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Martelaren in Het Romeinse Rijk, Ii

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Martelaren in Het Romeinse Rijk, Ii MARTELAREN IN HET ROMEINSE RIJK, II Wie zal ons scheiden van de liefde van Christus? Want om uwentwil worden wij den gansen dag gedood; wij zijn geacht als schapen ter slachting. Maar in dit alles zijn wij meer dan overwinnaars door Hem, Die ons heeft lief gehad. Romeinen 8:35-37. VANAF DE TIJD VAN DE TIENDE VERVOLGING 283 TOT 213 Overgenomen uit: Historie der martelaren die, om de getuigenis der evangelische waarheid hun bloed gestort hebben, van Christus onze Zaligmaker af tot het jaar 1655 Door ADRIAAN VAN HAAMSTEDE Predikant te ANTWERPEN En aangevuld met gegevens van: Eusebius, Mollinus, Van Braght, en anderen STICHTING DE GIHONBRON MIDDELBURG Tweede versie 2012 Voorwoord Deze beschrijving van een aantal martelaren die door de Romeinse overheid gedood werden in de eerste drie eeuwen na Christus’ Hemelvaart, is in de eerste plaats ontleend aan het Martelaarsboek van Adriaan van Haamstede. Van Haamstede heeft een aanzienlijk aantal namen genoemd en meestal een korte beschrijving gegeven. Elke naam en de beschrijving die er bij hoort is vergeleken met oude bronnen en nieuwere gegevens. Deze worden in de literatuurlijst vermeldt. Uit deze bronnen zijn veel waardevolle bijzonderheden van de martelaren overgenomen. De toelichtingen die regelmatig als aanvulling op Van Haamstede’s werk voorkomen zijn meestal ontleend aan het Heiligenboek en het Romeins Martelaarsboek. Uit gegevens die op Internet gepubliceerd zijn, zijn vooral de data van personen die in deze bundel voortkomen gecontroleerd met de data bij Van Haamstede, en zo nodig gecorrigeerd. Niemand stote zich aan de beschrijving van wonderen die bij sommige gebeurtenissen plaatsvonden. Betrouwenswaardige schrijvers uit die tijd geven verslagen weer van wonderen die door personen - meest bisschoppen - werden verricht en wonderen die in de Voorzienigheid plaatsvonden. De eerste eeuwen na de apostelen waren nog bijzondere gaven in de kerk aanwezig, zoals de gave van de gezondmaking - met en zonder gebruikmaken van middelen; - de gave van profetie, die meestal plaatsvond door visioenen en dromen; de gave van duivelen uitdrijving; enz. Uit de oude geschriften blijkt dat de martelarenverering spoedig na hun dood inwerking kwam. Het is ook geen wonder. Als je voor ogen ziet dat je kind of je ouders door de dieren opgevreten worden na vele martelingen, zou men dan niet met veel respect de overblijfsels, de relieken ter aarde bestellen? Spoedig daarna ging het bijgeloof parten spelen en beschouwde men de plaatsen van de relieken als heilig, waar God meer behagen nam in de gebeden van de christenen dan ergens anders. Ik hoop dat het lezen van het lijden, de dood en de eeuwige overwinning van de martelaren gezegend mag worden voor de lezer. Al lezende kunnen we met schaamte vervuld worden over onze eigen lauwheid, geesteloosheid en onvoorbereidheid op onze dood. Maar het kan ook gebruikt worden om onze ziel op te heffen naar de hemel, ziende op de overste Leidsman en Voleinder des geloofs, Die de schande van het kruis heeft veracht en nu zit aan de rechterhand van Zijn Vader in de hemel, om Zijn lijdende