DOCSLIB.ORG

PRICES Analyzing Flows of People, Drugs and Money in the Western Balkans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PRICES Analyzing Flows of People, Drugs and Money in the Western Balkans RESEARCH REPORT SPOT PRICES Analyzing flows of people, drugs and money in the Western Balkans WALTER KEMP I KRISTINA AMERHAUSER I RUGGERO SCATURRO MAY 2021 SPOT PRICES Analyzing flows of people, drugs and money in the Western Balkans ww Walter Kemp I Kristina Amerhauser I Ruggero Scaturro May 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is an output of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime’s (GI-TOC) Observatory of Illicit Economies in South Eastern Europe (SEE-Obs). SEE-Obs is a platform that connects and empowers civil society actors in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. It aims to enable civil society to identify, analyze and map criminal trends, and their impact on illicit flows, governance, development, inter-ethnic relations, security and the rule of law, and supports them in their monitoring of national dynamics and wider regional and international organized crime trends. This report is based on data, information and analyses collected and shared by civil society actors based in the Western Balkans. In particular, we thank Arta Berisha, Dajana Berisha, Driçim Çaka, Bojan Elek, Katerina Geteva, Lavdim Hamidi, Artan Hoxha, Jeton Ismaili, Natalija Jakovljević, Miroslava Jelačić, Jelena Jovanović, Danijel Kovačević, Ornela Liperi, Miroslava Milenović, Ana Milosavljević, Semir Mujkić, Safet Mušić, Nadica Petrova, Roland Qafoku, Senad Ramadanović, Ilya Roubanis, Ivica Simonovski, Aleksandar Stankov and Jelena Zorić. We also thank all other contributors who deserve recognition for their support and participation in this report but cannot be named. Special thanks go to our colleagues Anesa Agović and Saša Đorđević as well as Aleksandar Srbinovski for their inputs, feedback, and coordination concerning the field work as well as help with preparation of the data and maps. We are also grateful for the support of other members of the SEE-Obs team: Fatjona Mejdini, Uglješa (Ugi) Zvekić, Fabian Zhilla, Odd Malme and Trpe Stojanovski. This publication was produced with the financial support of the United Kingdom’s Conflict, Stability and Security Fund. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the GI-TOC and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Kingdom. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Walter Kemp is a Senior Fellow at the GI-TOC and directs the SEE-Obs. He is also Special Adviser to the Cooperative Security Initiative. Previously, he held a number of senior positions in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, was vice president of the International Peace Institute and spokesman and speechwriter at the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. He has written extensively on conflict prevention, the relationship between crime and conflict, and European security issues. Kristina Amerhauser is an analyst at the GI-TOC conducting research on the Western Balkans and working on the SEE-Obs. She has a master’s degree in advanced international studies from the Vienna School of International Studies Ruggero Scaturro is an analyst for the GI-TOC conducting research on the Western Balkans and on Italian mafia-related issues. His main areas of interest and expertise are organized crime in south and south-eastern Europe, with a specific focus on the history of Cosa Nostra and its ties with other criminal networks. © 2021 Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Cover design: Flame Design Design and illustration: Ink Design Publishing Solutions Cartography: Rudi de Lange Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime Avenue de France 23 Geneva, CH-1202 Switzerland www.globalinitiative.net CONTENTS Executive summary .............................................................................................................................................iv Smuggling of migrants .........................................................................................................................................2 The context: drivers, barriers and incentives ..................................................................................................... 3 The routes ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Asylum seekers and migrants ............................................................................................................................. 6 The hotspots .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 The smugglers .................................................................................................................................................... 10 Modalities of smuggling and payments ........................................................................................................... 16 The dangers of smuggling ................................................................................................................................. 18 Estimating the size and value of the market ................................................................................................... 18 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Drugs ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Cannabis .............................................................................................................................................................. 