Maratha Empire After Shivaji

Home , Bargi, Battle of Bhopal, Battle of Sangamner, Battle of Udgir, Chhatrasal, Chimaji Appa

By Omkar Chintamani Marathe Swarajya during Shivaji’s Reign Chhatrapati Sambhaji

3 Chhatrapati Sambhaji.. • April 1680 – Soyarabai started making plans to crown her son Rajaram.

• May 1680 – Hambirrao Mohite was sent to imprison Sambhaji.

• Hambirrao joined Sambhaji, imprisoned conspirators.

• All were released, their political positions were restored.

• January 1681 – Sambhaji coronated as Chhatrapati. 4

New Challenges • January 1681 – Akbar (Aurangazeb’s 4th son) revolted with aid of Rajput rulers of Marwar & Udaipur.

• May 1681 – Akbar & Durgadas Rathod were given refuge by Sambhaji.

• August 1681 - Soyarabai attempted to poison Sambhaji through Akbar.

• All conspirators were executed.

• October 1681 – Soyarabai committed suicide. 5

New Challenges..

• November 1681 – Aurangazeb with around 5,00,000 army entered Maharashtra.

• Ordered Siddi, Portuguese to join campaign against Swarajya.

• Aurangazeb’s campaigns in Konkan failed.

• Attempt to capture Ramsej fort failed after siege of 6 months.

New Challenges.. • December 1681 – Mysore’s ruler allied with Mughals, captured major portion of Swarajya in Karnataka region.

• November 1682 – Region was re-captured, Military base formed at Chitradurga.

• April to November 1683 – Attacked and captured major Portuguese region except Vasai & Goa.

• November 1683 – Attacked Goa, plundered Churches.

Fall of Adilshahi & Qutubshahi

• September 1686 - Mughals conquered Adilshahi.

• December 1686 to 1687 - Haraji Mahadik, Keshav Trimbak, Santaji Bhosale defeated Mughal troops in Karnatak-Tamilnadu.

• September 1687 - Qutubshahi conquered by Mughals.

• October 1687 – Hambirrao Mohite died in battle near Wai. 8

Sambhaji’s Death

• February 1689 – Mukarrab Khan imprisoned Sambhaji near Sangameshwar.

• Kavi Kalash – Sambhaji’s friend, Poet was also imprisoned.

• Both were tortured for 1 month in prison.

• 11th March 1689 (Phalgun Amavasya) – Both were executed publicly in Mughal camp.

After Sambhaji

• Rajaram succeeded to Throne.

• Mughals captured Raigad.

• Yesubai (Sambhaji’s wife) & Shahu (son) were taken prisoners.

• Rajaram fled from siege, shifted capital to Gingee (Tamilnadu).

Chhatrapati Rajaram

• Continued the defense from Gingee.

• Centre of war shifted to Tamilnadu.

• Santaji Ghorpade & Dhanaji Jadhav defeated Mughal forces on all fronts in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu.

• 1698 - Rajaram escaped from Gingee through Mughal siege, established new capital at Panhala.

Maharani Tarabai

• 1700 – Rajaram died of illness.

• Rajaram’s widow Tarabai continued resistance with the help of Dhanaji Jadhav, Ramchandrapant Amatya, Khando Ballal Chitnis, Khanderao Dabhade & other commanders.

• Maratha forces crossed Narmada river, attacked Gujarat & Malwa regions.

Aurangazeb’s Death

• February 1707 – Aurangazeb died at Khuldabad, near Aurangabad.

• Resulted in Maratha’s victory after 25 years of war.

• Mughal forces retreated to Delhi to participate in a battle for throne.

• Muazzam killed Azam, succeeded to Throne.

Chhatrapati Shahu

• 1707 – Shahu was released by Muazzam with some conditions.

• Triggered war for Throne in Swarajya.

• 1708 – Shahu succeded to Throne with the help of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat, Dhanaji Jadhav, Khanderao Dabhade, Kanhoji Aangre & other commanders.

• Swarajya started expanding as Maratha Empire.

Balaji Vishwanath Bhat

Balaji Vishwanath Bhat..

• Balaji Vishwanath Bhat – Clerk at Salt works in Shrivardhan owned by Siddi’s.

• Migrated to Swarajya region in 1680’s.

• Started working under Ramchandrapant Amatya – Peshwa (Prime Minister) during Rajaram’s reign.

• Worked as head-administrator of Pune from 1699 to 1707.

Rise of Peshwai – Shift of Power

• Balaji took part in many battles during Maratha’s War of Independence.

• Started raising forces for different Maratha commanders like Dhanaji Jadhav, Khanderao Dabhade.

• Became strong in administrative & military fronts.

• Remained loyal to Swarajya.

Rise of Peshwai ..

• 1707 A.D. – Balaji joined Shahu in a battle for Throne.

• Shahu noticed his abilities & appointed him as his assistant.

• Turned many commanders like Dhanaji Jadhav, Dabhade to Shahu’s side without battle.

• Started working as Organizer of Maratha army.

Rise of Peshwai ..

• 1713 – Admiral of Navy – Kanhoji Aangre revolted & declared himself ruler of Konkan.

• Defeated & imprisoned Peshwa Bahiroji Pingale.

• After Balaji’s negotiations, Aangre agreed to work as Admiral of Shahu’s kingdom.

• Shahu appointed Balaji as new Peshwa – November 1713.

Instable Mughal Empire

• Mughals lost control over major portion of North India during expedition in Maharashtra.

• Bahadurshah succeeded Aurangaeb and became Emperor.

• Bahadurshah died in 1712.

• His son Jahaandar Shah was murdered in 1713.

Instable Mughal Empire ..

• Sayyid brothers – Sayyid Hussain Ali & Sayyid Abdulla had turned king-makers in Mughal court.

• Sayyid brothers were claiming themselves as descendants of Paigambar.

• Farrukhsiyar became Emperor in 1713 with their support.

• Chin Qilich Khan (Nizam) declared himself independent in Deccan. 21

Conspiracy against Sayyids

• Foreseeing threat from Sayyid brothers, Farrukhsiyar planned to eliminate them.

• 1718 - Hussain Ali was appointed as viceroy of Deccan.

• Emperor requested Marathas & Nizam to attack & eliminate Hussain Ali.

• Marathas defeated Hussain Ali with continuous Guerrilla war. 22

Key to Northward expansion

• During treaty Peshwa Balaji Bhat convinced Hussain Ali for Maratha favored agreement- – To handover entire Maratha region & forts to Marathas. – To handover recently conquered region in Karnataka & Hyderabad to Marathas. – Rights to collect taxes from Mughal regions in Deccan. – Troop of 15,000 Marathas to be kept in Delhi for emperor. – Marathas to pay 10,00,000 Rupees annual ransom to emperor. – Releasing Shahu’s family members (mother & half brothers) in Mughal prison.

Plan of Duplicate Mughal Heir

• Emperor refused to approve the agreement.

• Balaji Bhat & Hussain Ali searched a person look alike of Moinuddin Hussain - Aurangazeb’s grandson (Akbar’s son).

• Hussain Ali marched to Delhi with Aurangazeb’s grandson, Balaji Bhat & 15,000 Maratha force commanded by Khanderao Dabhade.

• Duplicate was introduced in Mughal court.

Orders of the Agreement

• Maratha forces were attacked in Delhi – some soldiers were killed.

• Farrukhsiyar was blinded & imprisoned.

• Rafi-Ud-Darjat was appoined as puppet emperor – signed the agreement with Marathas.

• Gave the boost for rising power of Maratha Empire.

Vishwanath Balaji Bhat - Bajirao

Peshwa Bajirao

• Accompanied Balaji Bhat during various expeditions – Notable was Delhi in 1719.

• Bajirao had led siege at one of the gates of Red Fort during this expedition.

• Sensed declining power of Mughals & vacuum being formed in Delhi.

• Strongest nominee for the post of Peshwa, after Balaji’s death in April 1720. 27

Peshwa Bajirao

• Chimanaji Damodar Moghe was nominated by group of ministers against Bhat family.

• Shahu also consulted his spiritual mentor ‘Brahmendra Swami’.

• Bajirao was appointed as Peshwa at age of 20.

• “Strike the roots & branches will fall off” – Statement in Shahu’s court after appointment.

Challenges for Bajirao

• Jealousy from senior officers & ministers like Shripatrao Pratinidhi.

• Challenge from Nizam for rights to collect taxes in Deccan.

• Disputes in territories of Malwa & Gujarat.

• Siddis & Portuguese in Konkan.

Disputes with Nizam

• Nizam initially resisted to pay taxes to Marathas.

• Asked Bajirao for help against Mughal armies sent to crush Nizam’s rebel.

