonated Low-Calcium Silicate Systems
    Sixth International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures Paper Number PSE12 18 - 20 July 2018 University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom Sulfate Resistance Study of Carbonated Low-Calcium Silicate Systems R. Tokpatayeva and J. Olek Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA J. Jain, A. Seth and N. DeCristofaro Solidia Technologies Inc., Piscataway, NJ, USA ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the results of sulfate resistance study of carbonated mortar specimens made with Solidia Cement (SC) and tested for expansion according to ASTM C1012 specification while exposed to three types of soak solutions: sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and deionized water. A control set of ordinary portland cement (OPC) mortars was also evaluated. Besides the length change measurements, visual observations of changes in the appearance of specimens were conducted after various lengths of exposure. In addition, microstructural characterization of the specimens was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Finally, changes in the concentration of the chemical species present in the soak solutions in contact with the SC specimens were evaluated using both, the ion chromatography (IC) and the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). As expected, the OPC mortar specimens started deteriorating early and reached the critical (i.e.0.1%) level of expansion in about 4 months in case of sodium sulfate solution and in about 6 months in case of magnesium sulfate solution. With respect to the SC mortar specimens, those exposed to magnesium sulfate solution showed higher expansion than those exposed to sodium sulfate solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Rabies-Brochure.Pdf
    beginning at the head and neck causing son that may not be fully aware of its jaws to hang open, and or impaired loco- presence (i.e., an infant, a person that motion. is sleeping or intoxicated). WHAT IS RABIES? How soon after infection do symp- It is sometimes difficult to determine toms appear? whether a possible rabies exposure oc- A Quick Guide curred, so any injury from an animal, or Typically, symptoms of rabies may start to exposure to a bat within the household, appear within 1 to 3 months of exposure, should be discussed with a medical provider although time periods of up to several years have been reported. What is the preventive treatment for a potential rabies exposure (e.g., When and for how long is an animal animal bite or bat exposure)? able to spread rabies? If a physician determines that rabies expo- An animal can only transmit rabies through sure may have occurred, they will recom- a bite when the virus has infected the ani- mend PEP. Preventive treatment requires mal's brain. Once the brain is infected, the prompt washing of the bite site with soap animal begins shedding the virus in its sa- and copious amounts of water, followed by liva. It is at this time or soon after that the the injection of PEP which includes rabies animal begins to shows signs of illness. For immune globulin (dosage depending on dogs, cats, ferrets and some other animals weight) and five doses of rabies vaccine the period during which they can shed the injected into the arm muscle on days 0, 3, virus has been documented.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnesium Sulfate for Neuroprotection Practice Guideline
    [Type text] [Type text] Updated June 2013 Magnesium Sulfate for Neuroprotection Practice Guideline I. Background: Magnesium sulfate has been suggested to have neuro-protective effect in retrospective studies from 1987 and 1996. Since that time three randomized control trials have been performed to assess magnesium therapy for fetal neuroprotection. These studies have failed to demonstrate statistically significant decrease in combined outcome of cerebral palsy and death or improved overall neonatal survival. However, these results did demonstrate a significant decrease in cerebral palsy of any severity by 30%, particularly moderate-severe cerebral palsy (40-45%). The number needed to treat at less than 32 weeks gestation is 56. The presumptive mechanism of action for magnesium sulfate focuses on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Additional magnesium effects include calcium channel blockade resulting in cerebrovascular relaxation and magnesium mediated decreases in free radical production and reductions in the production of inflammatory cytokines. Magnesium sulfate should not be used as a tocolytic simply because of the potential for neuro-protective effects. In a recent committee opinion, ACOG states “the available evidence suggests that magnesium sulfate given before anticipated early preterm birth reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in surviving infants” but specific guidelines should be established. “The U.S. FDA has recently changed the classification of magnesium sulfate injection from Category A to Category D. However, this change was based on a small number of neonatal outcomes in cases in which the average duration of exposure was 9.6 weeks. The ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine continue to support the use of magnesium sulfate in obstetric care for appropriate conditions and for appropriate, short term (usually less than 48 hours) durations of treatment.” II.