24 Heroin ................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Cocaine ............................................................................................................................................................... 34 Synthetic drugs................................................................................................................................................... 37 Hotspots ............................................................................................................................................................. 40 The business and actors .................................................................................................................................... 43 Money laundering .............................................................................................................................................. 46 Laundering smaller amounts .............................................................................................................................. 50 More money, more complexity ......................................................................................................................... 57 Moving forward .................................................................................................................................................. 67 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 68 Notes ........................................................................................................................................................................... 71 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A police officer patrols the Croatia–Serbia border near Tovarnik. © Antonio Bronic/Reuters via Alamy Stock Photo iv he Western Balkans is a crossroads for the trafficking of many illicit commodities, and a geographical hub for the smuggling of migrants who Tare trying to enter Western Europe. While these facts are well known, information on the size of the markets and the potential profits is less evident. And while the Western Balkans has a bad reputation for laundering illicit proceeds, there is not much information on cities or sectors where it is a problem. This report sheds light on the dark numbers of mixed migrant flows through the Western Balkans, the prices that they pay to be smuggled, as well as the cost of drugs in the region. To do this, it uses an approach pioneered in two previous Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC) reports on organized crime in the Western Balkans, namely pinpointing and looking at what is going on in selected hotspots, especially high-volume entry and exit routes through which migrants are smuggled, and key drug trafficking nodes. Focusing on illicit activity in these hotspots provides a close-up look at the drivers and enablers of organized crime. At the same time, an analysis of these hotspots in a regional context gives an indication of the volume of illicit trade and the potential profits being made. After looking at the amounts of money being made in these hotspots and showing where and how the smuggling of migrants and drugs is taking place, the report looks at a third flow – money. The third section of the report explains how money laundering works in the region both in terms of cleaning small amounts in the informal economy as well as bigger volumes generated by serious organized crime and large-scale corruption. It
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WWF Adria Implements the Project: Protected Areas for Nature And
    Protected Areas for Nature and People – NP Durmitor, Montenegro © Martin Šolar, WWF Adria FACTSHEET 2016 WWF ADRIA IMPLEMENTS THE PROJECT: Protected Areas for Project Title: Nature and People Protected Areas for Nature and People, PA4NP The purpose of the project “Protected Areas for Nature and People”, implemented by WWF Adria since October 2015, is sustainable use of natural resources in the Region: Albania, Bosnia Dinaric Arc region as a foundation for the socio-economic development. To that and Herzegovina, Croatia, end, WWF, together with its partners, will strive to achieve the following targets: Kosovo*, Macedonia, • To introduce examples of how protected areas can generate social Montenegro, Slovenia and economic benefits in cooperation with the local community, and Serbia • To improve cooperation between the protected areas Duration: and the local community in the entire region, October 2015 – • To enhance cooperation between WWF and its partners on the one October 2019 side and decision-makers and those who have impact on them on the other side at the national level. Donor and Value: Swedish International Development WWF will use the examples of socio-economic benefits of well-managed parks, as Cooperation Agency (Sida), well as argumentation and information required for decision-making to encourage 4,200,000 EUR decision-makers from 8 countries in the region to deliver on their promises made under the “Big Win for Dinaric Arc”, a document they adopted in 2013. This is WWF’s contribution with the aim of achieving the targets
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan Floods: After the Deluge & the Future of Migration?