kerk te bemoedigen, dat zij hun kruis met blijdschap achter Christus zullen dragen. Niet ieder van Christus’ leden wordt geroepen om de marteldood te ondergaan. Maar in de halve eeuw die ik in het kerkelijk leven hebben doorgebracht heb ik kunnen zien dat om Christus’ wil sommigen gemarteld worden in hun ziel, hun zenuwgestel, hun lichaam, hun naam, hun huwelijk, hun gezin, hun positie in de maatschappij, of hun leven in de kerk. Is dit uw deel? Lees in de martelarenhistorie en wees getroost: “Aan het einde hangt de kroon!” Persoonlijk was het me een voorrecht, ja een wonder, deze brochures te mogen maken over hen aan wie ik vanaf mijn jeugd een nauwe band heb gekregen in het Hoofd, de gekroonde Koning in de hemel. "De God nu aller genade, Die ons geroepen heeft tot Zijn eeuwige heerlijkheid in Christus Jezus, nadat wij een weinig tijds zullen geleden hebben, Dezelfde volmake, bevestige, versterke en fundere ulieden. Hem zij de Heere en de heerlijkheid en de kracht, in alle eeuwigheid.” 1 Petrus 5: 10, 11. Middelburg, september 2009 W. Westerbeke INHOUD Voorwoord 1. Overzicht van martelaren vanaf 283 -300. 2. Apologie (verdediging) van de Christenkerk 3. Begin van de 10e vervolging toen Diocletianus keizer werd, november 284 4. CLAUDIUS, ASTERIUS EN NEON, DRIE BROERS; EN TWEE VROUWEN DOODGEMARTELD. 5. ZENOBIUS EN ZIJN ZUS ZENOBIA, ONTHOOFD TE AEGEA IN CILICIË, 285 6. Pelagia, van Tarsus, een jonge dochter in een gloeiende oven gesmoord. 7. Julianus van Tarsus, 18 jaar en zijn moeder 8. Tharacus, Probus, en Andronicus, vreselijk gemarteld en daarna voor de wilde beesten geworpen te Tarsus in Cilicië, 290 9. Mauritius, veldoverste en de banierdragers Caudidus, Exsuperius, Innocentius, Victor, Constantinus, met hun regiment vermoord. Ca. 286 10. Maximus, Quintilianus, Dada. 11. Cosmas, Damian, Leontios en anderen; Callistus, Callistus, Ursicius, Tibald. 12. Cyrus, en Johannes met Athanasia, en haar drie dochters, Theoktista 15, Theodotia 13, en Eudoxia 11. 13. HET LIJDEN VAN MAXIMILIANUS; 295 14. HET LIJDEN VAN DE HEILIGE MARCELLUS; 298 15. Emilian de bisschop, en met hem de priesters Ilarion, Dionysius en Hermippus 10. De tiende grote en bloedige vervolging van de christenen, begonnen onder de keizers Diocletianus en Maximianus, februari 303, en voortgezet onder Maxentius, Licinus en Maximinus, tot in het zevende jaar van Constantinus de Grote Het eerste jaar van de vervolging, 303. 11. Een Edelman Johannes, Petrus, Dorotheüs, Gorgoneüs, Anthimus, Cyprianus, Justina diakones, Adrianus van Nicomedië en zijn vrouw Natalia, Eustrathius, Orestus Georgius, Christophorus, Procopius; Vulpian of Ulpian, 20 jaar; Agathopus en Theodulus; George, kapitein; Christopher, Theonas en Antonius; Cassianus, Adauctus, Menas, Phileas, Phileas en Philoromus; Artemon, Throphimus en Tholus. Eulalia, Eucratis, een meisje; Vincentius, Albanus, Sebastianus; Felix; Primus en Felician; Marcellinus. Theodotos en de Zeven Maagden - Tecusa, Thaina, Claudia, Matrona, Julia, Alexandra en Euphrasia, ca. 303. Herakleios, Pablinos en Benedimos. Euphrasia. Het tweede jaar van de vervolging, 304 12. Timotheüs te Gaza, Tecla, jong meisje; Agricola en zijn dienaar Vitalis, Domnius; Anastasius; Asterius en vier soldaten; Venacie te Salona; Euplius; Pancratius, jongen van 15 jaar; Justus een jongen van 9 jaar; Agnes, een Romeins meisje van 13 jaar. Emerentiana van Rome; Julian en Basilissa; Celsus, de jonge zoon van Marcionilla, samen met Julian. Anthony (Antonius) met Anastasius. Marcionilla met haar zeven broers. Cyprianus en Justina, en Theoctistus. Anysia, een meisje; Demetrius. 