• 1723 - Marathas under Bajirao defeated Mughal forces at Sakharkheda.

• Nizam accepted Maratha’s authority - resumed paying taxes.

Disputes with Nizam

• 1725 - Nizam again rebelled, refused to pay taxes, attacked Maratha tax collectors.

• 1726 - Nizam started interfering disputes between Satara & Kolhapur kingdoms.

• Sambhaji-II allied with Nizam.

• Allied forces started attacking Pune, Nashik, Sangamner & borders of Satara.

Expedition Against Nizam

• Bajirao was called back from Chitradurga.

• September 1727 – Maratha forces under Bajirao marched towards Aurangabad, plundered Sindakhed & Jalna.

• Bajirao retreated, marched towards Burhanpur, Nizam started chasing Marathas.

• Bajirao bypassed Burhanpur, entered Gujarat.

Battle of Palkhed • Nizam attacked Pune – Attempted to bring Bajirao in open field.

• Attempted to coronate Sambhaji-II as Chhatrapati.

• Bajirao marched towards Aurangabad, Nizam started chasing Marathas.

• Nizam was trapped at Palkhed.

• February 1728 – Nizam surrendered, started paying taxes 33

Bajirao’s moves against Nizam

Effects of Palkhed Battle • Nizam accepted Maratha’s authority to collect taxes in Deccan.

• Chhatrapati Shahu recognized as only Maratha King.

• Bajirao gained identity as outstanding Cavalry General & Warrior.

• Boost for Maratha’s campaigns in Malwa & Gujarat.

New Capital - Pune

Malwa Campaign

• 1723 – Commanders like Ranoji Shinde, Malharrao Holkar, Udaji Pawar were appointed in Malwa to collect taxes.

• October 1728 – Chimaji Appa with other commanders defeated Mughal Governor of Malwa – sent to counter increasing Maratha power.

• November 1728 – Maratha forces marched till the borders of Rajputana.

Bundelkhand Campaign

Bundelkhand Campaign • Chhatrasal Bundela – Inspired from Chhatrapati Shivaji.

• Established Swarajya in Bundelkhand.

• 1728 –Muhammad Khan Bangash attacked Bundelkhand, defeated Maharaja Chhatrasal.

• Chhatrasal was kept in house arrest.

• Chhatrasal sent his commander Durgadas to Bajirao.

Chhatrasal’s Message to Bajirao

“जो गति ग्राह गजेन्द्रकी सो गति भति आज। बाजी जाि बुन्द्देलकी राखो बाजी लाज ।।” Bundelkhand Campaign • Bajirao immediately marched for Bundelkhand.

• March 1729 – Bajirao along with Bundela forces defeated Bangash.

• Bangash fled & took refuge in Jaitpur fort.

• Bangash’s son Kaeem Khan attempted to counterattack, but failed.

• After siege of one month Bangash surrendered.

Bundelkhand Campaign ..

• Bundelkhand was again handed to Chhatrasal.

• Chhatrasal pleased with Bajirao’s bravery, married his daughter – Mastani to Bajirao.

• One third region of Bundelkhand – including Banda, Jhansi, Kalpi, Panna was added in Maratha kingdom.

• Govindpant Kher was appointed in Bundelkhand – named Govindpant Bundela.

Bundelkhand Campaign

Effects of Bundelkhand Campaign • One third region of Bundelkhand got added to Maratha kingdom.

• Marathas got place for permanent military post in North India.

• Marathas got identity as Protectors – not just plunderers.

• Bajirao’s terror started spreading in Mughal regions.

Gujarat Campaign • Gujarat was continuously being attacked & plundered by Maratha forces under Dabhade, Gaikwad & Kadam Bande.

• Mughal governor Sarbuland Khan asked Bajirao for help in exchange of authority to collect tax in Gujarat.

• 1729 – Maratha forces under Chimaji Appa entered Gujarat, controlled the situation & collected taxes.

Gujarat Campaign .. • Triggered disputes between Bajirao & Trimbakrao Dabhade (chief commander).

• Dabhade rebelled against Maratha Kingdom.

• Dabhade, Gaikwad, Kadam Bande & Udaji Pawar formed alliance with Sambhaji-II, Nizam & Bangash (Governor of Malwa).

• Bajirao marched towards Gujarat.

Battle of Dabhoi • Abhay Singh (new governor of Gujarat) agreed to support Bajirao.

• Ranoji Shinde & Malharrao Holkar cut the supply from Bangash.

• Bajirao played diplomacy – Separated Gaikwad, Pawar & Kadam Bande from alliance.

• 1st April 1731 – Bajirao defeated Dabhade-Nizam army, Dabhade killed in battle.

Battle of Dabhoi ..

After Battle • Sambhaji-II agreed for treaty, Warna river was declared as border between Satara & Kolhapur.

• Yashwant Dabhade appointed as new chief commander, appointed to collect tax from Gujarat.

• Bangash was replaced by Sawai Jaisingh.

• December 1732 – Bajirao & Nizam met at Rohi- Rameshwar (Nizam’s territory), Nizam signed treaty.

Campaign Against Siddi’s • Siddi Yakut died in 1733.

• Triggered war for throne amongst his sons.

• Bajirao marched for help of Siddi Rehman.

• June 1733 – Shripatrao Pratinidhi captured Raigad.

• Sekhoji Aangre besieged Janjira, but died of illness during siege – August 1733.

• Rehman succeeded throne, signed peace treaty with Marathas. 50

Campaign Against Siddi’s .. • 1734 - Siddi Sat eliminated Rehman, succeeded to throne.

• Destroyed “Parshuram” temple near Chiplun.

• Bajirao sent fresh troops under Chimaji Appa.

• April 1736 – Maratha forces under Chimaji Appa attacked & killed Siddi Sat along with 1500 other Siddi’s.

• Siddi’s signed treaty with Marathas, remained restricted to Janjira. 51

Rajaputana Campaign • 1732 – Sawai Jaisingh was appointed as Governor of Malwa.

• 1733 – Malharrao Holkar defeated Sawai Jaisingh in several battles.

• 1735 - Bajirao on first campaign of North India visited Udaipur & Jaipur.

• Sawai Jaisingh foreseeing Bajirao’s strength, formed friendly relations.

Radhabai’s Pilgrimage • Radhabai – Bajirao’s mother went for Pilgrimage to Varanasi in 1735.

• Strated journey with Bajirao’s letter & some servants to accompany.

• She was brought & welcomed with respect in Rajaputana by Sawai Jaisingh & other Rajput kings.

• Muhammad Khan Bangash made all the arrangements of Pilgrimage from Jaipur to Varanasi & back to Maratha region.

Delhi Campaign • November 1736 – Bajirao marched to Delhi along with Malhararo Holkar, Ranoji Shinde, Udaji Pawar & Pilaji Jadhav.

• Saadat Khan defeated Holkar-Jadhav forces near Mathura.

• Same time Bajirao entered & encamped at Delhi.

• Defeated Hasan Koka in the battle.

Delhi Campaign

Delhi Campaign ..

• Emperor fled from Fort for safety.

• Bajirao’s forces plundered Delhi, besieged the fort.

• Sawai Jaisingh agreed to pay ransom on behalf of emperor.

• March 1737 - Bajirao left Delhi before arrival of Saadat Khan from Mathura.

Battle of Bhopal

• July 1737 - Mughal Emperor appointed Nasirjang – Nizam’s son as Governor of Malwa.

• Nizam marched towards Maharashtra with around 80,000 army.

• October 1737 - Bajirao too raised troop of 80,000 Marathas to attack Nizam in mid-way.

• Appointed Raghuji Bhosale & Chimaji Appa in Deccan to block Nizam’s supply.

Battle of Bhopal ..

• Nizam acquired fort of Bhopal & entered with urgency, knowing fast movements of Bajirao.

• But got trapped inside fort when Bajirao arrived with forces.

• November 1737 – Bajirao broke Nizam’s supply from Delhi.

• January 1738 – Nizam surrendered. Paid ransom as war expenses, Malwa added in Maratha empire.

Bajirao’s Death

• May 1739 - Chimaji Appa conquered Vasai.

• Nadir Shah – Persian invader attacked & plundered Delhi.

• Bajirao marched towards Delhi for 2nd time.

• Suffered from heat-stroke, felt ill.

• April 1740 - Died at Raverkhedi due to illness.

Heaven Born Cavalry Leader

“Bajirao was a heaven born cavalry leader. In the long and distinguished galaxy of Peshwas, Bajirao was unequalled for the daring and originality of his genius and the volume and value of his achievements!”

- Jadunath Sarkar (in preface of book “Peshwa Bajirao I & Maratha Expansion” by Dighe)

Incarnation of Hindu Energy

“He died as he lived, in camp under canvas among his men, and he is remembered to this day among the Marathas as the fighting Peshwa and the incarnation of Hindu energy!”