    [Show full text]
  • Disposal of Solid Chemicals in the Normal Trash
    Disposal of Solid Chemicals in the Normal Trash Many solid chemicals can be safety discarded into the normal trash, provided they are in containers that are not broken or cracked and have tightly fitting caps. These chemicals are considered acceptable for ordinary disposal because they display none of the properties of hazardous waste, are of low acute toxicity, and have not been identified as having any chronic toxic effects as summarized in the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) “Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances”. Examples of chemicals acceptable for disposal as regular trash are listed below. To dispose of these chemicals, place the containers in a box lined with a plastic bag, tape the top of the box shut, write “Normal Trash” on the box and then place the box next to the lab trash container. Only solid forms of these chemicals can be disposed in this manner. Any questions about these chemicals or other chemicals that may be disposed of in the normal trash should be directed to the Hazardous Materials Technician (610) 330-5225. Chemicals Generally Acceptable for Disposal as Regular Trash Acacia powder, gum Detergent (most) Methyl salicylate Sodium carbonate arabic Cation exchange resins Methylene blue Sodium chloride Acid, Ascorbic Chromatographic Methyl stearate Sodium citrate Acid, Benzoic absorbents Nutrient agar Sodium dodecyl sulfate Acid, Boric Crystal violet Octacosane (SDS) Acid, Casamind Dextrin Parafin Sodium formate Acid, Citric Dextrose Pepsin Sodium iodide Acid, Lactic Diatomaceous
    [Show full text]
  • Rabies Background and General Virus Information Rabies Prevention and Control in Florida
    Rabies Background and General Virus Information Rabies Prevention and Control in Florida Rabies Background and General Virus Information This individual chapter is part of the Rabies Prevention and Control in Florida guidance documents. The purpose of this compendium is to provide recommended policies and procedures for rabies prevention and control in Florida. It is intended primarily for use by county health department (CHD) staff, animal control specialists, veterinarians, health care providers and others with related responsibilities or interests. This publication, while produced and distributed by the Florida Department of Health (DOH) Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, has been developed by a multidisciplinary Florida Rabies Advisory Committee that represents the major agencies, institutions and organizations involved with rabies prevention and control in the state. The individual chapters and associated resources are routinely updated and posted on the following website: *www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/rabies/professionals.html. A. Background—United States Human exposure to rabies most frequently involves the bite of a rabid animal. Exact figures are not available, but bites from some type of domestic or wild animal to Florida residents and visitors (especially children) are common each year. Dogs are the major source of animal bites in Florida, followed by cats, rodents, raccoons, bats, and other species. The threat of rabies transmission from animals to humans warrants the maintenance of a statewide
    [Show full text]
  • Laparoscopic Insemination D
    Semen characteristics and testosterone profiles in ferrets kept in a long-day photoperiod, and the influence of hCG timing and sperm dilution medium on pregnancy rate after laparoscopic insemination D. E. Wildt, M. Bush, C. Morton, F. Morton and J. G. Howard National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20008, USA; and *Path Valley Farm, Willow Hill, PA 17271, USA Summary. Five domestic ferrets previously maintained for 12 weeks under a 16L:8D photoperiod were electroejaculated weekly for 15\p=n-\65weeks while continuing to be exposed to the prolonged light cycle. Two ferrets sustained spermatogenesis for 20 and 26 weeks, while sperm production in the remaining males either was sporadic or decreased, remained depressed and then increased to peak levels observed in other males. Regardless of the temporal spermatogenesis patterns within males, the number of electroejaculated spermatozoa with residual cytoplasmic droplets or abnormal acro- somes increased in all ferrets over time. Diluted ejaculates meeting artificial insemi- nation criteria were deposited intravaginally or by transabdominal laparoscopy into the uterine horns of females treated 0 or 24 h earlier with 90 i.u. hCG. Vaginal insemination was ineffective (0 pregnancies in 10 attempts), but 17/24 ferrets (70\m=.\8%) inseminated laparoscopically became pregnant and delivered live young (mean litter size, 5\m=.\2kits). Number of motile spermatozoa deposited in utero (1\m=.\6\p=n-\10\m=.\0\m=x\106 cells), presence of glycerol in the sperm dilution medium (0 versus 4%) and time of hCG administration (0 versus 24 h before insemination) had no effect on pregnancy results or litter size.
    [Show full text]
  • Host Barriers to SARS-Cov-2 Demonstrated by Ferrets in a High-Exposure Domestic Setting
    Host barriers to SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated by ferrets in a high-exposure domestic setting Kaitlin Sawatzkia,1, Nichola J. Hilla, Wendy B. Puryeara, Alexa D. Fossa, Jonathon J. Stonea, and Jonathan A. Runstadlera aDepartment of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536 Edited by Peter Palese, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, and approved March 23, 2021 (received for review December 12, 2020) Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) are mustelids of special relevance been proposed as an animal model to study SARS-CoV-2 to laboratory studies of respiratory viruses and have been shown transmission. Based on in vivo data, we expect all naïve ferrets in to be susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 direct contact with an infected ferret will 1) become infected, 2) (SARS-CoV-2) infection and onward transmission. Here, we report the have measurable viral shedding or RNA via oral swabs up to 19 d results of a natural experiment where 29 ferrets in one home had postinfection, and 3) seroconvert with measurable antibodies prolonged, direct contact and constant environmental exposure to against SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) (18, 19). two humans with symptomatic disease, one of whom was confirmed In March 2020, during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2/ positive for SARS-CoV-2. We observed no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to ferrets based on viral and antibody COVID-19 pandemic in the New England area, we developed a assays. To better understand this discrepancy in experimental and rapid response study to investigate the potential for human-to- natural infection in ferrets, we compared SARS-CoV-2 sequences animal spillover and onward transmission in domestic, farm, and from natural and experimental mustelid infections and identified wildlife species (CoVERS: Coronavirus Epidemiological Re- two surface glycoprotein Spike (S) mutations associated with mustel- sponse and Surveillance).
    [Show full text]