Pakistan Floods: After the Deluge & the Future of Migration?

Winter 2010

Pakistan Floods: After the Deluge & The Future of Migration? Winter 2010 ISSN 1813-2855

Editor-In-Chief 3 Editorial Jean-Philippe Chauzy 4

Editors Jemini Pandya 4 Pakistan – After the Deluge Chris Lom Niurka Piñeiro Jared Bloch 8 Mass Communications 8 Layout Programme Talks and Listens to Valerie Hagger Joseph Rafanan Pakistan’s Flood Victims

Cover Photo Asim Hafeez/OnAsia 11 Giving Voice to Haiti’s © IOM 2010 - MPK0304 11 Earthquake Victims

Migration is published twice a year in English, French and Spanish. All correspondence 14 In Search of Normal: Thoughts and inquiries concerning this publication should be sent to: about Haiti after the Earthquake 14 International Organization for Migration (IOM) PO Box 71 17 Helping the Lost Youth CH Geneva 19 Switzerland of Tanzania Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 17 E-mail: [email protected] The Silent Plight of Migrant Migration is available online 23 on the IOM website: Farm Workers in South Africa

http://www.iom.int

IOM is committed to the 25 Tehnology, Vigilance and Sound 25 principle that humane and Judgement – Managing the Dominican orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As Republic’s Borders an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts 28 with its partners in the 28 Biometric Passport and Indentification international community Card: Armenia Enters the Digital Age to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration 30 Shedding Light on South-South issues; encourage social Migration to Aid Development and economic development 30 through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration editorial Let’s Invest Now for Tomorrow’s Migration By William Lacy Swing, IOM Director General

oday, there are an estimated 214 year to strengthen the ability of which have been particularly dented million international migrants States to effectively manage migra- by the current economic downturn. Tin the world. If this number tion. However, responses are often It will also help to lessen political continues to grow at the same pace as short-term, piecemeal and fragmented. pressure on governments to devise during the last 20 years, international The result is a profound effect on short-term responses to migration. migrants could number 405 million by human mobility and economic and 2050. It’s a figure that needs thinking social development, with every To begin with, a rigorous analysis about and planning for. country affected in some way. of the core capacities of countries to manage migration needs to be We - States, business, international There is no getting away from the fact carried out in order to assess their organizations and civil society – all that the labour force in developing effectiveness. This will identify gaps need to make a concerted effort to countries will substantially increase and priorities for the future. invest in migration given its relentless from 2.4 billion in 2005 to 3.6 billion pace. in 2040, accentuating the global The World Migration Report notes mismatch between labour supply and that, for example, by investing in demand. generating better data on irregular migration and labour markets, on This in turn will have an impact on ways to combat migrant smuggling any increase in numbers of irregular and human trafficking and in migrants as legal migration channels improving the ability of transit continue to remain the exception countries to assist irregular migrants, rather than the rule. The growing critical questions such as the numbers of unaccompanied minors, human rights of migrants and their asylum-seekers, victims of trafficking integration into host societies will be and other irregular migrants already easier to tackle. pose a challenge to States and societies struggling to deal with them We lose a historic opportunity to in a humane way. take advantage of this global phenomenon that we know as New migration patterns are also in migration by not putting in place evidence. For example, the emerging policies and adequate resources to economies of Asia, Africa and Latin deal with it, now and in the future. America are becoming ever more But the window of opportunity The 2010 World Migration Report, important countries of destination for States to turn the negatives of “The Future of Migration: Building for labour migrants, emphasizing migration into positives is rapidly Capacities for Change” argues that increasing South-South movements shrinking. in a world where demographics, of people. They highlight too the economic needs and the effects of need for those countries to invest in There is no need to reinvent the environmental change are driving migration management programmes wheel on migration or to break the this inexorable rise in numbers of and policies. bank in terms of financial investment. international migrants, there is little Humane and effective solutions choice but to invest adequate financial And let’s not forget the impact of to migration issues are within our and human resources. Getting it right environmental change on migration reach. It’s just a question of partner- means ensuring that the full potential trends in the future. ship and effective resource allocation of migration is reaped in the future. with an eye to addressing the future. Importantly, investing and planning in Let’s base the migration response There is no doubt that hundreds of the future of migration will help im- on facts and not short-term political millions of dollars are spent each prove public perceptions of migrants, opportunism. M

Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration q A boy carries away USAID-donated blankets and shelter poles from an IOM distribution point in Larkana, west of Sukkur, Sindh. © Asim Hafeez/OnAsia/IOM 2010 - MPK0341

Pakistan – After the Deluge

Chris Lom reports from Islamabad

mages of desperate families - over 20 million people affected, at says IOM Islamabad-based Regional struggling through flood waters least 12 million made homeless as a Representative for West and Central Ito save their lives and whatever result of 1.9 million houses damaged Asia Hassan Abdel Moneim Mostafa. pitiful possessions they could salvage or destroyed, and countless roads, are fast fading from our TV screens, bridges and other infrastructure swept The international response, while newspapers and the world’s collective away across an area the size of Italy. somewhat muted compared to the consciousness. avalanche of funding pledges gener- But in Pakistan’s densely populated ated by more telegenic, “instant” In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, agricultural heartland, inhabited disasters like the 2010 Haiti Sindh and other provinces where and farmed for over 4,000 years, the earthquake or the 2004 Asian tsunami, millions were forced to flee in August disaster described by UN Secretary was substantial in historical terms and and September by the worst floods in General Ban Ki-moon as “a slow- mobilized relatively quickly. Pakistan’s history, most people have moving tsunami” defies description in now returned to what is left of their simple terms. By early October international donors towns and villages the length and had contributed USD 666 million breadth of the Indus valley. “It systematically destroyed the towards a 12-month multi-sectoral homes, livelihoods and way of life relief and early recovery programme. The statistics provided by Pakistan’s of millions of the country’s poorest But the magnitude of the disaster National Disaster Management citizens, posing a real threat to the dwarfed the sum. It represented just a Authority (NDMA) tell only part of stability of a society already struggling third of the USD 2 billion appealed for the story. They paint a picture of a with a daunting raft of political, in the UN’s September 17th Pakistan disaster unparalleled in modern times economic and security challenges,” Floods Emergency Response Plan.

Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration IOM, which was asked by the Two months into the disaster, despite “It aims to optimize use of local mate- Government and the UN in August to a massive international effort to buy rials and avoid the “one solution fits all” coordinate the work of the “cluster” of and distribute hundreds of thousands transitional shelter approach of many over 70 agencies providing emergency of plastic sheets, tents, blankets and previous emergencies. But it depends shelter and non-food relief items – a other relief items, over 7 million heavily on accurate assessments of both role that it previously successfully filled homeless and vulnerable Pakistani the needs on the ground, and Pakistan’s after Pakistan’s huge 2005 earthquake flood victims had yet to receive capacity to meet the potentially huge – faced an even greater shortfall in the anything. demand for construction materials. shelter sector. The more we have to import, the more The funding shortfall – unless reversed expensive it will be,” he observes. By early October, the Emergency Shelter by a major donor rethink in the Cluster’s appeal for USD 346 million coming months - will also have serious As damage, needs and market had received just USD 68.7 million or implications for the shelter cluster’s assessments led by Oxfam, the 20 per cent of the amount that cluster government-endorsed strategy for the NDMA, the World Bank and the Asian agencies and the government believed coming year. Development Bank, begin to paint that they would need to provide basic a picture of what will be needed to shelter and relief items for flood victims, “The “early recovery” strategy is rebuild, it is becoming clear that the according to UNOCHA’s Financial based on a flexible approach that likely lack of funding could also be Tracking Service. combines “core shelter” repair and matched by a lack of locally available reconstruction of damaged and materials. The vast funding gap, at a time when destroyed homes based on individual shelter cluster agencies and the needs and “transitional shelter” An Oxfam survey in September government had already managed solutions for families unable to return estimated that supplies of the bamboo to reach some 450,000 families or to their land,” says IOM Pakistan and timber needed to build frames for 3.15 million people with tents or plastic Emergency Response Manager Brian transitional shelters will begin to dry up sheeting, conveyed a stark reality. Kelly. after 3-4 months.

p An old man shelters under USAID plastic sheeting distributed by IOM and its partners in Panu Aaqil, 45 km from Sukkur, Sindh. © Asim Hafeez/OnAsia/IOM 2010 - MPK0276

Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration p The old and the young are the hardest hit by the worst floods in Pakistan’s history. Seeta bank, Dadu, Sindh. © Asim Hafeez/OnAsia/IOM 2010 - MPK0320

The NDMA is also investigating scaling up key Pakistani construction industries to meet demand and says that the government may have to facilitate more imports if demand cannot be met in country.

For families who have returned to damaged or destroyed homes from thousands of displacement camps the length of the country, getting adequate shelter is just one of a number of life-threatening challenges that they face.

“Most people returned home as soon as they could after the water subsided to secure their land, to try to salvage any possessions that may have survived the floods, and to replant their fields in time for the winter harvest,” says IOM Pakistan Operations Officer Tya Maskun.

p Displaced children at a relocation site in Panu Aaqil, 45 km from Sukkur, Sindh. Uprooted from their villages, many have been traumatized by the floods. © Asim Hafeez/OnAsia/IOM 2010 - MPK0272

Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration “But most of them lost all their seeds and farm implements in the floods, and are now struggling to find some way to replace them in order to secure their food supplies for the coming year,” she notes.