- Richard Temple(in “Shivaji & The Rise of Marathas”)

Bajirao’s Strategies

• Famous for rapid movements during battle.

• Fast troop movements – Used to carry only cavalry.

• Always carried reserved horses equal to around one third of total cavalry.

• British General Bernard Montgomery in his book ‘History of Warfare’ – “Bajirao’s victory at Palkhed is a Masterpiece of Strategic Mobility”

Bajirao’s Strategies .. • Never enjoyed special treatment during battles & expeditions.

• Converted Maratha kingdom into Empire.

• Remained loyal to Maratha Empire.

• Selected gems like Malharrao Holkar, Ranoji Shinde, Raghuji Bhosale, Vitthal Vinchurkar, Udaji Pawar & Govindpant Kher (Bundele) – appointed in various crucial places. 64

Maratha Empire in 1740

Balaji Bajirao – Nanasaheb Peshwa

Various Maratha Commanders • Malharrao Holkar – Indore • Ranoji Shinde – Ujjain • Udaji Pawar – Dhar • Raghuji Bhosale – Nagpur • Pilaji Gaikwad – Baroda • Govindpant Kher – Bundelkhand

Nanasaheb increased autonomy of these commanders. This further boosted Maratha expansion in rest of India.

Malharrao Holkar

Ranoji Shinde

Raghuji Bhosale

Bengal Campaigns

Bengal Campaign - I

• 1717 – Murshid Quili Khan then Governor of Mughal Bengal, revolted and declared himself ruler (Nawab) of Bengal.

• 1740 – Nawab Sarfaraz Khan was killed, Alivardi Khan became Nawab.

• Mir Habib (Deputy Nawab) asked Raghuji Bhosale to intervein & eliminate Alivardi Khan.

• April 1742 – Maratha forces under Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar (Bhaskar Pandit) attacked Bengal. 72

Bengal Campaign – I ..

• Alivardi Khan fled to Katna.

• Marathas attacked & plundered Murshidabad.

• Marathas captured Hoogly.

• Alivardi Khan re-captured region till Chilka after departure of Maratha forces.

• Maratha forces found out famous ‘Surya Mandir’ at Konark during this campaign.

Bengal Campaign - II

• 1743 – Raghuji Bhosale attacked Bengal with army.

• Nanasaheb Peshwa also entered Bengal via Kashi – Sasaram – Daudnagar – Gaya – Monghir, with 50,000 forces.

• Alivardi Khan paid ransom of 22 lakhs to Peshwa.

• Nawab & merchants asked British for help to construct ditch around the capital.

Maratha Ditch

Bengal Campaign - III

• 1744 – Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar attacked Bengal.

• Alivardi Khan sent his diplomats – Diwan Janakiram & Gulam Mustafa for treaty.

• Both agreed to pay ransom, Bhaskar Ram was invited to meet Nawab.

• Bhaskar Ram along with 21 commanders was murdered during meeting, Maratha forces retreated.

Bengal Campaign …

• Raghuji Bhosale again attacked Bengal in 1745, 1747 & 1748.

• 1748 – Alivardi Khan signed peace trety with Raghuji with following conditions- – Orissa handed over to Marathas. – Raipur, Ratanpur, Bilaspur & Sambalpur (conquered by Bhaskar Ram) to remain with Marathas. – Nawab to pay annual ransom of Rs 12 lakhs to Marathas. – Marathas not to attack Bengal as long as annual ransom is being paid.

Bengal Campaign …

Chhele ghumalo, pada judalo bargi elo deshe bulbulite dhan kheyechhe, khajna debo kise?

-- When the children fall asleep, silence sets in, the Bargis come to our lands. Birds have eaten the grains, how shall I pay the rent?

Jaipur Campaign

• December 1743 – Sawai Jaisingh died.

• Triggered war of throne between Ishwari Singh & his half brother Madho Singh.

• Ishwari Singh – Eldest but incapable son of Sawai Jaisingh.

• Madho Singh – Youngest but capable son, son from Princess of Udaipur (Mewad).

Jaipur Campaign .. • Marathas except Shindes supported Madho Singh.

• Most of Rajput rules were also supporting Madho Singh.

• March 1747 – Ishwari Singh’s forces defeated allied forces of Khanderao Holkar-Ummed Singh-Madho Singh-Jagat Singh.

• Peshwa’s diplomacy to convince Ishwari Singh failed.

Jaipur Campaign .. • July 1748 – Maratha forces under Malharrao Holkar & Gangadhar Chnadrachud attacked Jaipur region.

• Captured Tonk, Toda, Malpura, Pipalod, Phagi, Ladana – These regions were handed over to Madho Singh.

• Other Rajputs also allied with Marathas.

• Surajmal Jat joined Ishwari Singh.

Jaipur Campaign .. • Ishwari Singh & Surajmal Jat defeated.

• Ishwari Singh agreed to give five regios in his territory to Madho Singh, 15 lakhs ransom to Marathas.

• Ishwari Singh later refused to pay agreed amount to Marathas, neglected advices of his ministers.

• September 1750 – Malharrao again marched to Jaipur. 83

Jaipur Campaign .. • Ishwari Singh’s diplomats met Malharrao at Nenwa, offered to pay 2 lakhs in 3 installments.

• Enraged Malharrao ordered his troops to attack & besiege Jaipur.

• Ishwai Singh committed suicide before arrival of Malharrao.

• Madho Singh was given the throne of Jaipur.

Ahmad Shah Abdali

Ahmad Shah Abdali • Abdali had accompanied Nadir Shah during attack on Delhi in 1739.

• After Nadir Shah’s death in 1747, Abdali united all Afghan tribes under his supremacy.

• Coroneted as Emperor of Afghans.

• Abdali was aware of conditions in Delhi, was waiting for opportunity to attack Delhi.

Abdali’s attack on India • Zakariya Khan – Governor of Lahore died in 1745.

• Triggered war between his sons – Shahnawaj Khan & Yahya Khan.

• Shahnawaj captured the position & terminated Yahya Khan.

• Yahya Khan requested his father-in-law Kamruddin Khan who was Wazir in Mughal Court.

Abdali’s attack on India .. • Kamruddin Khan made a plan to overthrow Shahnawaj from Lahore.

• Adina Beg – Mughal Viceroy of Punjab advised Shahnawaj to seek help from Abdali.

• 1748 – Abdali marched towards Delhi, Crossed Punjab.

• Mughal forces defeated Abdali at Sirhind.

Abdali’s attack on India ..

Instability in Delhi • 1748 - Kamruddin Khan died in the battle at Sirhind.

• Safadarjung became Wazir.

• 1751 - Afghan Rohillas rebelled against Mughals, attacked Delhi.

• Safadarjung asked Marathas for protection.

• Shinde & Holkar defeated Rohillas & pushed them beyond Kumaon.

Rohilkhand

Kumaon

Marathas – Protectors of Delhi • Marathas were now looked upon as most powerful force in India.

• 1752 – Formal treaty was signed between Mughal Emperor & Marathas- – Marathas to protect Mughal regions. – Ajamer & Aagra proviences to be handed over to Marathas. – Marathas to collect taxes from all Mughal regions.

• Antaji Mankeshwar deployed in Delhi with 10,000 Maratha troop. 93

Disputes against Jats

Disputes against Jats • 1753 - Raghunathrao (Nanasaheb’s younger brother), Malharrao Holkar & Jayappa Shinde besieged Kumbheri Fort.

• Surajmal Jat refused to pay 1 Crore ransom.

• Khanderao Holkar died of cannon-ball fired from fort.

• Enraged Malhrrao pledged to destroy Kumbheri.

• Marathas had to accept ransom of 20 lakh & return. 95

Abdali’s attack on Delhi • 1757 – Abdali conquered Punjab, attacked Delhi with 50,000 Afghan troops.

• Abdali’s first attack was successfully repulsed by Antaji Mankeshwar.

• Najib Khan Rohila betrayed Marathas by joining Abdali.

• Mughal Wazir – Imad-Ul-Mulq surrendered Delhi to Abdali.

Abdali’s attack on Delhi .. • Abdali plundered Delhi, Aagra, Mathura, Vrindavan.

• Massacred Gosavis & people in Mathura & Delhi.

• Spread of cholera in Afghan camp & news of rebellion in Afghanistan forced Abdali to retreat.

• Nanasaheb Peshwa dispatched Maratha army under Raghunathrao, Malharrao Holkar & Dattaji Shinde to take on Abdali.

Abdali’s attack on Delhi .. • Abdali left Delhi before arrival of Maratha forces.