    Winter 2010 Pakistan Floods: After the Deluge & The Future of Migration? Winter 2010 ISSN 1813-2855 Editor-In-Chief 3 Editorial Jean-Philippe Chauzy 4 Editors Jemini Pandya 4 Pakistan – After the Deluge Chris Lom Niurka Piñeiro Jared Bloch 8 Mass Communications 8 Layout Programme Talks and Listens to Valerie Hagger Joseph Rafanan Pakistan’s Flood Victims Cover Photo Asim Hafeez/OnAsia 11 Giving Voice to Haiti’s © IOM 2010 - MPK0304 11 Earthquake Victims Migration is published twice a year in English, French and Spanish. All correspondence 14 In Search of Normal: Thoughts and inquiries concerning this publication should be sent to: about Haiti after the Earthquake 14 International Organization for Migration (IOM) PO Box 71 17 Helping the Lost Youth CH Geneva 19 Switzerland of Tanzania Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 17 E-mail: [email protected] The Silent Plight of Migrant Migration is available online 23 on the IOM website: Farm Workers in South Africa http://www.iom.int IOM is committed to the 25 Tehnology, Vigilance and Sound 25 principle that humane and Judgement – Managing the Dominican orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As Republic’s Borders an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts 28 with its partners in the 28 Biometric Passport and Indentification international community Card: Armenia Enters the Digital Age to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration 30 Shedding Light on South-South issues; encourage social Migration to Aid Development and economic development 30 through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Statistical Battle for the Population of Greek Macedonia
    XII. The Statistical Battle for the Population of Greek Macedonia by Iakovos D. Michailidis Most of the reports on Greece published by international organisations in the early 1990s spoke of the existence of 200,000 “Macedonians” in the northern part of the country. This “reasonable number”, in the words of the Greek section of the Minority Rights Group, heightened the confusion regarding the Macedonian Question and fuelled insecurity in Greece’s northern provinces.1 This in itself would be of minor importance if the authors of these reports had not insisted on citing statistics from the turn of the century to prove their points: mustering historical ethnological arguments inevitably strengthened the force of their own case and excited the interest of the historians. Tak- ing these reports as its starting-point, this present study will attempt an historical retrospective of the historiography of the early years of the century and a scientific tour d’horizon of the statistics – Greek, Slav and Western European – of that period, and thus endeavour to assess the accuracy of the arguments drawn from them. For Greece, the first three decades of the 20th century were a long period of tur- moil and change. Greek Macedonia at the end of the 1920s presented a totally different picture to that of the immediate post-Liberation period, just after the Balkan Wars. This was due on the one hand to the profound economic and social changes that followed its incorporation into Greece and on the other to the continual and extensive population shifts that marked that period. As has been noted, no fewer than 17 major population movements took place in Macedonia between 1913 and 1925.2 Of these, the most sig- nificant were the Greek-Bulgarian and the Greek-Turkish exchanges of population under the terms, respectively, of the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly and the 1923 Lausanne Convention.
    [Show full text]
  • TA to Connectivity in the Western Balkans Europeaid/137850/IH/SER
    1 TA to Connectivity in the Western Balkans EuropeAid/137850/IH/SER/MULTI Sub-Project Code: CONNECTA-TRA-CRM-REG-01 Area: Connectivity Transport Reform Measures Preparation of Road Safety Inspection and Audit Plans for core/comprehensive road network in Western Balkans (WB6) and Pilots FINAL REPORT – ROAD SAFETY INSPECTIONS 30 May 2018 2 Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description 1 23/03/2018 Stelios Jesper Mertner Kostas RSI Draft Report Efstathiadis Georgiou (Task. Manager) 2 16/05/2018 Stelios Jesper Mertner Kostas RSI Final Report Efstathiadis Georgiou (Task. Manager) 3 30/05/2018 Stelios Jesper Mertner Kostas RSI Final Report Efstathiadis Georgiou (Task. Manager) Information Class: EU Standard The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Mott MacDonald Connecta Consortium and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This document is issued for the party, which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party, which commissioned it. 3 Contents 1 SYNOPSIS ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Component 1- Purpose and Objectives .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Analysis for Improved Water Supply in Municipality Of
    Feasibility Analysis for Improved Solid Waste Management in Municipality of Gevgelija FINAL REPORT JULY 2016 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Goals and Objectives of the Feasibility Analysis ....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 2. Project Description and Rationale .................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Gevgelija Municipality ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Geographic location ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.2 Demographic profile ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 General Project Description ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.2.1 Solid Waste Management
    [Show full text]
  • Illicit Entrepreneurs and Legitimate Markets Philip Marti
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Backdoor traders: illicit entrepreneurs and legitimate markets Philip Martinov Gounev A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, April 2011 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This dissertation examines the factors that determine the behaviour of criminal entrepreneurs in legitimate markets. The particular aspect studied is how such entrepreneurs enter a new market when they immigrate into a new country (Chapter 1). The empirical focus of the thesis is the Bulgarian illegal entrepreneurs involved in the sale of stolen cars. More specifically, the dissertation compares their market behaviour in Bulgaria and in Spain between the late 1990s and 2010. The empirical basis for the dissertation is a comprehensive analysis of summaries of 86 Spanish police investigations against organised crime networks, as well as fieldwork consisting of interviews with 79 offenders, law-enforcement officers, entrepreneurs, and car-dealers in Spain and Bulgaria (Chapter 2).
