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Hapter VI - the SIEGE and CAPTURE of THE THE FIRST ANGLO-MARATHA WAR THIRD PHASE (1779-1783) . *’.hapter VI - THE SIEGE AND CAPTURE OF THE VASAI FORT (17S0) For ggpgraphlcal references. Man Nos, lit and 15 attached at the beginning of this . c between u p. 2C7.-20g. iUso see Map No. 12 attached at the beginnln^y of chapter V, between pp. ana l»lap No. 19 attached at the beginning of Chapter yil. between pp. 251-252. M A P N O 14- VASAI & ITS a d j a c e n t TERRITORIES NAVAL ROUTE OF the BRITISH troops TO VASAI S land M a p n o . 15 _PLAN OF THE SIEGE OF THE VASAI FORTC i ZSQ) ISLAND BAJIPURA BRITISH B A T T E R y ^ s a i n t SABkASTTAN 3A,N-rB^u^. k o l ^ b a n d a r CAVAU eroJ § ^ ajnt peter < X 3 ^ BR/TISh BAT-TFRy KAILAS UAND C^^TE ( I-ATEH HOSA SINORA PE RAHEOK) RAIS MAGO ^ ^ R i t \ s h b a t t e r y PALI SCALE- FOR plan of THF FORT-J fNCH= QOO FT. SCAL£:= for sh o w in g t h e BRITISH POSITION^ 1 INCH =1 MILE CH APm fl THB SieOE Aim CAPTURE OF THg y*3AI FORT (17801 I The purpose of the Bonbfty Government in assaulting Kalyan and Kalanggad was to prevent the Pune Durbar from sending supplies and succour to the fort of Vasal, which was their main target. After the Bombay troops failed against Malanggad and raised its siege in November 17^0» the Bombay Coancll decided to concentrate t^elr attention on the capture of the fort of Vasal. Colonel Goddard, who was at Surat vdien the siege of Malanggad was in progress, had promised the Bombay V gouncil of assistance in the capture of the Vasal fort at the beginning of the year 1 7 ^ . Goddard was instructed by the Bombay Council to proceed to Vasal from Surat by sea route with his array and all the military equipment. Xeanwhlle, J Colonel Hartley removed hia^ai^> near Khopoli, assembled all his scattered troops and arrived at Kalyan, which was the depot and the base of supplies. He was to act under Goddard's command.^ It would be worthwhile to note the military, strategic and commercial importance of the Vasal fort and its adjacent territories to the Bombay Government. Vasal was the most coveted place for the British in the Konkan. The fort and island of Vasal came into prominence since the Portuguese inhabited that Island. The Portuguese started the construction of the fort in 1590. Its parapet wall was completed after 206 209 2 ten years. It had t«n bastions on which guns and garnS^s ware kept. Th« else of th« fort resemblad a daoagon. From east to wast its length measured nearly 3Ath mile and from north to south its breadth was nearly half a mile. The parapet walls were 30* to 39 * high over the ground. The breadth of the parapet walls on the north, eaat and south side were not more than five feet, while on the western side facing the sea, the breadth of the parapet wall was enhanced by constructing a double wall. The ten corners of the fort had ten bastions which were named in Portuguese as (1) Nosa Sinora de Hamedio, i2) Rais Mago, (3) Saint Gonsalo, iu) i°Iadra de diy, (9) Saint John, (6) Cavaliero, (7) Saint Sabastian, (d) Saint Paul, (9) Saint Peter, (10) Elephant.^ In the Marathi recoz*ds, the names of some of the bastions are mentioned as (1) Bahiri 3uruj, (2) Kalyan Buruj,(3) Kailas BuruJ, (4) Fateh BuruJ, (5) Darya Buruj^ (Buruj facing the sea). The citadel or the bSle killS was in the middle of the outer parapet wall. This small fort was of a square sise. It had three half circular bastions on its western corner and one square bastion on its south-east corner. The fort had two main entrance gates, one was the land-gate to the west side and the other was the sea gate to the east side. Besides these two main entrance gates, there were four small secret gates. One was on the north side near the Saint Sebastion bastion. The remaining three were built in the wall which had been constructed on the sea-side. 210 The Vasal fort is a land-cum-marlne fort. It derived its strength from sea and swamp, which have surrounded it on the north I south and east sides. It was, therefore, diffi** cult for a besieging arm/ to approach the fort frora^three sides. It may be recalled here the difficulties and the hardships the rlarathas faced in besieging the fort in 1739 under the comtnand of Chimaji Appa. The i^aratha troops under Ghimaji were unable to make swift movements in the marshy and swampy ground round about the fort. It was with great difficulty that they dragged their guns near the fort and laid their mines at its base. The ramparts and bastions were too strong for the Maratha cannon-shots to make any breach. There was only one direction in which the Vasai fort could be approached within a mile of it. The only entrance into the island itself was by means of two bridges. The one was at Sopara,^ the other opposite to the village of 6 Gokharave. The former was at a distance of about five miles from the fort and was entirely constructed of wood. It was 96 feet long and 22 feet broad. Fhe width of stream here at spring tides, did not exceed twenty feet in the fair season.