• Abdali had appointed Najib Khan Rohila as Mir- Bakshi in Mughal court – co-ordinator between Mughals & Abdali.

• Marathas regained control over Delhi.

• Najib Khan was imprisoned, but was released by Malharrao.

Lahore Conquered

Lahore Conquered .. • October 1757 – Maratha forces marched towards Punjab to pursuit Abdali.

• Abdali while returning to Afghanistan destroyed Golden Temple at Amritsar, appointed his son Timur Shah in Lahore.

• March 1758 – Maratha forces reached Sirhind.

• Timur Shah fled to Kabul.

• April 1758 – Maratha forces captured Lahore 100

Attock Conquered

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Attock Conquered

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Attock Conquered • Attock is situated in doab of Sindhu & Attock river.

• Maratha crossed Ravi immediately after capturing Lahore.

• Faced difficulty in crossing Chinab river.

• By August 1758 Marathas crossed Chinab, Jhelam & Sindhu rivers.

• Conquered Attock. 103

Peshawar Captured

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Peshawar Captured • After Attock Maratha forces captured Peshawar, reached till Khyber Pass.

• Hearing the news of Maratha forces advancing Khyber Pass, Emperor of Iran sent a message to Raghunathrao & Malharrao to form an allied force to attack & defeat Abdali.

• Emperor of Iran advised Raghunathrao to make an agreement that Attock would be border of India & Iran once they defeat Abdali.

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Maratha Empire in 1758 A.D.

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Maratha – Rohila Clashes • Raghunathrao appointed Dattaji Shinde for protection of Punjab & returned to Pune.

• Dattaji appointed Sabaji Shinde in Lahore & marched to Delhi.

• Dattaji planned to attack region beyond Ganga river (Awadh & Bengal) with the help of Najib Khan Rohila.

• Rohilas were expert in building bridges using boats & cross rivers like Ganga & Yamuna.

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Dattaji’s Plan

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Dattaji’s Plan ..

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Dattaji’s Plan .. • Mughal Vazir – Imad-Ul-Mulq & Nanasaheb Peshwa warned Dattaji of Najib’s politics.

• Najib agreed to help Dattaji in crossing Ganga river.

• April 1759 – Dattaji crossed Yamuna river at Ramghat, encamped at Kirana (present day Kairana).

• Promised to build a bridge on Ganga river near Shukratal.

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Dattaji’s Plan ..

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Dattaji’s Plan ..

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Najib’s Politics • Najib resumed his politics soon after Dattaji’s entry in Doab.

• Started making delay in building a bridge.

• Provoked Shuja-Ud-Daula – Nawab of Awadh against Dattaji & Marathas.

• Shuja appointed his army at east bank of Ganga river.

• Dattaji moved camp to Garhmukteshwar (Hastinapur) 113

Garhmukteshwar

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Najib’s Politics .. • Rainy season provided good reason to Najib for avoiding building of a bridge.

• Dattaji moved his camp to Miranpur (South of Shukratal).

• Movements of Maratha troops were restricted due to rain.

• September 1759 – Maratha troops attacked Shukratal. Rohilas dominated the battle. Dattaji retreated.

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Dattaji’s New Plan

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Dattaji’s New Plan • Dattaji sent Govindpant Bundela with 10,000 army to cross Ganga river & attack Rohila’s supply.

• Govindpant crossed Ganga river at Haridwar, attacked Rohila posts like Najibabad, Jalalabad.

• Same time Dattaji succeeded in building bridge on Ganga river.

• Captured Sambalgadh, Patthargadh forts – crucial in Rohila supply line across Ganga river.

117

Abdali’s 3rd Expadition • 1759 – Abdali again attacked India to remove Marathas from Punjab.

• Sabaji Shinde evacuated from Punjab. Marched to Delhi.

• Dattaji retreated from Doab.

• Abdali’s plan was to join Najib in Doab & execute further plans.

• Vazir assassinated Mughal Emperor Alamgir Sahni. 118

Abdali’s 3rd Expadition .. • Dattaji captured all slopes at western banks of Yamuna.

• Abdali crossed Yamuna river at Gudhiya – north of Kunjapura.

• Abdali & Najib’s forces joined in Doab.

• Abdali attempted to cross Yamuna from 5 different Ghats.

119

Kunjapura

120

Holkar’s Ignorance • Malharrao Holkar had laid siege at Balwada fort in Rajputana.

• Nanasaheb Peshwa ordered him to leave siege & join Dattaji near Delhi.

• Malharrao ignored Peshwa’s order to join Dattaji Shinde.

• Continued siege at Balwada.

121

Holkar’s Ignorance

122

Battle of Buradi • January 1760 - Pathans crossed Yamuna at Buradi Ghat near Delhi.

• Poor Visibility in the region helped Pathans to trick Marathas.

• 10th January 1760 – Makar Sankranti – Marathas & Pathans clashed at Buradi

• Dattaji Shinde died in the battle. Govindpant Bundela, Mahadaji Shinde, Jankoji Shinde injured but survived.

123

Battle of Buradi

124

Post Battle • Shinde’s camp suffered heavy loss.

• Abdali decided to push Marathas to south of Chambal river.

• Marathas fled to Deeg & then to Bharatpur.

• Abdali left the chase. Marched to Delhi.

• Marathas regrouped at Kotputli.

125

Post Battle ..

126

Post Battle ..

127

Marathas Regrouped • Malharrao heard of Shinde’s devastation, marched towards North-East.

• Joined Shinde’s at Kotputli.

• Abdali heard of Malrarao’s march, crossed Yamuna river, retreated to Doab (Delta region).

• Malharrao again captured western banks of Yamuna.

128

Campaign against Nizam • News of Dattaji’s death had not reached Pune yet.

• Maratha army commanded by Sadashiv Bhau was marching on Nizam.

• Nizam’s attempt to assassinate Bhau failed.

• Ibrahim Khan Gardi – Head of Nizam’s artillery, trained by French, approached Bhau, joined Maratha army in the battle.

129

Campaign against Nizam .. • 3rd February 1760 – Maratha & Nizam armies clashed at Udgir.

• Marathas broke Nizam’s defense & cornered him.

• Nizam surrendered.

• Nizam agreed to pay 60 lakh ransom & handover 4 crucial forts – Ahmednagar, Mulher, Asirgad & Daulatabad (Devgiri).

130

Campaign against Nizam ..

131

Ahmednagar

132

Mulher

133

Asirgad

134

Devgiri

135

Campaign against Nizam .. • Following cities were also added to Maratha region – Burhanpur – Aurangabad – Bijapur (Vijayapura) – Gulbarga (Kalburagi) – Yadgir – Chitapur (Chittapur) – Surapur (Shorapur) – Raichur – Naldurga – Kalyan (Basavkalyan)

136

Campaign against Nizam ..

137

Plans for North Campaign • Marathas encamped at Partur, heard news of Dattaji;s death & defeat at Buradi Ghat.

• Marathas swore to revenge on Abdali.

• Abdali was planning to return to Afghanistan, but was stopped by tricks of Najib Khan.

• Marathas from Delhi & other places in north regrouped at Peshwa’s instruction.

138

Campaign against Abdali • 14th March 1760 – Maratha forces under Sadashiv Bhau marched for campaign against Abdali – Vishwasrao (Nanasaheb’s son) – Vitthal Shivdev Vinchurkar – Antaji Mankeshwar – Damaji Gaikwad – Yashwantrao Pawar – Ibrahim Khan Gardi – Samsher Bahadur – Shinde’s & Holkar’s joined in North India. Total strength of 70,000 army & around 2,00,000 non-combatants (Pilgrims & camp followers). 139

Sadashiv Bhau

140

Vishwasrao

141

Sadashiv Bhau’s Plan • To cross Yamuna near Aagra by June 1760, enter Doab & cut Abdali’s supply from Najib.

• To cut Afghan’s contact with Shuja-Ud-Daula (Nawab of Awadh), turn him from Maratha’s side.

• Pressurize Abdali to return to Afghanistan, attack Najib.

• Proved to be on-paper plan, couldn’t be implemented.

142

Beginning of Challenges • Movement of Maratha force was tremendously slow – Due to huge number of non-combatants & Heavy Atrillery.

• June 1760 – Maratha forces crossed Chambal river.

• Got trapped at Dholpur, due to heavy flood of Gambhir river.

• Pilgrims visited Muchkunda Teerth near Dholpur.

143

Beginning of Challenges ..

144

Pilgrimage in Military Campaigns

145

Change in Bhau’s Plan • Mid-July 1760 – Maratha army crossed Gambhir river, reached Aagra.

• Unable to cross heavily flooded Yamuna river, Marathas planned to attack Delhi.

• August 1760 – Marathas attacked & captured Red Fort of Delhi.