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Background Information on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
    3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 3.1 Basic data on fYRoM General topographic map1 Total area: 25,713 sq km Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km, Kosovo 159 km, Serbia Border countries: 62 km (total: 766 km) Population: 2,077,328 Capital: Skopje (480,000) Kumanovo 103,200 Bitola 86,400 Main towns: Prilep 73,400 Tetovo 70,800 Veles 57,600 Ethnic groups: Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma2.7%, Serb 1.8% Main languages: Macedonian (official), Albanian (official), Turkish, Roma, Serbian Religions: Eastern Orthodox 65%, Muslim 29%, Catholic 4% Macedonian Denar (MKD) Currency: Approximate rate: 1 Euro = 61,1 denars The denar was introduced on May 10th 1993 low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, Natural resources: silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land 1 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26759.htm; Macedonia- Country Report, Economist Intelligence Unit, May 2011; http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=288; 3.2 Political structure - overview2 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (provisional, Official name: internationally recognized, pending resolution of name dispute with Greece) Form of state: Democratic parliamentary republic Legal system: Based on the constitution of November 17th 1991 National legislature: Unicameral Assembly (Sobranie) of 120 members Electoral system: universal suffrage over the age of 18 years Last parliamentary election: June 1st 2008; next election due on June 5th 2011 National elections: Last presidential election: March 22nd and April 5th 2009; next election due in 2014 Head of state: President; currently Gjorge Ivanov (inaugurated on May 12th 2009) Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister.
    [Show full text]
  • Il Diritto Delle Miuiti Nella Tradizione Giuridica Albanese
    UNIVERSITÀ DI PALERMO FACOLTÀ DI LETTERE GIUSEPPE VALENTINI titolare di lingua e letteratura albanese IL DIRITTO DELLE MIUITI NELLA TRADIZIONE GIURIDICA ALBANESE GENERALITÀ VALLECCHI EDITORE Alili iiifinoria curissiina del professor SERGIO MOCIII ONOIU alle cui amichevoli insistenze devo il ritorno a questi studi. COPYRIGHT 1956 BY VALLECCHI EDITORE PRlNTEn IN ITAl.V FIBKN2E, 1956 - STABILIMENTI TIPOLITOGEAFICI t il. INDICE Iiitroduzionr i'<'g- LIBRO l: I PRINCIPI FONDAMENTALI DEL DIRITTO PUBBLICO Capo I: Nella società civile del Kaiiùii, al di fuori della famidia e al di sotto dello Stato, dominano i princijii della fraternità e quindi dell'uguaglianza e della libertà, con poche e ragionevoli eccezioni 17 Capo II: Il legame generale che contiene l'individualità nella comunità è il bisogno di solidarietà e il diritto e dovere che ne conseguono 21 Capo III: Mancando nel mondo delle tribù una vera e propria autorità, il legame morale dell'obbligazione vi 1^ formato dalla Besa (fedeltà), invece che dall'obbedienza iO Capo IV: Dovere di IJesa ci può essere anche fuori d'un patto bila- terale, quando Vana parte fa ricorso al sentimento d'onore dell'altra 59 Capo V: La conlraltualità tra famiglia e famiglia e tra famiglia pri- vala e piti ampie comunità, essenziale come legame della società comunale del Kanùii, è provata, oltre che dal regime parlamentare delle comunità, dalle istituziotii del Pegno, deU'Arbitrato e della Garanzia 67 Capo VI: // regime del Kanùn è regime di libertà d'opzione e di libertà da coazione 76 Capo VII: La destinazione a posti di presidenza è idealmente data dall'anzianità, diversamente dall'assunzione a uffici 81 8 INDICE INDICE 9 Capo IV: Del Villaggio LIBRO n: LE COMUNITÀ 1 : Il villaggio (kaliin) albanese, stalo già iiroliabiliuciile co- CHI») I: Drllr romiinllà in grnrrr munità pastorale nomade, o almeno transumante, s'è andato § 1 : Al di sopra della faiiiifilia e.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Users' Knowledge and Concerns of Biometric Passport