The UN World Food Program, which says that some 10 million people are in need of food assistance, has appealed to the international community for USD 574 million to feed flood victims through the coming year. By early October it had received just USD 200 million or 35 per cent of the total.

The government has stepped in to distribute so-called Watan cards that entitle flood-affected families to an initial PKR 20,000 (USD 250) payment as a stop gap measure.

A further government payment of over USD 1,000 has been mooted at some point in the future. But distribution of the cards is reportedly slow and, as returnees become more desperate for help, more than one card distribution has triggered p Floodwater engulfs a section of the city in Dadu, Sindh. rioting. © Asim Hafeez/OnAsia/IOM 2010 - MPK0306

In northern areas including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Pakistan- administered Kashmir, returnees face the added threat of plummeting tempera- tures with the onset of winter. The area frequently experiences snowfall by early November.

According to shelter cluster agencies operating in all three northern provinces, they face a race against time to deliver enough shelter materials, insulation and winter clothing for families to survive the winter in a single “warm room.”

For more information on IOM’s activities in Pakistan, please go to: http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/pakistan. For more information on the IASC Emergency Shelter Cluster, please go to: http:/www.shelterpakistan.org. M

p IOM and its implementing partners target the most vulnerable, including the elderly and female-headed households in Larkana, west of Sukkur, Sindh. © Asim Hafeez/OnAsia/IOM 2010 - MPK0351

Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration manullah Helimzai says that were blocked. We had no information But it was also about listening to he woke in the middle of the whatsoever,” he says. “We thought people’s concerns in order to improve Anight when water suddenly that we were going to die.” the targeting and effectiveness of poured into his house in Ghalgiqilla humanitarian aid, according to village in Pakistan’s northern Khyber Amanullah is one of at least IOM Mass Communications Project Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. 12 million people who lost their Officer Maria Ahmad. homes in Pakistan’s worst ever “We ran outside and climbed onto the floods on record. The raging waters “Communicating with people roof of a brick building nearby. While left behind a trail of unprecedented affected by natural disasters or we were sitting there, the water was devastation stretching from the north conflicts has almost always been rising quickly,” says the 60-year-old of the country through the Indus linked to aid agencies’ public father of five. “At noon the next day River valley to the south. information and image-building some helicopters approached and activities. As a result, agencies were threw food and other things to us,” he When massive emergency relief not providing enough practical adds. operations started shortly after the information for those in need,” she onset of the disaster, IOM took the says. For the next four days, Amanullah, his lead in providing crucial information wife, children, daughters-in-law and to millions of flood victims. “This programme is different because grandchildren were all stranded on it is a consolidated effort to bring the roof, waiting for the water levels The programme was designed to tell together all the information available to go down. people where help was available and from aid providers using a variety of how to access it; and to help them media to get it out to people and then “There was water all around. We had to get in touch with loved-ones and generating actionable feedback,” no radio, no electricity and the roads connect with the outside world. she adds. Mass Communications Programme Talks and Listens to Pakistan’s Flood Victims By Eliane Engeler, IOM Islamabad

p A staff member at IOM’s humanitarian call centre notes the location of floods victims to deliver aid. © IOM 2010 - MPK0404 (Photo: Eliane Engeler)

Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration p An elderly flood victim in KP province listens to a radio he received from IOM. © IOM 2010 - MPK0396 (Photo: Eliane Engeler)

IOM’s mass communications pro- “People often don’t know how to use house say they like to listen to the news. gramme in Pakistan began in August hygiene kits or other material they But they also want to know how to get 2009, initially providing information get from aid agencies,” says Amjad the materials they need to rebuild their on humanitarian services to people Qammar of Internews, which broadcasts homes and the seeds and fertilizer they displaced by conflict in KP province. IOM’s public service announcements need to start planting. Many complain during its daily radio programme. about insufficient aid and say they have With the floods, the mass com- no money to restart their lives. munications programme has been “The radio messages help people to use significantly ramped up and extended the relief items and at the same time “We’re getting some food and to the provinces of Sindh and can provide important public health other help from the rich people Punjab – the areas worst affected by information,” he notes. here - through their charities. But the disaster. nobody from the government or aid Amanullah is among a group of elderly, organizations has approached us Over 40 IOM mass communications disabled and widowed people, who for any kind of assistance apart from experts now prepare a wide range of have received solar-powered radios the radios,” says Basbibi Qasabar, a messages for flood victims through from IOM’s mass communications 40-year-old widow and mother of four, different media, including FM / AM programme, distributed through the her eyes filling with tears. radio and banners. Topics include NGO BEST in KP province. how to get government compensa- She says her family sleeps in the open tion, how to prevent diseases and Radio is the main channel of because she has no money to rebuild how to build shelters with plastic information for most people in this their house, which was completely sheets. rural and conservative area of Pakistan. flattened by the floods. Less than 10 per cent of women here IOM collaborates with non- can read and few people can afford to Other women ask which government governmental organization (NGO) buy a television. agency is providing what sort of media partners, including Internews assistance and also whether they Network and BBC World Service Men and women gathered in two can get any medicines for their sick Trust, to disseminate the messages. separate courtyards of a communal children.

Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration IOM field workers collect the questions Thanks to the call centre, thousands In the village of Samandr Garhi in and comments to share them with of people who lost their identity cards Nowshera district of KP, like else- the mass communications team in in the floods were informed that they where, many people cannot read Islamabad. don’t have to pay to get new ones. The and have no television or telephone. cards are essential to get government They listen to the radio and go to a “It is important that information flows compensation. mobile phone shop to make important both ways: from us to the people and calls. from the people to us,” says Maria “The information spread like wildfire,” Ahmad. “If we know what people’s says Laila Mukaram, IOM’s Provincial In the aftermath of the floods, the most pressing needs are, and what sort Coordinator for KP. villagers were able to make free calls of information they want, we can work from the shop thanks to another IOM together with the other organizations But getting information to people in initiative. and get it to them.” Pakistan is still a huge challenge due to low rates of literacy, poverty, lack of The project, supported by Zong, the Flood victims can also directly call IOM technology and cultural restrictions on local subsidiary of China Mobile, through a toll-free telephone number women, according to Maria Ahmad. set up humanitarian calling points to at the humanitarian call centre in enable people to call for help or get Peshawar. The centre operates a help- “In the entire northern section of the in touch with displaced family or line, providing all sorts of information country it has always been hard to friends. about humanitarian services. reach women. Displaced women are not allowed to go out to the nearest Jangrez Afghan, a 40-year-old father “Many people call to ask where they bathroom in a camp during daylight of nine, says he made several calls can get clean drinking water, blankets because it’s a matter of family honour to his wife and relatives who had or medicines. Many ask what they can and pride,” she says. fled to his parents-in-law at a nearby do about diarrhea and dehydration. The village. phone rings non-stop,” says Pir Fahad, They have to wait until sunset and are one of the IOM employees taking accompanied by their male family “I was glad I could call them and calls. members. check if they were OK,” he says. “We lost everything in the floods, but we The call centre also has the support of In those areas, female communication managed to save ourselves.” a network of some 130 local volunteers experts go to women’s health clinics in flood-affected areas of KP who or women’s gatherings to provide For more information on IOM’s mass talk to people about their needs and the village women with information communication programme in Pakistan concerns. specifically for them. visit http://www.mcommsorg.net/ M

p An IOM field worker at the humanitarian calling point answers flood victims’ questions on how to access services provided by various aid agencies. © IOM 2010 - MPK0406 (Photo: Eliane Engeler)

10 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 11 Giving Voice to Haiti’s Earthquake Victims By Leonard Doyle, IOM Haiti

p Children arrive at their new transitional home. © IOM 2010 - MHT0705 (Photo: Leonard Doyle)

ain thundered down on the at the very height of the hurricane pressure on what remained of Haiti’s miserable tents of Place St. season, what chance do those others social structures - not least its public RPierre when the presenter of an have? health systems. When the walls came IOM radio show asked: “Does anyone tumbling down that fateful day, hospitals know when the hurricane season The world turned upside down for and clinics were not spared. Nor were begins in Haiti?” Haiti last January when 225,000 many of the people who worked in people were killed in the earthquake. them. “We don’t know,” a dozen voices A cruel twist of fate saw the simple responded, surprising because hurri- concrete homes the poor had built to In the aftermath of any major disaster that canes strike Haiti with monotonous withstand hurricanes come tumbling leaves large numbers of people homeless regularity between June and November down on their heads. For countless and displaced and which destroys so every year. hard-working families, the earthquake much of a country’s infrastructure, the crushed the dreams of a better life. spectre of communicable diseases that The response was all the more kill drives the humanitarian response. worrying because the internally The quake also left some 1.3 million displaced people (IDPs) at Place St. Haitians homeless. Most are still living Nine months after the earthquake and Pierre have been squatting in tents in in tents and flimsy shelters. Tens of with 1.3 million people still homeless, the very heart of Haiti’s most important thousands more are staying with host an outbreak of the dreaded cholera in commercial district of Pétion-Ville families in the regions, putting added October put enormous and renewed since the earthquake on 12 January strain on communities themselves strain on the public health system. 2010. barely able to cope with the burden of poverty before 12 January. Efforts to contain it had to centre on How could they not know? And if spreading hygiene messages, as well as these residents were unaware of the The magnitude of the disaster has on providing treatment, if the disease peril they face living in tattered shelters unsurprisingly placed enormous was not to get out of hand.