• Bhau unseated Mughal Emperor Shahjahan-II.

146

Round of Crisis • By now, Marathas started facing food & financial crisis.

• Supply lines were blocked due to overflowing rivers.

• Thousands of horses in army died due to diseases.

• Bhau ordered to pull down silver from Mughal throne, melt it into coins & ensured funds.

147

Round of Crisis .. • Rumors had spread that Bhau is going to coronate Vishwasrao as Emperor of Delhi.

• Created considerable anxiety amongst Jat & Rajput Kingdoms.

• Bhau announced Ali Gauhar (Alamgir Sahni’s exiled son) as new Mughal Emperor.

• Coins were made in new Emperor’s name & processions were conducted.

148

Round of Crisis .. • By this time, Najib Khan managed to set up a meeting between Shuja-Ud-Daula & Abdali.

• Najib succeeded in turning Shuja from Abdali’s side.

• Shuja joined Abdali with 20,000 army & funds.

• Abdali was now fully ready for possible battle, stationed in Doab, searching for opportunity to cross Yamuna.

149

Abdali’s Moves • Abdali unable to cross Yamuna river, encamped at Shahdara (east of Delhi across Yamuna).

• Observing actions of Maratha army in Delhi.

• Attacked Marathas with few rounds of long range cannons.

• Ibrahim Khan Gardi too replied with rounds of comparatively stronger artillery.

150

Battle of Kunjpura • Kunjpura was a crucial fort on western bank of Yamuna (north of Delhi) – Main station in Abdali’s supply line.

• Najib’s brother Sultan Khan, Abdus Samad Khan & Qutub Khan were deployed at Kunjpura.

• Marathas decided to capture Kunjpura.

• Sultan Khan locked fort from inside when Marathas attacked.

151

Battle of Kunjpura .. • Abdus Samad Khan & Qutub Khan got trapped outside the fort. Hiding in trees surrounding the fort.

• Ibrahim Khan launched a ferocious round of cannon fire , breaching the fort.

• Fort was captured by Marathas.

• Abdus Samad Khan & Qutub Khan were caught alive. Beheaded on Bhau’s order.

152

Battle of Kunjpura .. • Marathas also captured back the loot which belonged to Dattaji’s defeated camp.

• Including a grand elephant called Javher Gaj.

• Morale in the Maratha army surged manifold after recapture of this symbolic elephant.

• September 1760 - Marathas got control over western bank of Yamuna from Delhi to Kunjpura.

153

Kunjpura

154

Pilgrimage to Kurukshetra

155

Abdali’s Moves • Abdali was enraged after the defeat at Kunjpura.

• Decided to cross Yamuna river with available resources & at any cost.

• Threatened his army to cross river alone if nobody is ready.

• 17th October 1760 – Abdali’s forces left camp at Shahdara, marched towards north.

156

Abdali’s Moves .. • Gulabsingh Jat (local citizen) showed Abdali the location where Yamuna could be crossed even in peak on monsoon.

• 26th October 1760 – Abdali crossed Yamuna within 3-4 days at Gauripura.

• Abdali’s forces now camped between Marathas & Delhi.

157

Abdali’s Moves

158

Background of Battle • Marathas left Kurukshetra, marched to south.

• Both armies clashed briefly between Panipat & Sonipat.

• Marathas camped at Panipat, Afghans camped at Kheri Nangar (South of Panipat).

• For a month Marathas had upper hand in the situation.

159

Background of Battle .. • Several clashes took place between Marathas & Afghans during this time.

• Soon Marathas started suffering from lack of food & funds. Their supply lines were cut by Afghans.

• Afghans were also facing problems with funds, but their food supply from Doab was intact.

• Signs of revolt started growing in Abdali’s camp.

160

Background of Battle .. • Abdali called for reserved forces & funds from Afghanistan. Ataikhan marched towards Delhi from Afghanistan.

• Bhau called for same from Pune, but most of messages were intercepted & blocked by Abdali.

• Ataikhan entered India, bypassed Maratha camp, crossed Yamuna & entered Doab.

• Govindpant Bundela was raising funds & army for Marathas in North India.

161

Background of Battle .. • 20th December 1760 - Govindpant & Ataikhan clashed at Meerut, Govindpant was killed in the battle.

• Govindpant’s head was sent as gift in Sadashiv Bhau’s camp.

• One more attempt to raise funds in Delhi & send it to Marathas was failed.

• Marathas suffered from starvation.

162

Background of Battle .. • Abdali was afraid of possible attack from large Maratha force present in Pune.

• Abdali was holding his position tight and did not seem to intend to attack.

• Neither Bhau seem to intend to attack, but he was eager for action.

• 13th January 1761 – Bhau assembled all generals in army & sought advice.

163

Strategy of Battle • Ibrahimkhan Gardi suggested a strategy – Marathas should smash through one front of Abdali’s army. Once Marathas manage to split Abdali’s army, they could control the battle.

• He suggested a round formation – – First heavy artillery would bombard enemy positions. – Followed by Gunmen. – Foot Soldiers. – Non-combatants. – Backed up by rest of army. – Cannons would fire from all 4 directions. 164

Strategy of Battle .. • Positions & formations of all were decided.

• Preparations of the battle started in Maratha camp.

• Marathas had a meal of jaggery & coconut.

• Abdali had no clue that Marathas would attack.

• 14th January 1761 – As Marathas began their movements, Abdali realized the situation.

165

Strategy of Battle .. • Abdali arranged his army in semi-circular arc.

• Najib Khan & Shuja-Ud-Daula were kept opposite to Holkar & Shinde.

• Abdali kept his toughest generals Barkhudar Khan & Amir Baig opposite to Ibrahimkhan Gardi.

166

Strategy of Battle .. • Abdali stayed at back of the army, watching battle from a small hill.

• Abdali kept reserved 5,000 army of most fierce soldiers – Qizalbaaz at the back of army.

167

Strategy of Battle ..

168

Abdali’s Position

169

Strength of Marathas • Commanders- Sadashivrao Bhau, Vishwasrao, Samsher Bahadur, Malharrao Holkar, Ibrahimkhan Gardi, Mahadaji Shinde, Jankoji Shinde, Antaji Manakeshwar, Vitthal Shivdev Vinchurkar, Damaji Gaikwad, Yashwantrao Pawar, Bhivrao Panse, Manaji Paygude etc. • Military Strength- – Around 40,000 Cavalry. – 15,000 Infantry (Including Gunmen). – 15,000 Free Companions. – 200 Cannons. Total army of around 70,000.

170

Strength of Afghans • Commanders- Ahmad Shah Abdali, Timur Shah Durrani, Shah Wali Khan (Abdali’s Wazir), Barkhurdar Khan, Aamir Baig, Atai Khan, Jahan Khan, Shah Pasand Khan, Najib Khan Rohila, Dunde Khan, Hafiz Rehmat Khan, Ahmad Khan Bangash, Shuja-Ud- Daula, Anupgir Gosavi etc. • Military Strength- – Around 42,000 Cavalry. – 38,000 Infantry (Including Gunmen). – 10,000 Reserved Force. – 5,000 Qizalbaaz. – 120 Cannons. Total army of around 90,000. 171

3rd Battle of Panipat • 14th January 1761 – The battle commenced at around 9 a.m. in the morning.

• Marathas started with a massive bombardment with Ibrahim Khan Gardi’s cannons.

• Abdali’s cannons also started operating.

• First flank of Rohilas suffered heavy causalities.

• This caused confusion & disturbance in Afghans. 172

3rd Battle of Panipat .. • Troops of Damaji Gaikwad & Vitthal Shivdev Vinchurkar broke the formation in excitement, attacked Afghan front.

• Ibrahim Khan had to stop the cannons.

• Two units were beaten heavily & had to retreat.

• Two sides clashed fiercely till mid-day

• Afghans had suffered heavy loss by this time. 173

3rd Battle of Panipat .. • Atai Khan & Shahab Ali Khan (Abdali’s Vazir) led the troops of Rohilas, attacked Shinde’s on left front.

• The attack was repulsed by Shinde’s troops.

• Atai Khan got killed in the clash.

• By this time Marathas had suffered less causalities, and appeared to be in control of the battle.

174

3rd Battle of Panipat .. • Abdali ordered his Janana (which was in the rear) to be pushed back further.

• Afghans were losing their nerve.

• Marathas were in high spirit.

• Abdali was careful considering the difficulty of the situation.

175

3rd Battle of Panipat

176

Shift of the Control • Around 2 p.m., a bullet streaked through air & struck Vishwasrao, who was atop an elephant.

• This was a massive setback & bad omen.

• Caused disturbance in Maratha troops.

• The non-combatants began to flee.