13. HET MARTELAARSCHAP VAN AGAPE, IRENE EN CHIONE, Agathon, Irene, Agape, Chione, Cassia, Philippa en Eutychia. Chrysogonus, en Anastasia; 304 14. HET LIJDEN VAN DE HEILIGE CRISPINA; 304 Het derde jaar van de vervolging, 305 15. Pantaleon, met Hermolaüs, Hernippus en Hermocras. Juliana. Claudius, Cyrenius en Antonius; Marcellinus; Soteris, een maagd te Rome; Julitta en haar kind; Gordius; Barlaäm; 40 Jongens te Antiochië verbrand; Romanus en een klein kind te Antiochië. Januaris en Sossius, Festus, Desiderius, Acutius, Eutyches Artemas, Gantiol. Het vierde jaar van de vervolging, 306 16. Silvanus, bisschop met zijn diaken Lukas en voorlezer Mocius; Julianus van Emesa; Theonas en zijn vriendinnen Cyrenia en Juliana; Galacteon Saturninus en zijn moeder Juliana; Apphian en Theodosia. Het vijfde jaar van de vervolging, 307 17. Theodosia, een meisje 18 jaar; Thea, Valentina en Paulus. Het zesde jaar van de vervolging, 308 18. Antonius, Zebinas, Germanus, Ennathas (Ennata); Mennas en Hermogenus; Victor; Peter Abselamus Het zevende jaar van de vervolging, 309 Biblis, en Aquilina, 12 jaar; Fortunata, jong meisje; Pamphilius, te Cesarea en twaalf anderen. Alexander. Julianus, Eusebius, Neon, Leontius, Longianus Eulalius. Quirinus. Felix. Het achtste jaar van de vervolging, 310 Theodorus, Oceanus, Ammianus. Petrus, Nilus en P. Mythius, verbrand. Veertig anderen werden onthoofd. Stad in Frigië met alle inwoners, door de Romeinen verbrand; Adactus. Antonius, Julianus, Anastasius en andere voortreffelijke personen; Martionilia, en haar kind Celso, Euphrateisa, zeven gebroeders en vele anderen. Tyrannio, bisschop van Tyrus, Sylvanus, bisschop van Emisa, twee metgezellen, Sylvanus, bisschop van Gaza. Bassilissa, een meisje van 9 jaar. 2 zussen te Antiochië. Het negende jaar van de vervolging, 311 Petrus, Faustus, Didius, Ammonius, veel andere bisschoppen, drie honderd. Fileas, Hesychius, Pacomius, Theodorus en nog zeker 660 anderen. Methodius van Olympus. George, Mena, Philopateer Markorios, Abanoub, Demiana, Potamina, Juliana, Rebecca. Theodorus. Philemon en Cyrilla. Het tiende en laatste jaar van de vervolging; 312-316 Lucianus. Eugenius, Auxentius, Maodatius (of Mardarius) Eustratius en Orestes. Fausta, een meisje van 13 jaar en Eulasius en Maximinus. Basileus, bisschop, Ammon, diaken; 40 vrouwen en anderen in 316 De Christenen verkrijgen vrede in het Romeinse rijk 311-312 KERKELIJKE GESCHIEDENISSEN DOOR EUSEBIUS 1. Overzicht van martelaren vanaf 283 -300. Anatolius Bisschop van Laodicea 283 Cosmas en Damian 283 Diodorus en Marianus 283 Justus en Abundius 283 Pelagius 283 Ariston 284 Chrysanthus en Daria 284 Claudius, Hilaria, en Metgezellen 284 Hilary 284 Maximilian Bisschop van Lorch 284 Thalelaeus 284 Theopemptus (Theopompus), bisschop van Nicomedia en martelaar, en Theonas 284 Victorinus en Metgezellen 284 Castulus 286 Crispin en Crispian 286 Marcus
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