10 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 11 Working in many of the camps for Caribbean sun. And as the crisis complicated by the fact that there is the displaced, IOM’s network of grinds on and worsens for many, the no national land registry. Thus there community mobilizers integral to its displaced often express the fear that are many potential claimants for mass communications programme they will become another forgotten every scrap of land. in the country, immediately began to generation of Haitians. use a variety of means to get hygiene Furthermore, since many of the IDPs messages out. Drama performances It’s the sheer scale of the disaster were renting space in dangerously and live radio broadcasts in camps that has proved to be overwhelming, congested slums before the quake, and digital outreach through voice despite the ongoing efforts of the at best only a third of the original and SMS messages on mobile phones government of Haiti, international residents can be returned. were at the heart of efforts to reach humanitarian actors and non-govern- potential victims with limited access mental organizations (NGOs). With so little prospect of re-housing to healthcare. affected populations properly and Getting people from camps back to quickly, IOM and other humanitarian Undoubtedly, the cholera epidemic their communities or into new homes partners have put emphasis on added greatly to the burden of the is one of the most intractable issues. building transitional housing where it displaced population. Since the Simply finding a piece of land to build is possible to find land with clear legal quake relatively few have managed to upon legally is a huge problem and title, one of the greatest obstacles to find work and families live in fearful one that seems sure to haunt Haiti for “building back better” in Haiti. IOM insecurity in camps, where kidnap, a long time to come unless there is a has already handed over the keys to rape and robbery are constant threats. serious national conversation about over a thousand such shelters in Corail- They are also prone to manipulation land reform. Even removing rubble Cesselesse high above the capital, from the unscrupulous. from buildings and streets is fraught Port au Prince, and in nearby Croix with problems. des Bouquets, as well as in other parts Many of the shelters leak badly, of Haiti. These solid structures provide battered as they are by wind and While the issue seems at first sight more protection than a tent or shelter rain and weakened by the relentless straightforward, in Haiti it is greatly and could perhaps be the footprint of a future permanent house where legal title is acquired. q Transitional shelters offer a new start after nine months of living under canvas. © IOM 2010 - MHT0711 (Photo: Leonard Doyle) Helping the displaced Haitians figure out a way to return to their original communities is another priority.

“Civic participation in governance has traditionally been weak in Haiti, which goes a long way towards explaining the chronic underdevelopment of the country,” says Karl Jean Louis, executive director the Haiti Aid Watchdog OCAPH.

As a result, IOM has put in place a series of measures to activate that civic participation.

Community Radio A daily community-driven radio show is produced focused on helping the IDPs figure out their next moves. Radio is the most trusted media in Haiti and IOM’s Radio Chimen Lakay (The Way Home) seeks to provide people with low literacy skills the information they need to make important decisions about their lives.

The ‘open mike’ show allows communities to express their concerns forcefully and directly. The broadcast is available to a majority of radio listeners in the country. The show acts

12 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 13 as both a complaints mechanism for camp dwellers and an opportunity to talk about solutions to the practical problems faced by those who are trying desperately to return to their communities, but do not know how.

Information Kiosks IOM has also placed some 200 information kiosks in the camps to ease the communication flow. They are used by camp residents as a meeting point and venue to express their most urgent needs. The kiosks contain posters, p Two girls celebrate the move from their tent to a transitional shelter. © IOM 2010 - MHT0698 copies of IOM’s Manga-style graphic (Photo: Leonard Doyle) newspaper also called Chimen Lakay, as well as key messages from the Comic Newspaper Working closely with the Hu- Haitian government and the broader IOM’s Creole language newspa- manitarian Open Street Map, IOM has humanitarian community. per Chimen Lakay ensures that been training community mobilizers humanitarian messages are well in basic mapping techniques. Letters dispersed among a population with Detailed community-driven maps Evidence of a yawning gap in literacy levels below 50 per cent. In are published and these are attached communications with IDPs has come in addition, teams of highly motivated to the information kiosks. The maps the form of thousands of letters which community mobilizers go into the show aspects of community living have been placed in locked letterboxes field every day to engage with the that residents deem to be important in the kiosks. Over 3,000 have been population and encourage active for humanitarian reasons and might collected so far and they bear eloquent communication in order to get their typically be left off a government- testimony to the strength of the written issues taken seriously. produced map, such as trees that word to communicate the hardships provide shade, playgrounds, com- being endured in the camps. From this Mapping munity spaces, shops and football predominantly illiterate population Before the earthquake, less than a fields. powerful voices are emerging calling third of the streets of Port au Prince for urgent change in their lives. Some were mapped, leading to great Engaging locals in mapping their own of the letters are cries for help, others confusion as first responders tried to communities can also have a dramatic heartfelt pleas on behalf of suffering rescue people who were sending SMS impact on the working relationship friends and relatives. One man from texts to say that they were trapped with humanitarian actors. the town of Jeremie asks for help in under rubble. IOM has sponsored getting home from his wretched tent in an innovative mapping project aimed In Cité Soleil, often described as the Cité Soleil, where his hopes of finding at giving communities the power to poorest (and most violent) place in the a better life have been dashed by project their own reality rather than Western Hemisphere, IOM’s team of disappointment. see it imposed from outside. mappers and community mobilizers have been welcomed with open arms because of the recognition that they are actually empowering and partnering with the community.

Many of the communications projects mentioned are being carried out with grants from the Haiti Recovery Initiative Project funded by USAID’s Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI), as well as the Emergency Relief Response (ERRF) of the United Nations. It’s clear these initiatives serve many purposes that aim to help communities recover and rebuild for a better future.

But perhaps most importantly, as the months go by, they give voice and identity to those likely to be seen only through the prism of the helpless victim. M p A transitional shelter recipient gets the keys of her new, Japanese-funded home. © IOM 2010 - MHT0707 (Photo: Leonard Doyle)

12 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 13 u To help her survive in the aftermath of the earthquake, Bebe takes on side jobs such as doing people’s hair. © Andre Lambertson 2010

In Search of Normal: Thoughts about Haiti after the Earthquake By Kwame Dawes in Port au Prince, Haiti

he goes by the name Bebe. intelligent and pragmatic woman for the time she has spent doing the There is something arresting who understands that she has to do interviews (“I could be working right Sabout her bold stare, her ability what she does to make ends meet. now, you know”), she then asks me to laugh genuinely and uproariously On the side, she does hair and sells if I have any friends in my hotel who at the drop of a hat and her manner of bootlegged liquor from her small tent would like to be her friend. showing displeasure by pouting with a in Pétionville, but prostitution is what sensuality that always leaves the door she does, and she is not ashamed of it. Bebe is skilled at making the people open for reconciliation. It is work for her. But it is dangerous who come to her forget the squalor work. and the hardships of the world These are the outward qualities of around them by the mere force of her Bebe, perhaps qualities that are “No condom, no sex,” she says. Then personality, her ability to laugh and be simply part of who she is – a woman she adds, “But I always wear the female playful. But when we start to talk about who likes to sing in her deep husky condom. I can’t get any diseases.” the tragedies she has seen, about how rugged voice, and someone whose hungry she gets sometimes or whether smile is a sudden burst of light. But Bebe is always looking for business. I think she is worth the three US dollars these are traits that she employs in Even our interviews begin with that she is paid by her customers her line of work. Bebe is a prostitute questions about payment. And when before wondering aloud whether she in Port-au-Prince. She is a beautiful, she acknowledges that I can’t pay her is not worth more than that, and when

14 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 15 she grows silent contemplating how onto their parents not wanting them take years for Haiti to recover form grim her future looks now that she is to leave their sight. People are still the earthquake. Yet it is telling that without a home, it is hard not to feel reluctant to spend long stretches few people say that they are waiting saddened by it all. of time in walled buildings. People for Haiti to return to normal. The truth still slow down as they walk past is that Haiti was in poor shape even After my first meeting with Bebe in one ruin or the other, a subtle act before the earthquake. Those people April, I wanted to write about the of respect for the bodies they know who are optimistic are the ones who way she sought to maintain her sense to be buried under the stones still. see this earthquake as an opportunity of dignity in the cramped blue tinted People are living dangerously, to do things right. Perhaps it is enough shadowy tent she lived in. It did not taking unnecessary risks because of to have that hope, that vision of what matter that she was camped out in a heightened sense of the fleeting can be done. the front yard of an elementary school nature of life. In late October, Igor in Petionville, a school that was still Bosc, the Haiti representative to the Some people, despite their situation, functioning. It did not matter that she United Nations Population Fund told seem to have the ability to hope. had to take her baths in a small alcove reporters of a new report confirming Joel Sainton is an itinerant preacher near the front wall of the school what I had heard anecdotally from who formed a grassroots agency protected only by the flimsy blue tarps doctors and health workers, that called APIA to serve the needs of of other tents. She was making do, the fertility rate in Haiti had tripled people living with HIV AIDS. He making ends meet. I wanted to tell her since the earthquake. With only does his work in Port au Prince and story because I realized that I could 12 per cent of sexually active people has continued to serve these people multiply the story of this woman again using condoms, the risk-taking is despite the challenges caused by the and again in so many of the people significant. earthquake. I had come to know in Haiti. I saw them trying to make a go of it, and I A generation of orphaned people has Sainton’s work involves counselling saw how much they had settled into stopped trusting the world around those with the disease about how the routine of their lives. them to ever be stable and normal. and where to get treatment, sup- People’s hearts leap and their skin porting families who find it difficult The closer you get to people, the more prickles when a truck rumbles close to find the basic necessities of life, you speak to them, the more you enough to their homes to cause the visiting those that are sick and shut in, realize just how much the country glass windows to rattle. More and and creating a community of people remains deeply traumatized and more these days the future is about who can support each other while in shock by the earthquake on 12 working out when and how to leave maintaining the confidence of each January 2010. Children still hold Haiti for some other place. It will other.

