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The United States Navy and Mine Warfare in the 21St Century

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The United States Navy and Mine Warfare in the 21St Century University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013-09-04 Out of Sight, Out of Mind: The United States Navy and Mine Warfare in the 21st Century Choi, Timothy Hiu-Tung Choi, T. H. (2013). Out of Sight, Out of Mind: The United States Navy and Mine Warfare in the 21st Century (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27240 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/906 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Out of Sight, Out of Mind: The United States Navy and Mine Warfare in the 21st Century by Timothy Hiu-Tung Choi A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2013 © Timothy Hiu-Tung Choi 2013 ii Abstract This thesis analyzes the adequacy of the United States Navy (USN) when facing an enemy employing naval mines in a narrow waterway in the 21st century. Recent threats by the Islamic Republic of Iran to “close” the Strait of Hormuz and its oil traffic make the issue of mine warfare especially poignant, given the significant role mines have played in that region over the last thirty years. This thesis argues the USN’s technological efforts at improving its mine countermeasures (MCM) capabilities since the end of the Cold War have been insufficient. An examination of MCM development efforts seeks to explain why such a crucial warfare capability remains lacking, and a historical comparative approach with the Dardanelles campaign in the First World War is used to illustrate the strategic significance of naval mines, as well as challenges the USN may face in attempting to reopen a mined Strait of Hormuz. iii Acknowledgements Many thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Rob Huebert, for his patience and expertise in bringing this thesis to completion. His astute observations of what elements are truly necessary to include were invaluable. The historical sources vital to the use of history in this paper would not have been possible without Dr. Holger Herwig at the University of Calgary and Dr. Ian Speller at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. I would also like to thank Drs. Terry Terriff and John Ferris for challenging some of my assumptions in earlier drafts of the thesis, which have been addressed (hopefully to their satisfaction). Finally, many thanks to Dr. David Taras at Mount Royal University and Dr. James Keeley for being a part of my examination committee. The Centre for Military and Strategic Studies and the University of Calgary also deserve a great deal of gratitude for their generous funding opportunities which made research for this thesis possible. And of course, where would this be without some close support? To my parents, Betty and Chuen Yee: the debts I owe you go beyond the loans I’ve taken from the “bank of mom and dad”. Maria, thank you for being there from the get-go and my go-to source for all things relating to orthography and grammar, as well as providing some much-needed board game relief! Shaiel, your ceaseless yet jovial criticisms were and continue to be an inspiration, pushing this thesis towards its end. Bill and Marshall, as the other naval guys in my cohort, it’s good to know there will be some people who will appreciate this work! To the cohort of my second year - especially Brock, Steph, and Anastassia - thank you for making it all that much more bearable! And last but definitely not least, endless gratitude to Sveta, for your ceaseless confidence, faith, and unwavering friendship. iv Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1: The Threat and the Question .......................................................................... 1 1.2: Methodology and Outline .............................................................................. 4 Chapter 2: United States Naval Strategy and Mine Countermeasures ............................. 8 2.1: Core Tenets of CS-21 ..................................................................................... 9 2.1.1: Continuity with Previous Strategies .............................................. 12 2.2: Core Capabilities and NOC 10..................................................................... 14 2.2.1: Sea Control .................................................................................... 17 2.3: MCM Capabilities: Post-Cold War to Present ............................................. 24 2.4: Conclusion ................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3: Obstacles to the Development of Next-Generation MCM ............................ 36 3.1: Part One: Upcoming Tactical Solutions to the MCM Problem ................... 37 3.2: Part Two: Obstacles in MCM Mission Package Development.................... 40 3.2.1: Remote Minehunting System ........................................................ 41 3.2.2: Airborne Minehunting Systems .................................................... 44 3.3: Part Three: Littoral Combat Ship Procurement ........................................... 49 3.3.1: Applicability of the RAND Analysis to the LCS Program ........... 53 3.4: Conclusion ................................................................................................... 61 v Chapter 4: Learning from the Past .................................................................................. 65 4.1: Part One: An Historical Overview of the Dardanelles Experience, 1915 .... 67 4.1.1: The Ottoman Steam Navy ............................................................. 67 4.1.2: The Dardanelles Campaign ........................................................... 71 4.1.3: A Brief Note on Mine Warfare in the Black Sea .......................... 87 4.2: Part Two: Applying Lessons ........................................................................ 88 4.2.1: Currents ......................................................................................... 91 4.2.2: Airborne Reconnaissance .............................................................. 94 4.2.3: Beyond MCM ................................................................................ 96 4.2.4: Other Lessons to be Learned ......................................................... 98 4.2.5: Amphibious Lessons ................................................................... 102 4.3: Caveats ....................................................................................................... 105 4.4: Conclusion ................................................................................................. 107 Chapter 5: Conclusion................................................................................................... 111 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 118 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: The Threat and the Question Metres below the surface it waits, Patient and vigilant, dark and cold. Decades pass, black skin to orange-red, Tethering chain weakening its hold. Long forgotten, Out of sight and out of mind, Until washing on sun-gilded beaches, A relic from a past age, perhaps, But no less deadly. Nearly one hundred years since the First World War, naval mines from that period continue to wash up on beaches around the world or entangle themselves in fishermen’s nets.1 Despite the best mine-clearing efforts by the world’s foremost navies2, these deadly weapons remain elusive, threatening seaborne and coastal traffic long past the conflicts for which they were deployed. If these ancient devices are so difficult to locate and neutralize during peacetime, then one can claim that it certainly would not be any easier in times of war. 1 Examples include the following: Erkan Güvenç, “Güllük Körfezi’nde mayın,” Posta.com.tr, February 10, 2011, http://www.posta.com.tr/turkiye/HaberDetay/Gulluk_Korfezi_nde_mayin.htm?ArticleID=60952. “Rafet Reis’in ağına 100 yıllık mayın takıldı,” NTVMSNBC, February 24, 2012, http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25325168/. “Sea mine found in Altinkum,” Didim Today, June 3, 2012, http://www.didimtoday.com/news/1651- sea-mine-found-in-altinkum.html. Reshad Suleymanov, “World War I-era mine found on Turkish coast of Black Sea,” APA, August 3, 2013, http://en.apa.az/news/197206. “Pembrokeshire seaweed forager finds ‘World War I mines’,” BBC News, February 3, 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-21307108. 2 For example, the annual Historical Ordnance Disposal exercises conducted by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Standing NATO Mine
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