^ The Vasai fort had no ditch, outworks, covert ways or * glacis. It stood on the bank of and within the mouth of a deep navigable river which was formerly a naval port. From the British point of view, it was an excellent fort for building ships and was safer from the attacks of a hostile squadron, than the marine yards at Kolaba and Mazgao docks,, 211 where small cruisers and other vessels of small size were usually built. Between Vasai and Dharavi on the Sashti island, a distance of above 3*000 yards, bitr ships could move a and anchor in deeo water. The port of Vasai was most inaccessible and difficult to attack during the monsoon season (the site being very low and in the monsoon rather swampy). However, during that season, Bombay used to be in the greatest danger because though the Vasai port remained closed to shipping during the monsoon, its inland navigation with Bombay by the Kalyan and Thane Q river route was quite safe and hardly interrupted. Unlike the Vasai port, therefore, Bombay was susceptible to an enemy attack during the rainy season. The Vasai fort was a third line of defence from the British point of view. During the second and third quarters of the 18th century, the defences of Bombay were not in a strong position. A good number of British military officers had pointed out tJie weaknesses and loopholes in the construc­ tion of the Bombay fort as well as its defence system from time to time. The parapet walls of the Bombay fort were not high enough to give security to the fort. The number of garrisons was also inadequate. Possession of the Vasai fort would have strengthened the defence of the Bombay fort. In the 18th century, the Bombay island was an independent island, isolated from its adjacent lands like the Sashti and Vasai islands. Under such circumstances it was easy for an enemy to apply a naval blockade to the Bombay island during 212 the height of the monsoon season. In case an enemy attacked the Bombay island during the height of the monsoon season, a when every small water course and stream became lmpass;|Lble} the Bombay island was bound to fall in his hands, as the people on that island had no place to retreat. I’hane was utterly useless for them as it could neit^her afford protection nor accommodate the garrison. Thus the only place of resort to the British under such crisis was the fort of Vasai,where they could remove their ammunition and other provisions for safety. With some improvements, Vasai was likely to be considered for naval arsenal on « small scale. It had the advantage of an Inland water communication by means of Sopara creek, the Vaitarana and Tanasa rivers to the timber from the forests of the interior (Kalyan). This would considerably diminish the expenses annually incurred for the purchase and subsequent transportation of the immense quantity of timber of various kinds. Besides great quantities of teak, black.wood, eboney, etc. throiigh extensive forests, there was in many parts of the Konkan an abundant supply of Deodar wood, which was excellent for gun-carriages.^^ In toe Vasai fort, there was an abundant supply of water, the wells being almost as numerous as the buildings. t>o the garrison could stay for any length of time during a siege by an enemy. The safety and accessibility of the harbour of Bombay at 213 . all seasons of the year, its vicinity to the i-larathas, par­ ticularly to one of the passes through which the whole of the country above the ghats might be supplied with the arti­ cles of England, were the chief causes that engaged the attention of the East India Company in the acquisition of the Vasai island. Their speculations were just, as \«K)ollen and other staples of Sngland were disposed of at Bombay to 11 the amount of^l/^ lakhs annually.
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