p Joel Sainton, an itinerant preacher and creator APIA which helps people living with HIV and AIDS. © Andre Lambertson 2010

14 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 15 Most of the people I met from APIA to another, the welcome by those become clear to me that what most had not gone public with the fact that who were there first is not always defined how people were feeling was they were HIV-positive. Indeed, some forthcoming. People have to hustle for the question of whether things would of them admitted that the only people their own space and access to what ever become normal again. who knew they were carrying the few resources there might be. It is not virus were colleagues. as if no one knows what is going on, I have been back to Haiti two more nor is it as if no one knows what needs times since. The rains have come. The Joel Sainton relies on public trans- to be done, but on the ground, there tents were destroyed, but they were portation and his own feet to get are so many competing entities, so replaced. around the city to visit the sick. He many competing organizations with lives in a small room with his mother so many ideas that a peculiar kind of In an interview with Dr. Jean William in Carrefour. Simply put, he is poor. chaos of good will is in operation, one Pape, the well-known head of His fingernails carry the tell-tale sign that could eventually lead to inertia. GHESKIO, an organization known of anemia – bone white. He is a tall, for its role in dramatically arresting lanky man whose smile is a brilliant In April 2010, three months after the the spread of HIV and AIDS in Haiti, thing. His eyes reveal the fatigue that devastating earthquake, I flew into something he said struck me deeply. must consume him each day as he Haiti. From the air, the landscape The greatest danger that the 1.3 million makes his way through the city, yet it reminded me of Jamaica, stretches of displaced Haitians face since the is hard not to see in them resilience green that turned into dense clusters earthquake, he said, is that they will and uncanny faith. He enjoys of trees and bushes as we came start to see their condition as normal, philosophical banter, especially when closer to the ground. The mountains as the way it should be. They will see it’s on questions of theology and too were familiar – lush, dramatic the tent cities as new municipalities faith. presences circling the city. A woman in the city; they will start to accept as behind me started to sob as the plane normal conditions that no one should And yet the reality is that 1.3 million landed. I imagined that the Haitians accept as normal. Haitians are living in camp cities that on this flight were returning to news defy our notion of cities. There are few of deaths, that many were coming to His fear was that they will stop schools to speak of in these “cities”, see for themselves the tragic aftermath demanding something better and that no jobs lined up to sustain the people of this earthquake. they may even start to think that they in these “cities”, few consistent health do not deserve any better. services to support these “cities”, The world was still paying attention to no social services to sustain these Haiti at that time, and yet the Haitians Kwame Dawes is an internationally ac- “cities”, and where people have been I spoke to were guarded about what claimed poet who travelled to Haiti for relocated from one part of the city they saw in the future. It would the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. M

p A scene in one of the temporary camps around Port au Prince more than a month after a catastrophic earthquake hit Haiti on 12 January. © IOM 2010 - MHT0454 (Photo: Mark Turner)

16 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 17 u P. escaped from her trafficker and found sanctuary at the IOM-supported shelter run by NGO Kiwodhede. © IOM 2009 - MTZ0076 (Photo: Jemini Pandya)

Helping the Jemini Pandya reports from Dar es Salaam Lost Youth of Tanzania “I feel really bad about what happened to me. I’ve lost my virginity and… the pain I felt when I was raped…….if I hadn’t run away, my life would have been lost.”

n a matter-of-fact voice, a Instead of going to school along with P. was desperate to go to school, but 14-year-old Tanzanian girl de- the soldier’s own children, P. spent it was three years before her employer Iscribes the trauma she suffered long days cooking, cleaning, washing relented, feeling guilty at seeing P. work during the last month of a seven clothes – and being beaten. A lot, she so hard with no reward. Wanting to see year human trafficking ordeal. adds. The trafficker had never shown the girl do well, the employer sent her her how to do things, so when she to an informal school with tuition so she P. was seven years old when her didn’t do things right, she would get a could pass an examination allowing her maternal uncle turned up at her beating. into a formal school. home with a stranger, a female soldier. He convinced her mother “Even her own children were scared It was hard work combining household to let the soldier take P. to Dar es of her. They would run away from her duties with school, but P. didn’t mind Salaam to work in her home. In whenever she was around, so you can so much because she had got what she return, there were promises of imagine what it was like for me,” she had been promised. But it wasn’t to last. schooling and being well looked says. A few years later, the trafficker heard after. about her schooling and came to take After several months of this, P. was sent her back. The employer was too scared Although P., the eldest of four by the trafficker to another house as a of her to protest. children, didn’t want to leave home, domestic servant. Her new “employer” her mother forced her to go. She paid the trafficker a regular sum for her Back in the trafficker’s house, P.’s trusted her brother. services. situation was to take a turn for the

16 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 17 p A bright pupil, keen to learn. P. is desperate to have an education, like many of the victims of trafficking in Tanzania. © IOM 2009 - MTZ0064 (Photo: Jemini Pandya)

worse. Using her as a domestic slave P.’s story is not unique. Nor is it an is being abused, as elsewhere in Africa, was no longer enough for the trafficker. example of the worst suffering at the to exploit children for free labour. One day, the trafficker took P. to a place hands of a human trafficker. But it is and left her there with two men. one that is being repeated in various Social workers say extended family forms across the country, particularly structures in Tanzania that have With the barest of details, P. recounts in Tanzania’s urban centres such as provided a safety net for children how one man held her down while the capital, Dar es Salaam. have changed or are falling apart. the other raped her. She remembers Rural-urban migration, economic she was in a “bad” state when she was Economic growth and development development, the impact of HIV and taken back to the house. Bleeding, in urban areas coupled with AIDS which has decimated families, she told a neighbour and one of climactic changes, lack of irrigation and the declining importance of the trafficker’s daughters what had infrastructure and decreasing water tribal identity, have all contributed to happened. They were kind enough and supplies that make farming a less breaking bonds and undermining the took her to the hospital for treatment, viable and popular way of eking traditional extended family structure much to the trafficker’s fury when she out a living, have sparked a massive and with it, the sense of responsibility found out later that evening. rural-urban migration flow in recent for others other than your own. decades. It was not long before another rape was Omari Abunga, was a social worker organized. But this time, P. screamed so With that migration has come for Child in the Sun (CIS), one of loudly and so repeatedly that the men new social trends with worrying seven NGO’s that IOM was supporting got scared and ran away. Her cries had consequences. The exodus to towns in 2009 with Japanese and US brought others to her. Seeing her, they and cities has created a growing government funding through training, took her back to the trafficker’s house. demand for domestic servants in and the provision of food, shelter, urban Tanzanian households, no educational, livelihood, counselling, “I realized that if I stayed, there would matter one’s social standing. health, and family reunification and be much more of this. So I grabbed my reintegration assistance for victims of kanga cloth and ran,” she recounts. “Human trafficking has been around trafficking. In the two years that IOM for a very long time,” says Sabas has teamed up with CIS to help boy She was to be lucky. A woman on Masawe, project coordinator for victims of trafficking, 77 children have the road saw P. crying, in scant, Dogodogo, Tanzania’s oldest NGO been assisted. dirty and smelly clothes and clearly working with street children. “It’s just bleeding. She was in a pitiful state. The that now we have a name for it.” Often going to rural areas to reunite woman contacted Kiwodhede, a non- children with their families or for governmental organization (NGO) It’s an allusion to the age-old African follow-up visits, Omari says that assisting vulnerable women and girls custom of putting one’s child into the villagers were increasingly telling and which, since 2005, has been care of another family member or him of strangers coming to them from supported by IOM to help girl victims friend so they are better provided for. urban areas and asking for children for of trafficking. But the traditional “fostering” system work.

