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Maratha Empire After Shivaji

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Maratha Empire After Shivaji By Omkar Chintamani Marathe Swarajya during Shivaji’s Reign Chhatrapati Sambhaji 3 Chhatrapati Sambhaji.. • April 1680 – Soyarabai started making plans to crown her son Rajaram. • May 1680 – Hambirrao Mohite was sent to imprison Sambhaji. • Hambirrao joined Sambhaji, imprisoned conspirators. • All were released, their political positions were restored. • January 1681 – Sambhaji coronated as Chhatrapati. 4 New Challenges • January 1681 – Akbar (Aurangazeb’s 4th son) revolted with aid of Rajput rulers of Marwar & Udaipur. • May 1681 – Akbar & Durgadas Rathod were given refuge by Sambhaji. • August 1681 - Soyarabai attempted to poison Sambhaji through Akbar. • All conspirators were executed. • October 1681 – Soyarabai committed suicide. 5 New Challenges.. • November 1681 – Aurangazeb with around 5,00,000 army entered Maharashtra. • Ordered Siddi, Portuguese to join campaign against Swarajya. • Aurangazeb’s campaigns in Konkan failed. • Attempt to capture Ramsej fort failed after siege of 6 months. 6 New Challenges.. • December 1681 – Mysore’s ruler allied with Mughals, captured major portion of Swarajya in Karnataka region. • November 1682 – Region was re-captured, Military base formed at Chitradurga. • April to November 1683 – Attacked and captured major Portuguese region except Vasai & Goa. • November 1683 – Attacked Goa, plundered Churches. 7 Fall of Adilshahi & Qutubshahi • September 1686 - Mughals conquered Adilshahi. • December 1686 to 1687 - Haraji Mahadik, Keshav Trimbak, Santaji Bhosale defeated Mughal troops in Karnatak-Tamilnadu. • September 1687 - Qutubshahi conquered by Mughals. • October 1687 – Hambirrao Mohite died in battle near Wai. 8 Sambhaji’s Death • February 1689 – Mukarrab Khan imprisoned Sambhaji near Sangameshwar. • Kavi Kalash – Sambhaji’s friend, Poet was also imprisoned. • Both were tortured for 1 month in prison. • 11th March 1689 (Phalgun Amavasya) – Both were executed publicly in Mughal camp. 9 After Sambhaji • Rajaram succeeded to Throne. • Mughals captured Raigad. • Yesubai (Sambhaji’s wife) & Shahu (son) were taken prisoners. • Rajaram fled from siege, shifted capital to Gingee (Tamilnadu). 10 Chhatrapati Rajaram • Continued the defense from Gingee. • Centre of war shifted to Tamilnadu. • Santaji Ghorpade & Dhanaji Jadhav defeated Mughal forces on all fronts in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu. • 1698 - Rajaram escaped from Gingee through Mughal siege, established new capital at Panhala. 11 Maharani Tarabai • 1700 – Rajaram died of illness. • Rajaram’s widow Tarabai continued resistance with the help of Dhanaji Jadhav, Ramchandrapant Amatya, Khando Ballal Chitnis, Khanderao Dabhade & other commanders. • Maratha forces crossed Narmada river, attacked Gujarat & Malwa regions. 12 Aurangazeb’s Death • February 1707 – Aurangazeb died at Khuldabad, near Aurangabad. • Resulted in Maratha’s victory after 25 years of war. • Mughal forces retreated to Delhi to participate in a battle for throne. • Muazzam killed Azam, succeeded to Throne. 13 Chhatrapati Shahu • 1707 – Shahu was released by Muazzam with some conditions. • Triggered war for Throne in Swarajya. • 1708 – Shahu succeded to Throne with the help of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat, Dhanaji Jadhav, Khanderao Dabhade, Kanhoji Aangre & other commanders. • Swarajya started expanding as Maratha Empire. 14 Balaji Vishwanath Bhat 15 Balaji Vishwanath Bhat.. • Balaji Vishwanath Bhat – Clerk at Salt works in Shrivardhan owned by Siddi’s. • Migrated to Swarajya region in 1680’s. • Started working under Ramchandrapant Amatya – Peshwa (Prime Minister) during Rajaram’s reign. • Worked as head-administrator of Pune from 1699 to 1707. 