• Key generals in the army also started fleeing.

177

Shift of the Control .. • Bhau could not comprehend sudden incidents.

• Some in Maratha army were all set to flee, merely waiting for right opportunity.

• The fleeing never stopped.

• But Bhau carried on fighting like possessed man along with his unit.

• Abdali brought his reserved force of 5,000 Qizalbaaz into action. 178

Shift of the Control .. • These soldiers started to massacre Bhau’s unit.

• Marathas started battle with 70,000 soldiers, but now Bhau was left with hardly 5,000 soldiers in the battlefield.

• Bhau got disappeared in the fierce clash.

• Afghans started wild celebrations.

179

End of Battle • Afghans recovered dead bodies of Vishwasrao & Sadashiv Bhau.

• Anupgir Gosavi, one of Shuja’s commander convinced Abdali through Shuja to ensure that their last rites were performed.

• Afghans now sought permission to massacre Marathas in the surrounding area.

• Abdali initially rejected but later agreed to the demand.

180

End of Battle .. • More people were killed in the slaughter compared to number of soldiers died in the battlefield.

• Afghans entered Panipat village, dragged all the men out, identified Marathas in that & beheaded them.

• Afghans started contest amongst themselves, to see who could chop off the most number of heads.

• Heads were stacked up in the shape of tower.

181

End of Battle .. • Around 20,000 were captured alive, most of which were women.

• All of these were taken as slaves. Abdali sold them on his way back to Afghanistan to pay salaries of soldiers.

• Bhau’s wife Parvatibai managed to escape.

• Nana Phadanvis escaped, but lost his mother. She was never located desptie huge efforts by him in future.

182

End of Battle .. • Jankoji Shinde was taken prisoner by Barkhurdar Khan, who agreed to release him for ransom.

• Barkhurdar had to kill Jankoji when Najib informed Abdali of his intensions.

• Ibrahim Khan Gardi was tortured & killed in Abdali’s prison.

• Antaji Mankeshwar, who managed to escape from massacre at Panipat, was beaten to death by Baluchi landlords near Delhi.

183

End of Battle .. • Marathas who fled to Delhi, were looted by local citizens.

• All those escaped were given refuge by Surajmal Jat at Bharatpur & Deeg.

• He helped them by giving money, food & directions to south.

• Samsher Bahadur died in Surajmal’s palace due to battle injuries.

184

End of Battle .. • Malharrao Holkar (first amongst those who fled) reached first to Delhi & then marched to Indore.

• Mahadaji Shinde was seriously injured in the battlefield, survived & managed to escape to Bharatpur.

• Nanasaheb Peshwa himself had marched with 40,000 army for Bhau’s support.

• Heard the news of Panipat when he crossed Narmada river.

185

Loss for Marathas • 40,000 soldiers in & around battlefield.

• 30,000-40,000 non-combatants.

• The loss is described as- Two Pearls dissolved, 27 Golden coins lost, countless loss of Copper coins.

186

After Battle • After 2-3 days Abdali reached Delhi.

• The battle severely weakened Abdali also.

• Afghans had suffered 30,000-35,000 causalities (almost equal to that of Marathas in & around battlefield).

• Abdali was almost fund less, moreover he was unable to get funds from anybody.

187

After Battle .. • Surajmal Jat agreed to provide money if Abdali becomes Emperor of Delhi.

• Rajputs were seating idle and wanted to have nothing to do with both sides.

• Abdali took few crucial decisions after reaching Delhi.

188

After Battle .. • Abdali reappointed Ali Gauhar (earlier appointed by Marathas) as Mughal Emperor.

• Appointed Shuja as Mughal Wazir.

• Appointed Marathas as protectors of India.

• Abdali returned to Afghanistan before arrival of Nanasaheb with Maratha army.

189

Abdali’s Letter to Peshwa

“There is no reason to have animosity amongst us. Your son Vishwasrao and your brother Sadashivrao died in battle, which was unfortunate. Bhau started the battle, so I had to fight back unwillingly. Yet I feel sorry for his death. Please continue your guardianship of Delhi as before, to that I have no opposition. Only let Punjab until Sutlaj remain with us. Reinstate Shah Alam on Delhi's throne as you did before and let there be peace and friendship between us, this is my ardent desire. Grant me that desire.”

190

Abdali’s Letter to Madho Singh

“The Marathas fought so valiantly that Rustom & Esfindiar (Legendary Persian Warriors) would have been impressed…..The battle was unprecedented and like nothing I have seen before.”

191

Consequences of the Battle • This battle severely weakened Afghans as well as devastating Marathas.

• Rumors were spread in Afghanistan that Abdali is defeated in battle.

• Abdali had to reach Kabul urgently to safeguard his throne.

• Sikhs got inspired from this battle – Rise of Sikh Empire.

192

Consequences of the Battle .. • Sikhs under Ranjit Singh inflicted heavy defeat on Afghans in following years.

• Najib Khan got nothing from the battle, resumed his usual activities in North India against Jats, Rajputs, Shuja & Mughals.

• Jats suffered huge loss in clashes against Rohilas in following years – Surajmal Jat died in 1763 A.D. in one of such clash.

193

Consequences of the Battle .. • Nanasaheb suspended autonomies of commanders like Malharrao Holkar, Vinchurkar, Mahadaji Shinde etc. who had fled from battlefield.

• Nanasaheb was so upset after Bhau’s death that he thought the material world & life was now futile.

• He never recovered from shock of defeat, died same year at Pune.

194

Consequences of the Battle .. • Empire had debts of crores, before dying Nanasaheb managed to bring it down to 16 lakhs.

• Marathas took a long time (decade) to recover from this loss.

• Temporary check on Maratha expansion in North India.

• Within this period British managed to take control of few territories in North India.

195

Peshwa Madhavrao-I

196

Peshwa Madhavrao-I • Second son of Nanasaheb & younger brother of Vishwasrao.

• By now, the post of Peshwa had become hereditary.

• There were differences as to who should succeed the Nanasaheb Peshwa.

• Madhavrao was only 16 years old at the time of Nanasaheb’s death.

197

Peshwa Madhavrao-I .. • Madhavrao was supported by influential commanders & noblemen in the court like – Malhar Raste (Madhavrao’s maternal uncle) – Trimbak Pethe (Sadashiv Bhau’s maternal uncle) – Gopalrao Patwardhan – Baburao Phadnis – Balaji Janardan Bhanu (Nana Phadanvis) – Hari Ballal Phadke – Ramshastri Prabhune

198

Peshwa Madhavrao-I .. • Raghunathrao was supported by – Sakharam Bapu Bokil – Tulaji Bhosale – Janoji Bhosale – Gangoba Tatya Chandrachood (Holkar’s loyal secreatary)

199

Succession to Post • Chhatrapati appointed Madhavrao as Peshwa.

• Raghunathrao was appointed as regent till Madhavrao attains maturity.

• Sakharam Bapu Bokil was appointed as secreatary.

• Soon Madhavrao started looking over matters of state – Started friction between nephew & uncle.

200

Early Reign • Because of the defeat at Panipat, the Maratha treasury was virtually bankrupt and in heavy debt.

• Madhavrao first started discipline from his own home.

• First reduced the household expenditure on daily religious practices.

• Soon he increased his involvement in matters of government, putting restrictions on unwanted expenses.

201

Early Reign .. • Raghunathrao and Sakharam Bapu resigned from office to put pressure on the young Peshwa

• Madhavrao filled post of regent with Trimbak Pethe.

• Appointed Nana Phadanvis as Secretary.

• Ramshastri Prabhune was made Chief Justice.

202

Campaign against Nizam • Nizam presuming reduced power of Marathas attacked Maratha territories, but was repelled by Marathas.

• Raghunathrao secretly sought the help of Nizam to overthrow Madhavrao.

• Raghunathrao routed his forces away from Pune.

• Divided Maratha army couldn’t match up with Nizam’s fresh attacks. 203

Campaign against Nizam .. • Madhavrao himself led the campaign with available Maratha forces.

• Also ordered Holkar & Shinde to join the campaign.

• Madhavrao surrendered himself to Raghunathrao for the safety of Empire.

• Nizam now sidelined Raghunathrao, allied with Janoji Bhosale & King of Kolhapur against Peshwas.

204

Campaign against Nizam .. • Nizam’s commander – Vitthal Sundar attacked & plundered Pune in absence of Peshwa & Maratha forces.

• Raghunathrao now reconciled with Madhavrao.

• Reunited Maratha forces defeated Nizam’s army at Rakshasbhuvan, Vitthal Sundar was killed.

• Nizam surrendered to Marathas, but was released after treaty & collecting war expenses. 205

Battle of Rakshasbhuvan

206

Effects of Battle • Apart from financial loss, Nizam lost his territory of Rs. 50 Lakh Annual Income to Marathas.