18 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 19 An Invisible Victim

A beautiful woman of 32 years-of-age, to her situation. In time, they had two able to access the medicines they need. Mama J. stands tall in a tiny room barely children. But her husband became sick. HIV keeps her and the children in Dar. big enough to swing a cat. It houses a Dying from AIDS, he told his family bed, a small cupboard, a set of drawers in the northern town of Mwanza to There is no way of knowing how many and a couple of chairs. Thanks to a come and get him, blaming Mama J. Mama J.’s there are in Tanzania. Counter- policewoman, who rents it out to her for the disease. So they left her and the trafficking programmes in Tanzania, for 10,000 shillings a month, it is home children on their own with no means while targeting both genders and all to her and her two daughters, aged six of support. ages, are largely assisting only child and four. All three are HIV-positive. And victims of trafficking in the belief that none of her neighbours knows. She doesn’t want to talk about how adults somehow don’t need protection she and her daughters survived after or assistance. Mama J. was trafficked by her brother to that, but it is not hard to guess. For two Dar es Salaam from her home region of years she got by, but often by having to Kaghera when she was just 16. Arriving depend on the kindness of others. It was with lots of gifts and promises, he had only when she met the policewoman told her she would be able to study in 2007 who rented her a room in her in the capital and she had willingly compound with deferred payment for gone with him. But instead of school, six months that things looked more she became housemaid to him and his hopeful. Borrowing money from a wife for three years. There was no pay, friend, she bought stock to set herself leftover scraps to eat, very long hours up as a second-hand clothes seller. It’s and only a floor to sleep on when the not an easy life, but she cannot return others had gone to bed. to her home village. Her mother cannot p Anti-retro virals, which have a prominent look after her, nor does she have the place in her one-room home, keep Her situation only ended when she 130,000 shillings (USD 100) to pay for Mama J. alive. © IOM 2009 - MTZ0075 married a truck driver friend of her the fare home. And if they were to go (Photo: Jemini Pandya) brother’s who had been sympathetic back to their village, they would not be

Usually struggling to feed and look But human trafficking isn’t the only “This abuse includes both the physical after their children, parents in rural consequence of this rural-urban and sexual,” says the founder of areas are becomingly easier to trick into migration. Urban areas are also magnets Dogodogo, Sister Jean of the US-based parting with their offspring. Although for another group of children, mainly Maryknoll Order, affectionately called not common, some parents are giving boys. In recent decades, Dar es Salaam, Mama Dogodogo. a child away, he says, for between Moshi, Arusha and other urban centres 60,000 -100,000 Tanzanian shillings have increasingly become home to But clearly, there is an emotional aspect (USD 45-USD 75). thousands of street children who have too. There is a certain hardness among the run away from home. No-one knows street children in the various NGO shelters However, the typical profile of a trafficker how many. that is a result of both their experiences is rather different. at home and on the street where power Social workers from the NGOs CIS, relations among the children themselves “Through our outreach efforts and direct Dogodogo and Mkombozi, which work can and do lead to further physical and assistance to victims of trafficking, we in the north of country, all agree that sexual abuse. Particularly when so many know that 80 per cent of victims are numbers are increasing even though the of the children are under school age and trafficked by either family members or occasional police crackdown forces the especially vulnerable. close family friends,” says IOM’s counter- children to go underground for a period trafficking specialist in Tanzania, Monika of time. “Although our primary focus is in helping Peruffo. “In some cases, people are using child victims of trafficking, we know that their own siblings as slaves.” Father Anthony, Rector of CIS, thinks we cannot separate their plight from that the growing prevalence of children on of street children, some of whom turn Although there is incidence of people the streets is a combination of several out to be trafficking victims too,” IOM’s being trafficked to Tanzania to work factors. Urban migration has fuelled the Peruffo says. “We are partnering with in various industries including fishing, myth of getting rich quick and the “city” NGOs that have been set up for street human trafficking in this large East has become a paradise where streets are children because they are an existing African country is mainly internal. And proverbially paved with gold. In a country structure helping abused and exploited while there is also evidence of trafficking where the majority of the population children, even though until very recently, for sexual exploitation, Tanzanian is dependent on subsistence farming, there was no awareness of human children are largely trafficked for labour, such myths act as a significant pull for trafficking and so no-one was looking especially to big cities like the capital mainly illiterate children from broken, out for such a thing.” and to Zanzibar to work not only in the dysfunctional families where marriages domestic market, but also in the fishing have broken down and remarriages cause Through that partnership, some issues industry and as garden workers. tension and often violence and abuse. have become clear. There is a need for

18 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 19 u Older boys at an IOM-supported Child in the Sun shelter are given livelihood training as well as schooling to give them something with which they can earn a living after they leave. © IOM 2009 - MTZ0073 (Photo: Jemini Pandya)

p Trafficked girls learn new skills that will provide them witha livelihood option once they leave Faraja’s vocational training centre. © IOM 2009 - MTZ0081 (Photo: Jemini Pandya)

u Dogodogo social worker, Muhali Shabani, persuades eight-year-old Alphonse to leave the streets and go to the NGO’s shelter in the city. It will be some time before his true story is known. © IOM 2009 - MTZ0063 (Photo: Jemini Pandya)

p Work is underway to build a new kitchen and dining room at the vocational training centre for vulnerable women and girls run by the NGO Faraja in Arusha. The building work and support for vcitims of trafficking is funded by IOM through its Japanese and US-government counter-trafficking programme. © IOM 2009 - MTZ0068 (Photo: Jemini Pandya)

20 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 21 Coming in from the Shadows – Hope for a Tanzanian Street Child

Thirteen-year-old Medad is an engaging After surviving two days on the child. Intelligent, creative, gentle and streets by begging, he had the good full of smiles, he isn’t shy of sharing his sense to agree to go to the Dogodogo aspirations. He wants to be like Akon – a shelter when one of its social workers Senegalese-American musician known approached him. the world over. He hasn’t looked back since. Wanting Rescued from the streets of Dar es to practice the English that he is Salaam by Dogodogo, Medad now has rapidly picking up, he wants to tell a chance for a future that would have his story in this new language. And been unimaginable a few months ago. only gives up after much effort and great reluctance. But you know that The fifth of six children to parents in it won’t be long before he gets there. Rukwa region in western Tanzania, he He’s enjoying his return to formal ran away from home in January 2009. schooling that being at Dogodogo His story is typical of Tanzania’s street entails. His aptitude means that doors children. A broken family with parents could open for him giving not only each remarrying with neither step- him hope for a better future, but also parent wanting him around, Medad Tanzania, which needs to make the was torn into two. He had to drop out most of all its human potential. of school through non-payment of fees and was often at the receiving end of Dogodogo, the latest of IOM’s NGO “serious beatings” from an increasingly partners providing assistance to child drunk father. victims of trafficking, says it has “given identities to 2,000 children” since p Having come off the streets of Dar Sneaking onto a train to Dar, he survived 1992, according to its founder, Sister es Salaam and in the protective care for two months on the streets but only Jean. However, lack of funding could of Dogodogo at its shelter in the because other street children at the soon shut down the organization and Tanzanian capital, Medad is hoping his railway station took him under their the shelter that for longer than any dreams of becoming a world famous musician will be realized now that he wing. But he didn’t like his new life of other organization has been a safe has a second chance at life. petty crime, begging and smoking dope haven for the capital’s lost youth, © IOM 2009 - MTZ0067 so he ran away from the other children commanding widespread affection (Photo: Jemini Pandya) too. He had other ideas for his life. everywhere.

“What we have to do is to look out for the children’s future. Parents don’t care for their children. They value their land, cows, wives, many wives, but they don’t care about their children’s future.”

better and age-appropriate counselling techniques, both of school or vocational training. Life back in rural areas would victims of trafficking and of street children. Unable to trust be much harder. For some, there is simply no-one to reunify others, especially adults, it takes a long time and sometimes with. Parents or family members have died from malaria, never, for the children to reveal who they are or what happened AIDS or other diseases. to them, making it much harder to assist them and eventually to reunite some of them with their families. Unable to assist them indefinitely, all the NGO’s can do is reluctantly acknowledge that some of the street children That reunification and reintegration back in their home and victims of trafficking will end up having to fend for communities, particularly for victims of trafficking, is the themselves. preferred solution for IOM and the NGOs in a country where there is no long-term institutional support available Regina Mandia, the counter-trafficking project officer at for children if they refuse to go back home. But reunification Kiwohede, which has helped 199 girl victims of trafficking is not always possible. Almost all the children prefer to stay since it teamed up with IOM, says half of the girls don’t want in the shelters where there is a reliable supply of food and to return home.

20 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 21 p Looking out for children’s future, the challenge for Tanzania. These two boys at the CIS shelter are certainly happier now than they were before and although it’s too early to tell what their future holds, it’s certainly more hopeful. © IOM 2009 - MTZ0065 (Photo: Jemini Pandya)

“What we have to do is to look out for doing is bad. Before the legislation, we Regina says she would like to go after the children’s future. Parents don’t care couldn’t say to families that we could P.’s trafficker. But it is a forlorn hope. for their children. They value their land, take them to the police. Now we do cows, wives, many wives, but they and it scares them,” she says with a For P., happy in the knowledge that she is don’t care about their children’s future,” smile. safe now, the future is infinitely brighter. she stresses. At the centre for less than a month, she It’s an attack on the weak because it seems to have settled in relatively well Tanzania’s new anti-trafficking law has proved notoriously difficult to and is looking forward to going back to passed in 2008 is proving to be useful she bring the traffickers to justice. In their school. Her plans for the future? says in raising levels of consciousness history, Kiwodhede have only twice that trafficking is not a good thing. gone after traffickers with the law – not “Before, I wanted to be a nun,” she says for trafficking, but for rape. One case self-consciously. “But if I can’t be a nun, “We find families are feeling guilty. They ended in imprisonment. The other is then I want to work in an office,” she start to realize that what they did or are stuck in legal quagmire. ends laughingly. M