16 Rise of Peshwai – Shift of Power • Balaji took part in many battles during Maratha’s War of Independence. • Started raising forces for different Maratha commanders like Dhanaji Jadhav, Khanderao Dabhade. • Became strong in administrative & military fronts. • Remained loyal to Swarajya. 17 Rise of Peshwai .. • 1707 A.D. – Balaji joined Shahu in a battle for Throne. • Shahu noticed his abilities & appointed him as his assistant. • Turned many commanders like Dhanaji Jadhav, Dabhade to Shahu’s side without battle. • Started working as Organizer of Maratha army. 18 Rise of Peshwai .. • 1713 – Admiral of Navy – Kanhoji Aangre revolted & declared himself ruler of Konkan. • Defeated & imprisoned Peshwa Bahiroji Pingale. • After Balaji’s negotiations, Aangre agreed to work as Admiral of Shahu’s kingdom. • Shahu appointed Balaji as new Peshwa – November 1713. 19 Instable Mughal Empire • Mughals lost control over major portion of North India during expedition in Maharashtra. • Bahadurshah succeeded Aurangaeb and became Emperor. • Bahadurshah died in 1712. • His son Jahaandar Shah was murdered in 1713. 20 Instable Mughal Empire .. • Sayyid brothers – Sayyid Hussain Ali & Sayyid Abdulla had turned king-makers in Mughal court. • Sayyid brothers were claiming themselves as descendants of Paigambar. • Farrukhsiyar became Emperor in 1713 with their support. • Chin Qilich Khan (Nizam) declared himself independent in Deccan. 21 Conspiracy against Sayyids • Foreseeing threat from Sayyid brothers, Farrukhsiyar planned to eliminate them. • 1718 - Hussain Ali was appointed as viceroy of Deccan. • Emperor requested Marathas & Nizam to attack & eliminate Hussain Ali. • Marathas defeated Hussain Ali with continuous Guerrilla war. 22 Key to Northward expansion • During treaty Peshwa Balaji Bhat convinced Hussain Ali for Maratha favored agreement- – To handover entire Maratha region & forts to Marathas. – To handover recently conquered region in Karnataka & Hyderabad to Marathas. – Rights to collect taxes from Mughal regions in Deccan. – Troop of 15,000 Marathas to be kept in Delhi for emperor. – Marathas to pay 10,00,000 Rupees annual ransom to emperor. – Releasing Shahu’s family members (mother & half brothers) in Mughal prison. 23 Plan of Duplicate Mughal Heir • Emperor refused to approve the agreement. • Balaji Bhat & Hussain Ali searched a person look alike of Moinuddin Hussain - Aurangazeb’s grandson (Akbar’s son). • Hussain Ali marched to Delhi with Aurangazeb’s grandson, Balaji Bhat & 15,000 Maratha force commanded by Khanderao Dabhade. • Duplicate was introduced in Mughal court. 24 Orders of the Agreement • Maratha forces were attacked in Delhi – some soldiers were killed. • Farrukhsiyar was blinded & imprisoned. • Rafi-Ud-Darjat was appoined as puppet emperor – signed the agreement with Marathas. • Gave the boost for rising power of Maratha Empire. 25 Vishwanath Balaji Bhat - Bajirao 26 Peshwa Bajirao • Accompanied Balaji Bhat during various expeditions – Notable was Delhi in 1719. • Bajirao had led siege at one of the gates of Red Fort during this expedition. • Sensed declining power of Mughals & vacuum being formed in Delhi. • Strongest nominee for the post of Peshwa, after Balaji’s death in April 1720. 27 Peshwa Bajirao • Chimanaji Damodar Moghe was nominated by group of ministers against Bhat family. • Shahu also consulted his spiritual mentor ‘Brahmendra Swami’. • Bajirao was appointed as Peshwa at age of 20. • “Strike the roots & branches will fall off” – Statement in Shahu’s court after appointment. 28 Challenges for Bajirao • Jealousy from senior officers & ministers like Shripatrao Pratinidhi. • Challenge from Nizam for rights to collect taxes in Deccan. • Disputes in territories of Malwa & Gujarat. • Siddis & Portuguese in Konkan. 