• Position of Madhavrao became stronger.

• Vitthal Sundar's vacant post of Secretary was given to Mir Musa Khan Rukn Ud Daula - Peshwa lobbyist in Nizam's durbar.

207

Campaign against Hyder Ali • Early 1760s – Hyder Ali gained cotrol over Mysore, reducing influence of Wodeyar Kings.

• 1761 to 1764 - Captured Maratha Territories like Sira, Hoskote, Kolar & Balapur.

• Collected ransom from rulers of Kadapa, Kurnool, Arcot, Savanur, Sonda, Chitradurga, Raidurga who were tributary of Marathas.

208

Campaign against Hyder Ali

209

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • 1762 – Murarji Ghorpade was deployed for campaign against Hyder.

• Marathas defeated Hyder in a battle near Balapur.

• Hyder signed peace agreement after defeat.

• But broke the agreement when Marathas were involved in a campaign against Nizam.

210

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • 1762 – Captured Maratha regions under Ghorpade except Gutti.

• Imprisoned Khanderao Ghorpade.

• 1763 – Captured Bidnur – Renamed it as Hydernagar.

• Same year captured Sonda, Savnur, Hubli & Dharwad.

211

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • 1762 – Captured Maratha regions under Ghorpade except Gutti.

• Imprisoned Khanderao Ghorpade.

• 1763 – Captured Bidnur – Renamed it as Hydernagar.

• Same year captured Sonda, Savnur, Hubli & Dharwad.

212

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • 1764 – Madhavrao entered Karnataka with Maratha force.

• Hyder adopted Guerilla-warfare to counterattack Marathas.

• Hyder’s main camp was at Rattihalli.

• May 1764 – Marathas attacked Hyder’s camp at Rattihalli. Hyder fled from camp with selected army after defeat. 213

Campaign against Hyder Ali ..

214

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • Marathas re-captured Dharwad after siege of 1 month.

• Alternative supply of Hyder’s army from Bidnur was cut.

• December 1764 – Maratha forces attacked Hyder’s camp at Anawadi (Anavatti).

• Hyder fled, but soon agreed for treaty.

215

Campaign against Hyder Ali ..

216

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • Hyder agreed to handover region north to Bankapur, Rs. 30 Lakh ransom.

• Initially Hyder delayed to handover areas.

• Later he refused to handover some of the regions & annual tribute.

• 1766 Maratha forces under Trimbak Pethe started fresh campaign against Hyder.

217

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • Marathas captured Sira within 10 days.

• Hyder’s brother-in-law Meer Reza surrendered to Marathas.

• Marathas immediately captured fort of Madagiri (Madhugiri).

• Madaksira, Chikkaballapura, Doddaballapura & Devanahalli were captured in same campaign.

218

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • Following frequent provocations from Hyder, Maratha forces again entered Karnataka in 1770.

• October 1770 – Marathas led by Trimbak Pethe captured Gurukonda which was under Saidu Miya (Hyder’s relative).

• Maratha forces now marched towards Shirangapattana.

• Tumkur & Bangaluru were captured on the way. 219

Campaign against Hyder Ali ..

220

Campaign against Hyder Ali .. • Following frequent provocations from Hyder, Maratha forces again entered Karnataka in 1770.

• October 1770 – Marathas led by Trimbak Pethe captured Gurukonda which was under Saidu Miya (Hyder’s relative).

• Maratha forces now marched towards Shirangapattana.

• Tumkur & Bangaluru were captured on the way. 221

Battle of Chanapattana

222

Battle of Chanapattana • March 1771 - Maratha informers brought the news of Hyder’s march to tackle Marathas.

• Marathas trapped Hyder with his 30,000 army in the mountains near Chanapattana.

• Hyder’s army suffered heavy loss in the battle.

• Hyder managed to escape with remaining 5,000 army throught narrow pass which was not captured by Marathas. 223

Siege of Srirangapattanam • Marathas continued capturing one after the other regions of Mysore.

• June 1772 – Marathas besieged Srirangapattanam - Capital of Hyder.

• Finally Hyder surrendered, signed peace agreement.

• Paid Rs. 36 Lakhs as war expense.

• Agreed to pay Rs 14 Lakh as annual tribute. 224

Once again Delhi

225

Delhi after Panipat • Mughal Emperor Shah Alam-II (Ali Gauhar) had sought refuge with Shuja (Nawab of Awadh) after defeat from British in 1761.

• After defeat of Shuja to British in 1764, Emperor sought protection of British.

• 1762 to 1767 – Abdali’s Afghan forces faced strong resistance from Sikhs.

• Abdali failed to get control over Punjab.

226

Delhi after Panipat .. • Najib Khan Rohila was ruling Delhi as Abdali’s agent.

• Suraj Mal Jat tried to take over Delhi, but was killed in the fight with Rohilas.

• Marathas were virtually absent in North India.

• Malharrao Holkar had already died in 1766.

• Madhavrao had restored autonomy of Holkars & Shindes because of their contribution after Panipat. 227

Delhi Campaign • Madhavrao wanted to extract revenge of Panipat.

• 1769 - Huge Maratha army under Visaji Krishna Biniwale, Mahadaji Shinde & Tukoji Holkar was deployed by Peshwa to take back control in North India.

• February 1770 – Marathas collected huge tributes from Rajputs & Jats, Entered North India.

• April 1770 – Marathas took possession of Agra & Mathura.

228

Delhi Campaign .. • October 1770 – Najib Khan Rohila died.

• November 1770 – Maratha forces attacked Etawa, Shukohabad & Kanoj.

• Etawa Fort was captured by Maratha forces.

• February 1771 - Marathas attacked & captured Delhi.

• March 1771 – Marathas started their campaign in Doab. Rohilkhand captured. 229

Delhi Campaign .. • Shah Alam-II looking at increasing Maratha power, sent his diplomats to Mahadaji & Visaji.

• Marathas agreed to support Shah Alam-II with certain conditions.

• January 1772 – Shah Alam-II seated on throne for first time after 11 years of coronation with support of Marathas.

• Beginning of the New Peak of Maratha Power in North India.

230

Madhavrao’s Death • 1770 - Madhavrao was infected by Tuberculosis during the campaign against Hyder Ali. Had returned back to Pune.

• November 1772 - Madhavrao died at premature age (27 years) at Theur (near Pune).

“And the plains of Panipat were not more fatal to the Maratha Empire than the early end of this excellent prince…” - Grant Duff (British Historian)

231

Phase of Instability • Madhavrao having no son , was succeeded by his brother Narayanrao.

• Narayanrao continued with Sakharambapu as secretary, and Nana Phadanvis, Haripant Phadke as advisers.

• Raghunathrao was appointed as regent.

• August 1773 – Narayanrao was murdered by Gardis (traditional bodyguards of Peshwa) in Shaniwar Wada.

232

Phase of Instability .. • Corpse was cut into pieces & secretly taken out of Shaniwar Wada and cremated.

• The order to kill Narayanrao was issued by Raghunathrao, in exchange of high ranks in Maratha army & pay scale, once he becomes Peshwa.

• December 1773 – Raghunathrao declared himself as next Peshwa.

• Appointed his loyal people at crucial posts.

233

Phase of Instability .. • Ramshastri Prabhune (Chief Justice) recovered the order issued by Raghunathrao to Gardis.

• Ramshastri sentenced Death Penalty to Raghunathrao for murdering Narayanrao.

• The order wan’t obeyed as Raghunathrao was a ruling Peshwa.

• Ramshastri resigned from his posts, left Pune forever.

234

Barbhai Council • Raghunathrao soon faced opposition from court members like Nana Phadanvis, Haripant Phadke etc. who deposed him from post of Peshwa.

• Raghunathrao fled & allied with British.

• Madhavrao – II (Infant son of Narayanrao) was declared as Peshwa.

• A council of 12 influential people was appointed as regency council for child Peshwa – Barbhai council.

235

Barbhai Council • Barbhai (council of 12 brothers) consisted of - – Nana Phadanvis – Haripant Phadke – Moroba Phadnis – Sakharam Bapu Bokil – Trimbakrao Pethe – Mahadaji Shinde – Tukoji Holkar – Bhagwanrao Pratinidhi – Maloji Ghorpade – Malharrao Raste – Babuji Naik

– Phaltankar 236

First Anglo Maratha War • April 1774 – Raghunathrao allied with British at Mumbai.

• Resulted in several clashes between Maratha & English forces.

• December 1775 – Treaty was signed between both forces at Purandar (near Pune) – – Raghunathrao to be surrendered to Marathas – Revenue to Vasai, Bharuch to be given to British

• But terms in this treaty were never implemented. 237

First Anglo Maratha War .. • December 1778 – British launched fresh attack on Marathas.