22 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 23 The Silent Plight of Migrant Farm Workers in South Africa By Nosipho Theyise, IOM Pretoria

n the far northern lowveld of South picking season. When the season Farm life and HIV vulnerability Africa, between the Soutpansberg ends, Solomon returns to Zimbabwe IMountains and the Limpopo River, to help his family plant crops during Life is tough for low-skilled, poorly paid lies the dry baobab-dotted landscape the summer rains. seasonal farm workers. They are housed of Vhembe District. Dry though it is, predominantly in traditional wattle the rivers running through the area An undocumented migrant, Solomon and daub huts which the workers must give it enough water to make it one enters South Africa irregularly build and maintain themselves. There of the best citrus-producing districts in through the Orange River. It means are no flush toilets, no running water the country. he cannot take luggage with and no electricity in the compound. him for fear of being robbed by When Solomon arrives at the start of Little wonder then that many seasonal Mgumagumas (bandit gangs in the the season in April without any money, workers come to Vhembe between bush who terrorize many desperate he has to wait until the end of May to April and September each year to undocumented migrants on their get his first pay packet. It’s a difficult work on the farms. One such seasonal journey to South Africa). His biggest period for him and other seasonal worker is Solomon (not his real name), problem, however, is that his wife is workers. a 32-year-old man from Mwenezi, unable to join him on the farm. a drought-prone rural district in This lack of money becomes a major Zimbabwe about 200 kilometres north ‘I can’t allow my wife to come HIV risk factor for some, especially of the border with South Africa. through the river because I know that women, who can end up engaging in there are a lot of problems. Maybe transactional sex or sex work to make Solomon migrated to South Africa in she can meet Mgumagumas and be ends meet. Since permanent workers on search for greener pastures in 2002 raped,” he explains. the farms and those who work at nearby after his salary as a cleaner at a Harare brickfields have disposable incomes, supermarket could no longer sustain As a result, Solomon, like many there is no shortage of clients. him and his family. He found a job other seasonal migrant workers, on a farm in Vhembe as a seasonal lives a lonely life whilst at the farm. What makes the migrant workers’ worker assembling boxes in the pack He admits this causes many of the situation even more precarious is that house. Since then, he has returned to migrants to form relationships with their income is neither guaranteed nor the farm every year during the fruit- local women. stable.

22 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 23 last sexual encounter. This is not due to difficulty in accessing condoms, as 80 per cent of the participants reported that condoms were freely available on farms. It’s really a case of knowledge not translating into behaviour.

In a bid to minimize the impact of HIV on migrant farm workers, IOM’s study makes several recommendations including increasing farm worker access to healthcare, implementing positive prevention programmes that go beyond awareness- raising, addressing gender norms p Male farm workers chatting to an IOM-trained peer educator at a farm that increase risky behaviour, as well in Hoedspruit. © IOM 2010 - MZA0057 as tackling the growing need for workplace health policies to cater for ‘Most of the people who are working Solomon has seen how that separation both permanent and seasonal farm here…they don’t complete their month has led to broken families and con- workers. fully…Like pickers, they pick oranges. tributed to the spread of HIV. Now, when there are no oranges to The study, which was funded by the be picked, they do not work, they just ‘As a man, you can stay here for… Swedish International Development stop, which means they are going to three months: after three months I feel Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and the find little money,’ says Solomon. I need a woman…So some they take United States Agency for International some women to stay with them in Development (USAID) under the To try and get a better understanding order to assist them to carry firewood, President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS of the dynamics of HIV and migration to cook for them, to do whatever… Relief (PEPFAR), is just one of several in farm worker settings, IOM recent- Most of the people they fall in love projects on the issue IOM is currently ly conducted an Integrated Biological with a South African…those who live working on. Among them is a USAID- and Behavioural (IBBS) survey on near the farm…they end up having funded project reaching out to 20,000 23 commercial farms in the Limpopo marriages with those women and migrant farm workers and their and Mpumalanga provinces of South they forget about their marriage back families on 120 farms across South Africa. home. So it is easy for them to catch Africa’s Limpopo and Mpumalanga a disease or spread a disease because provinces. This survey found an overall HIV prev- you can get a disease here in South alence rate of 39.5 per cent among Africa and go home and give it to your For Solomon and others like him, farm workers. This is significantly wife,’ Solomon observes. meanwhile, life carries on as usual. higher than the national prevalence He has, however, a few modest rate of 18.1 per cent in South Africa. In spite of the recent introduction of desires. Among them - to become a In fact, it is the highest HIV prevalence HIV awareness programmes on farms, permanent worker at the farm. rate ever reported amongst a working Solomon thinks that their impact is population in southern Africa. still minimal. He says that people This would not only afford Solomon a may now have greater knowledge more stable income and better living Unsurprisingly, women fared the about HIV, but they are not changing conditions, it would allow him and worst. Almost half of them (46.7%) their behaviour. This, he argues, his family to have a life together on tested HIV-positive compared to is exacerbated by the widespread the farm, finally. M 30.9 per cent of the male farm workers. alcohol abuse due to This is reflective of the various gen- the prevalence of illicit der dynamics at play as most women makeshift bars in farm on farms are seasonal pickers with compounds, combined irregular work and income. with a lack of recreational facilities. Solomon’s story and that of other farm workers illustrates how poverty, Solomon’s observations poor living and working conditions, are supported by IOM physically demanding work, limited findings where only access to health care and HIV services, 53.6 per cent of the as well as separation from families, participants reported increase their vulnerability to HIV. using a condom at their

24 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 25 New York City area, had paid the smuggler USD 15,000 to be reunited with her daughter.

Torres explains that summer and Christmas holidays are when this airport sees the majority of these cases. The Cibao International Airport, in the city of Santiago, processes an average of 20 unaccompanied children per day during the holidays.

“Smugglers take advantage of the increase in passengers to smuggle the children with fake passports. But if we are vigilant, we can detect every p Passport control at Cibao airport. © IOM 2010 - MDO0019 single one of them,” stresses Torres. Technology, Vigilance and Sound Judgement – Managing the Dominican Republic’s Borders Niurka Pineiro reports from Santo Domingo As part of the programme, which is funded by the U.S. State Department Bureau for Western Hemisphere ienvenido (Tony) Torres, from travelling and to build a case Affairs, IOM has installed 12 VSC4 veteran Immigration Officer against the smuggler. So Torres went Plus Forensic Document Analyzers Band General Supervisor at the to the VSC4 Plus Forensic Document in the six international airports (Santo Cibao International Airport in the Analyzer, installed as part of an IOM Domingo Las Américas, La Isabela, Dominican Republic, knew something Border Management and Enhanced Cibao, Puerto Plata, La Romana, and was amiss when he took one look at Security Project in the Dominican Punta Cana), one at the National the passport and at the girl travelling Republic, to do further research. Migration Directorate (DGM by its as an unaccompanied minor to the Spanish acronym) Investigations Unit, United States with the document. “I put the passport in the machine and at four land borders (Dajabón, and with its sophisticated technology Elías Piña, Jimaní, and Pedernales). Torres recalls: “It was a U.S. passport analysed the facial belonging to an eight-year-old girl features of the girl in born in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The the photo. I realized passport was official, but I knew the ears were different, something was not quite right. The girl the nose was wider standing in front of me looked at least and flatter and the top 12 years old.” lip had a pronounced point - all different Torres immediately put his years of from the girl standing experience to work. “I spoke to her in in front of me.” English asking how long she had been in the Dominican Republic, if she The woman who had had liked it, and if she had been to brought the girl to the beach. The empty look on her face the airport was called confirmed that she did not understand back for questioning English.” and is now being prosecuted. The girl’s p But he needed more concrete mother, an irregular Tony Torres working on a document examination machine. © IOM 2010 - MDO0023 evidence if he was going to stop her migrant living in the

24 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 25 As part of the project, IOM has conducted similar trainings for immigration officials in The Bahamas, where IOM employed a different strategy by creating a travel document fraud detection laboratory, the second such facility in the Caribbean. The first one was established by IOM in Trinidad and Tobago in 2007. The laboratory, equipped with the latest technology, allows immigration officials to detect fraudulent documents and impostors, and to drastically reduce the number of persons travelling with documents that appear legitimate, but are in fact fake or legitimate documents that do not belong to the holder.

At the four land borders, IOM has also a facility in Port-au-Prince after So far this year, the new equipment has installed computers, servers, printers, it was demolished by the January helped to identify travellers with fake power generators, telecommunica- earthquake. They were all travelling documents from the United States, tions equipment and mobile offices to on false passports and were using France, Spain, Italy, and 35 other ensure the security of the equipment. the Dominican Republic as a transit countries. The documents included country. visas, passports, social security cards, The sophisticated forensic (VSC4Plus) driver’s licenses, U.S. Permanent equipment allows for the thorough “This is truly an essential tool for us Resident Cards (green cards) and other examination of passports and ID and because time is vital in this work. forms of identification. is a vital tool in stopping persons Now we can quickly identify persons carrying fraudulent documents. travelling on false documents or Albuquerque and Torres talk pas- visas. Before it took a minimum of 48 sionately about their dedication to Navy Captain Félix Albuquerque, hours because we had to contact the ensure that all bona fide travellers are Head of DGM’s Investigations Unit, authorities in the other country and processed in the most expeditious and says the equipment allowed them wait for them to investigate and get courteous manner, while keeping a to detect and intercept 10 Haitian back to us,” explains Albuquerque. vigilant eye on those with other ideas. prisoners who had escaped from He adds that the world One of these was a Peruvian national changed after September 11 living in the country and making a living and immigration services producing false U.S. visas. He was all over the world need to tried, found guilty and incarcerated. work quickly to detect any After completing his sentence, he was potential threats. deported to his native Peru.