29 Disputes with Nizam • Nizam initially resisted to pay taxes to Marathas. • Asked Bajirao for help against Mughal armies sent to crush Nizam’s rebel. • 1723 - Marathas under Bajirao defeated Mughal forces at Sakharkheda. • Nizam accepted Maratha’s authority - resumed paying taxes. 30 Disputes with Nizam • 1725 - Nizam again rebelled, refused to pay taxes, attacked Maratha tax collectors. • 1726 - Nizam started interfering disputes between Satara & Kolhapur kingdoms. • Sambhaji-II allied with Nizam. • Allied forces started attacking Pune, Nashik, Sangamner & borders of Satara. 31 Expedition Against Nizam • Bajirao was called back from Chitradurga. • September 1727 – Maratha forces under Bajirao marched towards Aurangabad, plundered Sindakhed & Jalna. • Bajirao retreated, marched towards Burhanpur, Nizam started chasing Marathas. • Bajirao bypassed Burhanpur, entered Gujarat. 32 Battle of Palkhed • Nizam attacked Pune – Attempted to bring Bajirao in open field. • Attempted to coronate Sambhaji-II as Chhatrapati. • Bajirao marched towards Aurangabad, Nizam started chasing Marathas. • Nizam was trapped at Palkhed. • February 1728 – Nizam surrendered, started paying taxes 33 Bajirao’s moves against Nizam 34 Effects of Palkhed Battle • Nizam accepted Maratha’s authority to collect taxes in Deccan. • Chhatrapati Shahu recognized as only Maratha King. • Bajirao gained identity as outstanding Cavalry General & Warrior. • Boost for Maratha’s campaigns in Malwa & Gujarat. 35 New Capital - Pune 36 Malwa Campaign • 1723 – Commanders like Ranoji Shinde, Malharrao Holkar, Udaji Pawar were appointed in Malwa to collect taxes. • October 1728 – Chimaji Appa with other commanders defeated Mughal Governor of Malwa – sent to counter increasing Maratha power. • November 1728 – Maratha forces marched till the borders of Rajputana. 37 Bundelkhand Campaign 38 Bundelkhand Campaign • Chhatrasal Bundela – Inspired from Chhatrapati Shivaji. • Established Swarajya in Bundelkhand. • 1728 –Muhammad Khan Bangash attacked Bundelkhand, defeated Maharaja Chhatrasal. • Chhatrasal was kept in house arrest. • Chhatrasal
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    UPSC – IAS Civil Services Examinations Union Public Service Commission General Studies Paper I – Volume 2 Modern India & World History Index Modern India 1. Overview of Modern India 1 2. Decline of Mughals 2 3. Expansion of British Empire in India 10 • Anglo Mysore War • Anglo Maratha War • Doctrine of Lapse • Doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance • Battle of Plassey • Battle of Buxar 4. Revolt of 1857 32 5. Peasant Movements of 19th Century 45 6. Socio Religious Reforms 47 7. Indian National Congress (Early Phases) 54 8. Partition of Bengal 60 9. Era of Non Co-operation 64 • Rowlett Act • Rise of Gandhiji • Khilafat Satyagraha • Non Co-operation Movement 10. Run Up to Civil Disobedience 74 11. Quit India Movement 82 12. Some key Facts and Short notes for Pre-Exam 84 World History 1. Industrial Revolution 101 2. American Revolution 105 3. French Revolution 112 4. World War 1st 113 5. Paris Peace Settlement 1919 117 6. Rise of Nazims 120 7. World War 2nd 122 MODERN INDIA OVERVIEW Q. Revolt of 1857 marked landmark (water shed) in forming British policies in India. (2016 mains) Background ↓ Emerging circumstances ↓ Impact Analysis Modern India (1707-1947) 1. Decline of Mughal Empire (1707-1757) 2. Rise of India states (1720-1800) 3. British Ascendency in India (1757-1818) ● Events ● Economic Policies ● Political Policies 4. Socio Religious Movement in India (19th and 20th century) 5. The Revolt of 1857. 6. Beginning of India Nationalism 7. Freedom Movement.(1885-1947) 8. Misc:- ● Education policy of British. ● Famine policy of British ● Tribal peasant and castle Movement. ● Role of women in India freedom Movement and in Social Reformation.