• January 1779 – British forces were heavily defeated at Wadgaon (near Lonavala).

• But British forces sent from Bengal, captured places like Gwalior, Ahmedabad from Shindes.

• May 1782 - Both sides, after suffering heavy loss, signed a treaty at Salbai.

238

Treaty of Salbai • British withdrew all support from Raghunathrao, recognized Madhavrao – II as Peshwa.

• Region captured in north India was returned back to Mahadaji Shinde.

• Marathas promised all help to British in their campaigns against Hyder Ali.

239

Madhavrao - II

240 Madhavrao - II • Madhavrao – II (Sawai Madhavrao) was posthumous son of Narayanrao.

• He more or less ruled under the guidance of Nana Phadanvis and the Barbhai regency council.

• When came of age, Sawai Madhavrao tried to assert his authority against his adviser Nana Phadanvis , whom he felt was becoming overbearing.

• Sawai Madhavrao displayed very cranky and whimsical behaviour at times. 241

Madhavrao – II .. • 1794 – Mahadaji Shinde died at Wanawadi (near Pune) at age of 64.

• 1795 - Sawai Madhavrao died under mysterious circumstances.

• It is believed that he committed suicide by jumping from the high walls of Shaniwar Wada.

• Sawai Madhavrao named his uncle Bajirao-II (Raghunathrao’s son) as his successor.

242

Nana Phadanvis

243 Instability in Pune • Bajirao-II was earlier put in prison by Nana.

• Nana convinced Sawai Madhavrao’s widow to adopt Chimnaji (Raghunathrao’s youngest son) & announce him as Peshwa.

• Bajirao-II sought help from Baloba Pagnis (influential minister of Daulatrao Shinde).

• Baloba agreed to support through Daulatrao on condition of getting Nana’s position in Peshwa Court. 244

Instability in Pune .. • Nana got the whiff of Bajirao-II's plans and started planning his counter move.

• Nana knowing the power of Shindes, came to an understanding with Bajirao-II.

• Bajirao also accepted Nana’s proposal, knowing the consequences of bringing Shinde & Pagnis in Pune.

• Bajirao-II was released from prison, declared as new Peshwa.

• Nana was appointed as his secretary. 245

Instability in Pune .. • Nana was aware that Baloba would provoke Shindes to dislodge Bajirao-II & Nana from their posts.

• Before Shinde's forces could march onto Pune, Nana took refuge in the fort of Purandar, & then at Mahad.

• Pagnis urged Daulatrao Shinde to appoint Chimnaji as the next Peshwa.

• Nana began secret negotiations directly with Daulatrao. 246

Instability in Pune .. • Nana tacitly gave his approval for the appointment of Chimnaji as Peshwa, in return for his appointment as regent.

• Chimnaji was adopted by Yashodabai (widow of Sawai Madhavrao) & he was declared the Peshwa.

• Bajirao-II was once again confined to prison.

• Pagnis was making plans of seizing Nana. Started infecting Daulatrao’s mind against Nana.

247

Instability in Pune .. • In anticipation of a possible imprisonment, Nana went underground once again.

• He renewed his agreement with Bajirao-II to get him released from prison and make him the Peshwa.

• But this wasn’t possible without Daulatrao’s support.

• Both decided to isolate Pagnis from Daulatrao, & turn Daulatrao from their side.

248

Instability in Pune .. • Both utilized the commander Sakharam Ghatge of Kagal (near Kolhapur).

• They persuaded Ghatge to send the marraige proposal of his daughter to Daulatrao Shinde.

• In return they promised him a share in the affairs of Pune.

• Daulatrao accepted the marraige proposal, increasing Ghatage’s influence over him, isolating Baloba Pagnis. 249

Instability in Pune .. • Bajirao-II was declared new Peshwa with Daulatrao’s support & Nana remained his secretary.

• Bajirao-II induced Ghatge to put Nana behind bars & instead promised him Nana’s authority.

• Several charges were leveled against Nana and he was imprisoned in the fort of Ahmednagar.

• But in a matter of time, Bajirao-II found Daulatrao & Ghatge's behavior overbearing and beyond his control. 250

Instability in Pune .. • Bajirao-II had Nana released from prison, and restored him in his old position with lesser authority.

• 1800 – Nana Phadnvis died in Pune, in couple of years after releasing from prison.

• This put Bajirao-II once again in the dependency of Daulatrao.

251

Treaty of Vasai • Several clashes took place between Shinde & Holkar forces around 1800-1802 in Central India & Maharashtra.

• Yashwantrao Holkar planned to replace Bajirao-II with Peshwa of his favour.

• Holkar gathered his army & marched on to Pune.

• Defeated Shinde forces on the way & entered Pune.

• Bajirao-II fled & took refuge at Sinhgad. 252

Treaty of Vasai • From Sinhgad, he fled to Konkan, took refuge to British at Vasai.

• December 1802 – Bajirao-II signed treaty with British seeking their protection against enemies.

• Meanwhile Yashwantrao captured Pune & installed Amritrao (Raghunathrao’s adopted son) as Peshwa.

• British army led by Arthur Wellesley, Bajirao-II with his aides like Patwardhan, Vinchurkar, Nipanikar entered Pune.

253

Treaty of Vasai • Yashwantrao fled to Indore.

• Amritrao was pensioned off by British to Banaras.

• Bajirao-II was once again reinstalled as the Peshwa at Pune.

• Holkar, Shinde & Bhosales (Nagpur) disliked Bajirao- II’s decision to take support from British.

254

Second Anglo Maratha War

255 Second Anglo Maratha War • Shindes & Bhosales gathered their forces, but were not united.

• Holkars remained neutral in the beginning.

• September 1803 – Gerard Lake defeated Maratha (Shinde’s) forces at Delhi. Captured Delhi.

• Arthur Wellesly defeated another force of Shindes at Assaye (near Aurangabad).

256

Second Anglo Maratha War .. • November 1803 - Raghuji Bhosale’s forces were defeated at Adagaon.

• Raghuji signed a treaty at Devgaon (Orissa). Gave up province of Orissa to British.

• Shinde’s forces were also defeated at Bharuch, Champaner, Laswari & Aligadh.

• December 1803 – Daulatrao signed treaty with British. Regions of Doab, Rajputana, Bharuch & Ahmadnagar were given to British.

257

Second Anglo Maratha War .. • February 1804 – Shinde & Bhosale became allies of British.

• Yashwantrao Holkar started planning an preemptive attack on British.

• He raised an army and attacked the English divisions, but was defeated against the collective might of British.

• December 1805 - Holkar also became an ally of British.

258

Third Anglo Maratha War • Bajirao-II started acquiring the estates of his commanders & nobles.

• Even acquired some lands of Gaikwad (Baroda) over revenue disputes.

• British intervened and had Gaikwads send a representative to negotiate matters with the Peshwa.

• This representative was murdered by Bajirao-II’s support.

259

Third Anglo Maratha War .. • Bajirao-II now began to dislike the regular interference of British in his affairs.

• May 1817 – British forces besieged Pune.

• Bajirao-II was forced to sign treaty at Pune. Sinhagad, Purandar & Raigad were given to British.

• Also to give up all the estates of his nobles which he had acquired in these years.

• Bajirao-II was even asked to dismantle his forces. 260

Third Anglo Maratha War .. • Bajirao-II soon started building an army for himself under the guidance of his confidante Bapu Gokhale.

• He also tried to seduce the Indian guards in the English army.

• November 1817 – Marathas & British clashed at Khadki (part of Pune).

• Bajirao-II was watching this battle atop Parvati hill in Pune.

261

Third Anglo Maratha War .. • After defeat, Bajirao-II fled & kept on fleeing.

• British forces captured Pune same day. Shaniwar Wada was acquired next day.

• 1st January 1818 – Another Maratha troop was defeated by British at Koregaon (near Pune).

• February 1818 – British forces captured Satara.

• Peshwa’s position as legal head of Maratha Empire ended.

262

Fall of Maratha Empire • June 1818 – Bajirao-II surrendered near Indore.

• Bajirao-II was exiled to Bithur (near Kanpur), away from Maratha region.

• He was sanctioned a princely pension to meet his royal expenses.

• British regent was appointed in Satara, to look at the matters of state.

263

Fall of Maratha Empire

264 References • “Shambhu Raje” by Prof. S. G. Shevade.

• “Maratha Riyasat” by Govind Sardesai.

• “Ajinkya Yoddha – Bajirao” Jairaj Salgaonkar.

• Adv. Vikram Edke.

• “Jhanjhawat” by Ninad Bedekar.

• “Panipat” by Vishwas Patil. 265