”We are seeing Haitians Albuquerque explains their success transiting through the with a vivid example: “Just imagine Dominican Republic with that before we had these machines passports stamped with fake it was like tilling a huge tract of land Schengen Visas. We’ve also with a crude hand tool and now, we intercepted a number of have large modern tractors to do the Iranians who travel through job.” Venezuela, taking advantage of the fact that they do not The IOM project has also provided need a visa. They buy a migration officers and IT support staff fake passport for four to five training on the use and installation thousand US dollars and of the equipment. Since 2008, IOM then use our country as a has trained hundreds of officials on transit point.” document examination, detection of false documents and impostors, Albuquerque’s office in- and the human rights of migrants. tercepts an average of 25 to Recently, IOM and DGM organized 30 people each month from three one-week training sessions for Central and South America, more than 75 migration officers. Cuba and Haiti, but also from more distant places This small island nation with six such as Bangladesh - all of international airports shares its land them using fake documents borders with Haiti and is at the p Scene at popular market in Santo Domingo. © IOM 2010 - MDO0022 trying to make their way to crossroads between North and South North America and Europe. America.

26 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 27 p A young woman selling flowers in the Dominican Republic. © IOM 2010 - MDO0024

Official government figures for 2006 never losing sight of the fact that they and Anse à Pitre. Two days a week, on report some 2.5 million people have authority and should use it. market day, hundreds of Haitians cross entered the country and 3.3 million into Pedernales to buy and sell food, exited with 43,000 of the entries and “We have direct communication with clothing, and many other items. 413,000 of the exits at the Cibao U.S. Customs and Border Protection International Airport. in Miami, so not many fake visas Alicia Sangro, IOM Technical Coopera- or passports or expired green cards tion Officer, standing in the middle of Here, Tony Torres supervises a large get by us. That direct exchange and the heavy foot and motor bike traffic and group of immigration officers in constant communication has been the deafening noise typical of market charge of processing all passengers vital in bringing down the number of day points out: “Migration management arriving and leaving the country on illegal entries,” adds Torres. at airports is very different from the an average of 10 to 17 international reality at land borders. The Dominican flights each day. At the recent opening ceremony for Republic has the human capacity, so the new fully-equipped immigration this IOM project is providing the tools “We see a lot of things here. For office at the Pedernales border, which and specialist training to increase their example, all flights from this airport to is part of the IOM project, Director migration management capacity.” Providenciales in the Turks and Caicos of DGM Vice Admiral Sigfrido Pared leave full of Dominican citizens Pérez said: “This office is not here to Darío Estevez, DGM Supervisor at the and come back half empty. So what impede or stop the transit across this Pedernales Border Station, and his entire happens to those people who never border with our neighbour Haiti. It staff are all in favour of better managed return? Most likely they get on boats is here and equipped with the latest migration, but he is quick to sum up to go to The Bahamas and from there technology to expedite the crossing the reality at this isolated border post: to the United States,” surmises Torres. of bona fide travellers and to detect “The border is officially open from 9am potential criminals.” to 6pm, but there is no hospital in Anse Torres adds that it is very difficult to à Pitre. So if there is a sick person who enter the U.S. by air now and so people Dominican immigration law allows needs to come across in the middle of are always looking for new routes. for the free one-day passage of the night, the military officers on duty His staff is instructed to write down Haitians living in border towns to have instructions to call me immediately. any incidents, no matter how small conduct business or commerce and I get on my motor bike and come here and at the end of every shift these are seek medical attention. to open the gates and let them through. discussed. He stresses vigilance and We are all human beings and so a respect and constantly tells his staff A pedestrian bridge and a shallow good part of our job is using sound that they must be courteous while river divides the towns of Pedernales judgment.” M

26 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 27 q New biometric passports will help Armenians reap the full benefits of mobility. © IOM 2010 - MAM0002 (Photo: Ilona Terminasyan) stepped in to support an Armenian government initiative to introduce biometric passports and identification cards.

“This technical support and training of key government counterparts has helped Armenia benefit from the latest technologies used for biometric document issuance and verification,” says Ilona Ter-Minasyan, IOM Armenia Head of Office. “Future biometric travel documents will be in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organization standards.”

Electronic chips embedded in passports with biometric features contain digital images of four fingerprints, a digital signature and photo of the passport holder. “These new biometric travel documents will also support visa liberalization and enhanced national security measures, and promote the overall growth of an e-society in Armenia,” says Ter-Minasyan.

“I can’t wait to receive the new electronic passport I have heard about! I hope the new system will be easier and faster and I will be able to visit my relatives in Paris much more Biometric Passport and Identification Card: Armenia Enters the Digital Age By Justin Matoesian, IOM Armenia

ew technologies are fast As a result, increasing numbers of often,” said 30-year-old Armineh X. changing the way people developed countries have already from Gyumri city. Ntravel in today’s increasingly switched to using electronic passports interconnected and digital world. and identity cards with biometric Barry Kefauver, the lead consultant Over the past decade, the United identifiers. However, many developing for drafting the National Action Plan Nations and one of its specialized economies often lack the financial to implement the passport and ID agencies, the International Civil resources and technical capacity to card upgrade noted: “I was pleased Aviation Organization (ICAO), initiate the switch to biometric and to be associated with Armenia’s have called for more secure travel digital travel documents. ambitious and strategic plan to not documents, tightened travel security, only enhance the security of its travel and the need to address identity In 2009, IOM, with funding from documents, but also to improve its fraud, while at the same time its 1035 Facility and in cooperation national identity management.” recognizing the need to facilitate with the Organization for Security enhanced mobility for international and Cooperation in Europe’s (OSCE) Colonel Norayr Muradkhanyan travellers. Action against Terrorism Unit, who heads the Passport and Visa

28 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 29 Department for the Armenian Police says biometric passports and identification cards will be introduced in Armenia as of 2011. “Citizens may apply for their passports or identification cards at any of the current 61 application centres operated by the police. ID cards with an electronic chip will be used within the country and the biometric passport will be used for travelling abroad.”

He adds that the old Armenian passports will remain valid until they expire and that there will be a transition period p Technical support and training of government counterparts has helped Armenia benefit from the latest technologies of three years when for biometric document issuance and verification. © IOM 2010 - MAM0004 (Photo: Ilona Terminasyan) citizens can choose the type of document most appropriate to their needs (national have learned about the technical or international). The Armenian aspects, multi-functionality, benefits, government will subsidize the cost and importance of using identity of the ID Cards as all citizens will be documents with biometric parameters, required to have one. The e-passport which are now an integrated part of will be required only for those the e-Governance strategy. IOM and travelling abroad. OSCE also provided technical support for the development of According to Artur Osikyan, Deputy the requirements for a credible Head of the Armenian Police, the identification system and for secure technical assistance provided by IOM e-documents in line with international and other international organizations standards and best practices.” has been crucial to developing a comprehensive national action plan Ghulyan notes that the ID cards will for introducing biometric passports. also allow people to receive efficient digital services in health care, banking, A view shared by Arthur Ghulyan, telecommunication and tax systems. p New biometric passports to be introduced in Director of the e-Governance Infra- In addition, the identification cards Armenia in 2011 will strengthen national security, combat identity fraud and facilitate enhanced structure Implementation Unit may also serve as a driving permit. mobility for travellers. © IOM 2010 - MAM0003 (EKENG) with the Ministry of Economy (Photo: Ilona Terminasyan) of Armenia. “Officials from IOM and An e-society in which citizens can from the OSCE Secretariat together pay mobile telephone bills, invest in ultimately will help Armenians reap the with technical experts conducted foreign markets, renew their medical full benefits of mobility.” a needs assessment in 2009 which prescriptions and plan their next helped us prepare a roadmap for in- vacation seemed extremely remote a The IOM 1035 Facility provides troduction of e-documents,” he says. decade ago. support to developing Member States and Member States with economies He adds that the technical assistance “In our increasingly mobile world, in transition for the development and provided, including trainings new technologies are changing the implementation of joint government- and study tours to Portugal and way individuals and countries interact IOM projects to address particular areas Switzerland, proved invaluable for with the rest of the world,” says IOM’s of migration management. sharing experiences and finalizing Ilona Ter-Minasyan. “We are delighted the technical requirements for the to help Armenia through our 1035 For more information about IOM’s 1035 biometric passports, identity data Facility to move forward with biometric Facility, please visit: http://www.iom. management and e-ID cards. “We technologies and applications which int/1035/. M

28 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 29 q Africa is host to the largest numbers of internally displaced people in the world. © Sven Torfinn/IOM 2006 - MSD0032

Shedding Light on South-South Migration to Aid Development By Susanne Melde, ACP Observatory on Migration

uch has been made about strategy. Intra-regional migration is comparable data on migration and in the fact that people have especially high in sub-Saharan Africa, particular its effects on development Mbecoming increasingly mo- where it accounted for an estimated remain rare. This makes it difficult to bile within and across borders to meet nearly 70 per cent of migration in assess the migration reality in many the social and economic challenges the region in 2005, according to one countries, in particular when it comes of globalization in recent decades. study. to emigration and its real effects on development. Existing statistics use Much also has been made about the South-South migration often takes estimates based on figures that may movement of people from the South place between neighbouring coun- be 10 years out of date. to the North in search of better life tries and those with small wage opportunities, often using irregular differentials. In comparison with In a bid to shed more light on South- means. South-North migration, where earning South migration through greater power, welfare provisions and the research on data and trends, providing But human mobility in all directions quantity of remittances sent home to that all-essential concrete evidence, has always existed. Until recently, it families play a major role in motivating the African, Caribbean and Pacific has been seen as something negative people to head north, potential welfare (ACP) States’ Observatory on Migration that threatens the development of gains for poor people in South-South (ACP Observatory) has been created. second and third world countries migration can still be significant. through the haemorrhaging of human An initiative of the Secretariat of the 79 resources and skills from South to This is particularly the case for internal ACP Group of States realized by IOM North. migration. Rural to urban migration and a consortium of 19 partners and can and does help to alleviate poverty associates, the Observatory is funded Contrary to public perception, the in many parts of the world. But much by the European Union with financial traffic is not one directional. Almost more needs to be known about this support from Switzerland and IOM. half of all emigration from developing often overlooked phenomenon and Its aim is to generate the knowledge countries is to another developing many other aspects of South-South that will help inform migration and country. Nor is South-South migration migration. development policies. a new phenomenon. In many African countries it is a traditional One of the biggest challenges remains Intra-regional migration is especially and historically important livelihood concrete evidence. Reliable and important in many ACP countries

30 Migration Winter 2010 Winter 2010 Migration 31 due to several factors that include the search of better opportunities, exponential demographic growth, family reunification, forced migration, traditional cross-border flows, and the effects of environmental degradation and climate change.