    data Article Evaluation of Users’ Knowledge and Concerns of Biometric Passport Systems Taban Habibu 1,* , Edith Talina Luhanga 1 and Anael Elikana Sam 2 1 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences (AMCS), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), 447 Arusha, Tanzania; [email protected] 2 Department of Communication Science and Engineering (CoSE), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), 447 Arusha, Tanzania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +255-684765277 Received: 21 March 2019; Accepted: 23 April 2019; Published: 29 April 2019 Abstract: The increase in terrorism and identity fraud has forced governments worldwide to make a combined effort to enhance the security of national borders. Biometric passports are the emergent identity travel document deployed in guaranteeing the safekeeping of the entry point of the border and limiting the usage of counterfeit documents. This study analyzes users’ concerns and threats to the biometric passport delivery system in Uganda, where the first biometric passports are planned for rollout in 2019. We used a mixed approach to compute and articulate the results. Factors impacting fear of technology like disclosure of personal data, improper data transmission, and data abuse were determined. Relevance knowledge of preferred technology such as the personal experience of the technology, data privacy awareness and perceived usefulness was confirmed. Threats and attacks on the technology such as counterfeit and brute-force were identified. It is important for policymakers and security expertise to understand that biometric technologies evoke fears of privacy and public liberties infringements.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S
    The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingidae)
    Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 57 (2), 147-149, 2005. NEW RECORDS OF HETEROPTERA FROM SERBIA (INSECTA: HETEROPTERA: TINGIDAE) LJILJANA PROTIĆ Natural History Museum, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro Abstract - The Serbian fauna of Heteroptera is increased by four new species from the family Tingidae. These species are: Catoplatus fabricii (Stål), Copium teucrii teucrii (Host), Derephysia cristata (Panzer), and Dictyla convergens (Her- rich-Schaeffer). The paper also includes a summary of literature data on the heteropteran biology and distribution. Key words: Distribution, zoogeography, ecology, Heteroptera, Tingidae, Serbia UDC 595.754(497.11) INTRODUCTION Mount Avala is under deciduous and coniferous forests and includes areas under mostly deciduous submediter- The family Tingidae is represented in Serbia with 50 ranean forests. A part of its forested territory under influ- species. The species from this family in Serbia have so ence of humans has been transformed into cultivated far been mostly mentioned only in faunistic papers fields (agrocenoses) or ruderal ground, where a sponta- (Horváth, 1903; Protić, 1993/94, 1998, 2004, neous herbaceous flora has developed. 2004a). Two species distributed in Serbia are of econom- ic importance: Corythuca ciliata (Say) and Stephanitis Mt. Divčibare, 900 m [DP28]. The Divčibare Plateau pyri (Fabricius), and special research has been devoted to is a constituent part of Mt. Maljen, which is about 100 km them (Bogavac, 1964; Balarin et al. 1979; Tomić SW of Belgrade. It is characterized by mesophilous and Mihajlović, 1974). The collection of the Natural meadows. History Museum includes 35 species. Four of them are new for the Serbian Heteroptera fauna: Catoplatus The gorge Jelašnička Klisura [EN98] is situated 15 fabricii (Stål), Copium teucrii teucrii (Host), Derephysia km E of Niš at 250-600 m alt.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Ties: Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878
    BLOOD TIES BLOOD TIES Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 I˙pek Yosmaog˘lu Cornell University Press Ithaca & London Copyright © 2014 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2014 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2014 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yosmaog˘lu, I˙pek, author. Blood ties : religion, violence,. and the politics of nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 / Ipek K. Yosmaog˘lu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5226-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8014-7924-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Macedonia—History—1878–1912. 2. Nationalism—Macedonia—History. 3. Macedonian question. 4. Macedonia—Ethnic relations. 5. Ethnic conflict— Macedonia—History. 6. Political violence—Macedonia—History. I. Title. DR2215.Y67 2013 949.76′01—dc23 2013021661 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Josh Contents Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration xiii Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]