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A Concept to Improve the Stagnant Ayurvedic Materia Medica

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A Concept to Improve the Stagnant Ayurvedic Materia Medica Ancient Science of Life, Vol No. V No. 1 July 1985, Pages 49 - 53 A CONCEPT TO IMPROVE THE STAGNANT AYURVEDIC MATERIA MEDICA K. VASUDEVAN NAIR, S. N. YOGANARASIMHAN, K. R. KESHAVAMURTHY AND B. V. HOLLA Regional Research Centre (Ay), Jayanagar, Bangalore 506 011, India. Received: June 11, 1984 Accepted: December 20, 1984 ABSTRACT: The Ayurvedic materia medica is based upto 500 to 600 plant drugs. The number of these drugs are dwindling rapidly due to several natural and man made factors with the result the physicians are uanble to get the required drug or the required quantity of the drug. This ultimately results in the gradual death of the entire system. In order to overcome this alarming problem and to provide a permanent solution, various aspects like new or alternate sources for the drugs, exploitation of crude drug market sources, ethnobotanical data and cultivation and germ plasm are discussed in detail. INTRODUCTION The materia medica in Ayurveda revolves tracts of tropical and temperate plains, hills round 500 to 600 drugs of plant origin and valleys, irrigated soils, moist and dry besides a few mineral and animal origin climatic conditions which has enabled the based on Samhitas (Sastry 1968, 1970, country to be termed as the “Botanical Gupta 1970 a) which has been supplemented garden of the world” where more than 2000 to some extent by the Nighantu writers like species of medicinal plants occur. The Rajanarahari (1933) and Chunekar and different types of forests from the high Pandey (1969) on Bhavaprakasanighantu to altitude temperate forest of Himalayas to the mention a few. This limited number of scrub jungle at sea level embodies all the drugs was perhaps sufficient for the plant drugs required for the treatment of treatments in ancient times since the diseases in ayurveda either as single drugs diseases were limited. But, during recent or as compound preparations. times, the number of diseases have increased geometrically which is coupled with the The quest for and addition of plants of population explosion in the present century. medicinal importance (drugs in ayurveda) Hence, the requirements of these drugs are can be solved on the following lines: increasing alarmingly to the extent that in many cases the original source of the drug or 1. Medico – botanical survey in the forests the drug itself face the problem of with particular reference to findings out endangerment and extinction. and establishing new or allied source to Consequently, there is an urgen need to the accepted source drug; replenish the dwindling number of drugs. Fortunately, India possess different types of 2. Systematic studies on the crude drugs climatic conditions and embraces various sold in the market; Pages 49 - 53 particular are at a disadvantage to procure such material; for example, Tagara 3. Ethno – botanical data; (Valeriana jatamansi; = V. wallichi). To overcome such situation, medico – botanical 4. Cultivation of some important drugs and surveys can help in detecting the allied establishement of Germplasm bank. species of the genus in South India. There are four species of Valeriana occuring in Details of Studies the hills of South India which remains unexploited. Preliminary studies on one The following studies carried out at species V. arnottiana at this centre have Regional Research Centre, Bangalore have revealed that the volatile oil is higher than in yielded very valuable results which helps to V. jatamasi (Himalayan species). As such, circumvent the problem of depleting number there is great scope for the physicians to of drugs in ayurveda. exploit the species of Valerians occuring in S. India in place of the more difficult 1. New or allied sources Himalayan species (Yoganarasimhan al, 1978, Mary al, 1980). There are many more Systematic medico – botanical surveys in such examples wherein the natural resources our forests in different seasons have brought of the forest wealth could be exploited by to light many plants which could be the physicians, thereby enriching the materia exploited in place of the accepted drug. medica. These plants possess similar chemical constituents which may lead to the fact that 2. Market Sample Stuides they may have identical therapeutic properties. As an example, the drug Several crude drugs other than the accepted Ishwari, dervies the botanical source from one are sold in the markets which are the roots of Aristolochia indica. A. indicai utilised in the same ayurvedic preparations is a twiner having slender roots and found under the same formulations. Many times, scattered. The physicians find it very these drugs are discarded by labelling them difficult to procure the required quantity of as either spurious, adulterants or substitutes. the roots since a large number