In Africa, there are an estimated 19 million migrants with inter-regional migration in East, Central and West Africa, representing the vast bulk of African mobility. The continent is also host to the largest number of internally displaced people (IDPs). Of the estimated 26 million IDPs in the world, at least 10 million (about 38 p Migration in the Caribbean, like other regions, is also being affected by climate change. per cent) are living in East and Central © IOM 2008 - MHT0175 (Photo: Nuno Nunes) Africa. But this only provides a broad brush are being established in the 12 pilot While migration in the Caribbean outline of migration in the three countries of the Observatory, bringing is largely outbound, some of the regions. We need a more detailed together policymakers, researchers, Caribbean nations, such as Antigua picture. representatives of migrants, civil and Barbuda, are among the top society and the private sector. 10 countries with both the largest Research networks are therefore being number of emigrants and immigrants created in each of the six regions of “By pooling together existing data relative to their total population. the ACP group of States - West Africa, sources and assessing gaps and Central Africa, East Africa, Southern limitations, undertaking new research In the Pacific, despite an increase in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. and building capacities to collect immigration in the past decade, the All interested individual researchers, and analyse data, real progress can region is also marked by emigration. academic institutions, governmental be made on what has always been Census data from 2000 showed that officials working with migration data a major weakness – the lack of 50 per cent of migrants from the Pa- and civil society members can sign up empirical information. Without it, cific remained within the region, with for the networks at national, regional migration and development policies New Zealand the leading destination and ACP levels via the website. This are essentially flawed,” de Bœck country. Emigration among skilled will foster access to information, says. Pacific workers is also a major feature calls for proposals for studies and the of migration in the region. Among sharing of expertise. The long-term dividends of succeed- the top 30 countries with highest ing in such a venture are tantalizing migration rates for skilled migrants in Programme activities mainly in- and too important to bypass. But, de OECD countries, eight countries are volving research on a range of Bœck argues, success cannot come from the Pacific region. subjects such as remittances and without everyone pulling together. human development, data and profile on diasporas, displacement “A coherent and harmonized ap- tied to climactic or environmental proach is essential for a comparative change, human trafficking and rural- assessment of the trends and urban migration are also starting in characteristics of human mobility and 12 pilot countries. These are Angola, its links to human development. This Cameroon, the Democratic Republic will enable governments to main- of Congo, Haiti, Kenya, Lesotho, stream migration into development Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, planning and so allow a move Tanzania, Timor-Leste and Trinidad away from a negative perception and Tobago with programmes of migrants that is so entrenched in extended to other interested ACP societies the world over,” de Bœck countries progressively. stresses.

For Laurent de Bœck, Director of the It would also allow greater focus ACP Observatory, one of the most on the positive contribution that exciting aspects about the project is migrants and migration can and does the potential that partnerships offer. make to the global economy and to National consultation mechanisms human development. M

p Mass forced displacement has hit Timor-Leste twice 30 Migration Winter 2010 in the past decade. © IOM 2008 - MTP0142 Winter 2010 Migration 31 New titles

Study on Migration and the Economic Crisis: Implications for Policy provides a synthesis and analysis of the latest available evidence in order to assess the impact of the global economic crisis on migrants and migration policy in the European Union. The findings presented in the report are based primarily on a survey conducted by IOM offices in the 27 EU Member States and Croatia, Norway and Turkey, as well as the findings of seven commissioned country case studies (Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spain, UK) and desk research.

The study has been commissioned and funded International Dialogue on by the Directorate General for Employment, Migration N°16 – Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities of the International Dialogue on Human Rights and Migration: Migration N°15 – Enhancing Working Together for Safe, European Commission under the framework International Dialogue on the Role of Return Migration Dignified and Secure Migration of the IOM Independent Network of Labour Migration N°14 – in Fostering Development ISSN 1726-2224 - English Migration and the Migration and Integration Experts (LINET). Managing Return Migration ISSN 1726-2224 - English Dialogue international sur la Economic Crisis in ISSN 1726-2224 - English Dialogue international sur la migration N°16 – Droits de 2010/Electronic copy, 202 pages Dialogue international sur migration l’homme et migration: Oeuvrer the European Union: English la migration N°15 – Le renforcement du rôle de concert a des migrations sûres, Implications for Policy N°14 – Gestion de la de la migration de retour dans dignes et sans risque migration de retour les efforts de développement ISSN-1726-4030 - French ISSN-1726-4030 - French ISSN-1726-4030 - French Diálogo internacional sobre “Migration in Western and Central Africa: Country Diálogo internacional sobre Diálogo internacional sobre la la migración N°16 – Derechos Profiles 2009” is a series of migration profiles produced la migración migración N°15 – Alentar la humanos y migración: Empeño by IOM with the financial support of the European N°14 – Gestión de la functión de retorno para conjunto a favor de una migración Union, the Swiss Federal Office for Migration (FOM) migración de retorno fomentar el desarrollo protegida, digna y segura and the Belgian Development Cooperation. These country reports bring together existing information from ISSN 1726-4049 - Spanish ISSN 1726-4049 - Spanish ISSN 1726-4049 - Spanish different sources in a structured manner, and provide a 2010/271 pages/USD 16.00 2010/283 pages/USD 16.00 2010/386 pages/USD 16.00 comprehensive overview of key international migration and socio-economic development trends in selected West and Central African countries (Cameroon, Cape This report illustrates the multidimensional Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, and activities carried out by the Migration Health Senegal). Division throughout the world in 2008-2009. Key achievements in three main programmatic The reports cover a range of statistics and other data related to immigration, emigration, return migration, areas are presented: Migration Health remittances, labour migration and irregular migration, Assessments and Travel Health Assistance; including trafficking and smuggling. Besides explaining some of the key factors underlying current migration Health Promotion and Assistance for Migrants patterns, the country reports also provide an assessment and Migration Health Assistance for Crisis- of the institutional and policy framework governing Affected Populations. Guided by the Resolution migration (domestic legislation, institutional actors, Migração em Cabo bilateral and multilateral cooperation, etc.) and its on the Health of Migrants adopted by the World effectiveness. Health Assembly in May 2008, the Report Verde: Perfil Nacional Drawing on the information and data presented, these demonstrates IOM’s commitment to advance 2009 country profiles indicate existing data gaps and possible the health of migrants and their families, and strategies to improve migration statistics, and present to support IOM Member States in managing key recommendations for policy maker to improve current migration management. migration health through strategic networks and partnerships. 2010/Electronic copy, 110 pages Migration Health: Portuguese Report of Activities 68/Softcover, 68 pages 2008-2009 English The study brings together existing evidence on the climate change, environment and migration nexus in Bangladesh. The evidence in the document comes from a wide variety of sources and studies, including Migration is increasingly being acknowledged Government of Bangladesh statistics and policy as an issue that needs a global approach and documents, academic research, working papers and other publications and research carried out by national, coordinated responses. States are not only bilateral and multilateral organizations, NGOs and discussing migration issues at the bilateral level, research institutions. In addition, meetings were held with a number of key experts in Bangladesh and the but also regionally and lately in global arenas. A research also draws extensively on IOM’s growing body commonly understood language is indispensable of work on this topic globally. for such coordination and international

The study provides an overview of the international cooperation to be successful. This glossary discourse on environment, climate change and attempts to serve as a guide to the mire of terms migration, outlining current thinking within this complex and increasingly visible policy debate. and concepts in the migration field, in an effort Turning to Bangladesh, it provides a brief outline of to provide a useful tool to the furtherance of the country and developmental achievements and such international cooperation and the common challenges, moving on to an in-depth exploration of the role of the environment and climate change in understanding of migration issues. shaping the country’s long-term development and Assessing the Evidence: migration dynamics. Following this, the existing policy 2010/Electronic copy, 93 pages framework is outlined and a ‘policy toolkit’ of potential Environment, Climate policy options and priorities identified, before a brief ISSN 2079-1135 conclusion sums up the report’s main findings. International Migration Macedonian Change and Migration Law N°23 - Macedonian in Bangladesh 2010/Electronic copy, 70 pages Glossary on Migration English is also available in electronic format If you wish to subscribe, please provide the following information:

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