of plants have But, quite often these drugs have been found to be destroyed. Alternatively, medico – to have similar therapeutic efficacy by the botanical surveys have revealed the physicians and as such could be used in occurrence of Aristolochia tagala in the place of the accepted drug. This is forests of western ghats. This species is a corroborated by the statement of Vagbhata large climber and possess a very long, stout in Astanga Hridaya (Gupta 1970a) where it root. The chemical constituents are also is clearly mentioned that whenever an similar. The species occurs fairly original drug is not available, a suitable abundantly and hence the collection of the alternative may be used in its place. This drug is easy and the physician can meet the type of utilisation of drugs sold in the required demand (Yoganarasimhan al, market will also help to improve the number 1981). of sources for the drugs that are fast diminshing. It also helps the physicians to In many cases, the occurrence of the species utilise the locally available drug material. accepted happens to be the Himalayas and The authors have been conducting studies on thus the physicians in South India in the market samples of S. Indian crude drugs Pages 49 - 53 which have revealed many additional Nair al, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1984a). It may sources. As an example, the drug Rasna is be stated that in some cases, the drugs equated with Pluchea lanceolata as the belong to different botanical genera, accepted source; market studies in S. India sometimes even to different families. have revealed that Alpinia calcarata and However, since they are observed by the Alpinia galanga are sold in S. India and physicians to have similar therapeutic used by the physicians as Rasna. A total efficacy, the drugs are deemed to have the number of 21 drugs in ayurveda have been potential to be used in place of the accepted studied in detail which have brought to light source. The accompanying table provies the a total number of 33 plants as additional details of the drugs studied at this centre sources from S. Indian market (Vasudevan (Table 1). TABLE – I Details of other sources of drugs from S. Indian markets based on studies carried out so far at Regional Centre, Bangalore – 560 011. S. No. Drug Accepted Botanical Other Source Source 1 Rasna Pluchea lanceolata a. Alpinia calcarata (Asteraceae) b. Alpinia galanga (both Zingiberacea) 2. Bhunimba Swertia chirata a. Andrographis paniculata (Gentianaceae) (Acanthaceae) 3. Daruharidra Berberis aristata a. Coscinium fenestratu (Berberidaceae) (Menispermaceae) 4. Murva Marsdenia tenacissima a. Chonemorpha macrophyl (Asclepiadaceae) (Apocynaceae) 5. Bharangi Clerodendrum serratum a. Pygmacopreman herbac (Verbenaceae) (Verbenaceae) 6. Sankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaulis a. Clitoria ternatea (Convolvulaceae) b. Evolvulus aslinoides (both of Convolvulaceae) 7. Jivanti Laptadenia reticulata a. Holostemna rheedii (Asclepiadaceae) (Asclepiadaceae) Pages 49 - 53 8. Pashanabheda Aerva lanata a. Rotula aquatica (Amaranthaceae) (Boranginaceae) b. Homonoia riparia (Euphorbiaceae) 9. Vidhari Pueraria tuberosa a. Adenia hondala (Fabaceae) (Passifloraceae) b. Ipomoea paniculata (Convolvulaceae) c. Cycas circinalis (Cycadaceae) 10. Nagakesara Mesua ferrea a. Calophyllum inophyllum (Clusiaceae) (Clusoaceae) b. Cinnamomum wightii (Lauranceae) c. Myristica fragrans (Myristicaeae) 11. Priyangu Callicarpa macrophylla a. Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Verbenaceae) (Rutaceae) b. Callicarpa tomentosa (Verbenaceae) 12. Sati Hedychium spicatum a. Kaempeferia galanga (Zingiberaceae) (Zingiberaceae) 13. Sringi Pistacia interrima a. Terminalia chebula (Pistaciaceae) (Combretaceae) 14. Sariva Hemidesmus indicus a. Decalepis hamiltonii (Asclepiadaceae) b. Cryptolepis buchanani (both Asclepiadaceae) c. Ichnocarpus frutescens (Apocynaceae) 15. Prasarani Paederia foetida a. Merremia tridentata (Rubiaceae) (Convolvulaceae) 16. Dusparsa Fagonia cretica a. Tragia involucrata (Zygophyllaceae) (Euphorbiaceae) 17. Agaru Aquillaria agallocha a. Dysoxylum malabaricum (Thymelaeaceae) (Meliaceae) Pages 49 - 53 18. Prasaniparni Uraria picta a. Pseudarthria viscida (Fabaceae) (Fabaceae) 19. Hapusha Juniperus communis a. Sphaeranthus indicus (Pinaceae) (Asteraceae) 20. Sahachar Barleria prionitis a. Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Acanthaceae) b. Pleocaulus sessilis (both of Acanthaceae) 21. Renuka Vitex agnuscastus a. Vitex altissima (Verbenaceae) b. Vitex negundo (both of Verbenaceae) Note : The accepted source is given with reference to the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (Part I), (First Edition), 1978, of the Ministry of Health, Govt. of India, New Delhi. 3. Ethnobotanical Studies The use of plants by the tribal people living in remote areas fall under Ethnobotany. 4. Cultivation and Germplasm Such people
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