Dissolution Behaviour of Beryl
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Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals in the Beo
American Mineralogist, Volwne 71, pages 277-300, 1986 Phaseequilibria and thermodynamic properties of mineralsin the BeO-AlrO3-SiO2-H2O(BASH) system,with petrologicapplications Mlnx D. B.qnroN Department of Earth and SpaceSciences, University of California, Los Angeles,Los Angeles,California 90024 Ansrru,cr The phase relations and thermodynamic properties of behoite (Be(OH)r), bertrandite (BeoSirOr(OH)J, beryl (BerAlrSiuO,r),bromellite (BeO), chrysoberyl (BeAl,Oo), euclase (BeAlSiOo(OH)),and phenakite (BerSiOo)have been quantitatively evaluatedfrom a com- bination of new phase-equilibrium, solubility, calorimetric, and volumetric measurements and with data from the literature. The resulting thermodynamic model is consistentwith natural low-variance assemblagesand can be used to interpret many beryllium-mineral occurTences. Reversedhigh-pressure solid-media experimentslocated the positions of four reactions: BerAlrSiuO,,: BeAlrOo * BerSiOo+ 5SiO, (dry) 20BeAlSiOo(OH): 3BerAlrsi6or8+ TBeAlrOo+ 2BerSiOn+ l0HrO 4BeAlSiOo(OH)+ 2SiOr: BerAlrSiuO,,+ BeAlrOo+ 2H2O BerAlrSiuO,,+ 2AlrSiOs : 3BeAlrOa + 8SiO, (water saturated). Aqueous silica concentrationswere determined by reversedexperiments at I kbar for the following sevenreactions: 2BeO + H4SiO4: BerSiOo+ 2H2O 4BeO + 2HoSiOo: BeoSirO'(OH),+ 3HrO BeAlrOo* BerSiOo+ 5H4Sio4: Be3AlrSiuOr8+ loHro 3BeAlrOo+ 8H4SiO4: BerAlrSiuOrs+ 2AlrSiO5+ l6HrO 3BerSiOo+ 2AlrSiO5+ 7H4SiO4: 2BerAlrSiuOr8+ l4H2o aBeAlsioloH) + Bersio4 + 7H4sio4:2BerAlrsiuors + 14Hro 2BeAlrOo+ BerSiOo+ 3H4SiOo: 4BeAlSiOr(OH)+ 4HrO. -
Heat Capacities and Thermodynamic Functions for Beryl, Beralrsiuotr
American Mineralogist, Volume 7I, pages 557-568, 1986 Heat capacitiesand thermodynamicfunctions for beryl, BerAlrSiuOtr, phenakite, BerSiOn,euclase, BeAlSiOo(OH)' bertranditeo BeoSirOt(OH)r,and chrysoberyl' BeAl2Oa B. S. HnluNcw.q,Y U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Reston, Y irgrnia22092 M. D. B.nnroN Departmentof Earthand SpaceSciences, University of California,Los Angeles,Los Angeles,California 90024 R. A. Ronrn, H. T. HLsnr.roN, Jn. U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Reston, Y irginia22092 Ansrru,cr The heat capacities of beryl, phenakite, euclase,and bertrandite have been measured betweenabout 5 and 800 K by combined quasi-adiabaticcryogenic calorimetry and dif- ferential scanningcalorimetry. The heat capacitiesof chrysoberylhave beenmeasured from 340 to 800 K. The resulting data have been combined with solution and phase-equilibrium experimentaldata and simultaneouslyfit using the program pHAS2oto provide an internally consistent set of thermodynamic properties for several important beryllium phases.The experimentalheat capacitiesand tablesof derived thermodynamic propertiesare presented in this report. The derived thermodynamic properties at I bar and 298.15 K for the stoichiometric beryllium phasesberyl, phenakite, euclase,and bertrandite are entropies of 346.7 + 4.7, 63.37+0.27,89.09+0.40, andl72.l+0.77 J/(mol'K),respectively,andGibbsfree energiesof formation(elements) of -8500.36 + 6.39, -2028.39 + 3.78, -2370.17 + 3.04, and -4300.62 + 5.45 kJlmol, respectively,and, -2176.16 + 3.18kJ/mol for chrysoberyl. The coefficientscr to c, of the heat-capacityfunctions are as follows: valid phase ct c2 c, x 105 c4 c, x 10-6 range beryl 1625.842 -0.425206 12.0318 -20 180.94 6.82544 200-1800K phenakite 428.492 -0.099 582 1.9886 -5 670.47 2.0826 200-1800K euclase 532.920 -0.150729 4.1223 -6726.30 2.1976 200-1800K bertrandite 825.336 -0.099 651 -10 570.31 3.662r7200-1400 K chrysoberyl 362.701 -0.083 527 2.2482 -4033.69 -6.7976 200-1800K whereC!: cr * ctT + crT2 * coT-os* crT-2and Zisinkelvins. -
Pyrophyllite Solid Solutions in the System A|,O,-S|O,-H,O
American Minerulogist, Volume 59, pages 254-260, 1974 PyrophylliteSolid Solutions in the SystemA|,O,-S|O,-H,O Pnrr,rp E. RoseNnenc D ep art ment ol G eolo gy, 14as hing ton Stat e U nio er sity, P ullman, 14as hington 99 I 6 3 Abstract Pyrophyllite solid solutions have been synthesized in the system Al,O'-SiOr-H,O between 400' and 565'C at 2 kbar from a variety of starting materials using sealed gold tubes and conventional hydrothermal techniques. The duration of experiments was 3-9 weeks. Products were characterized by X-ray measurementsand by infrared spectroscopy. Appreciably larger basal spacings were observed for pyrophyllite synthesized from gels than for natural pyrophyllite; small amounts of quartz were present in these samples. Basal spacings of pyrophyllite synthesized from mixtures of kaolinite and quartz approach but do not equal those of natural pyrophyllite. Rehydroxylation of dehydroxylated pyrophyllite under hydrothermal conditions suggests that enlargement of basal spacings cannot be due to dehydroxylation. Substitution of the type Al"* + H* : Sia* is proposed to explain the observed variations. The coupled substitution of Al3* and (OH)- for Sin*and O- results in expanded basal spacingsdue largely to the formation of OH on the basal surface and in increased thermal stability due to the formation of H-bonds between oxygens in adjacent silica sheets.Analyses of natural pyrophyllite also suggest limited substitution of this type. Failure to recognize these substitutions in synthetic samples accounts, in part, for dis- crepancies in the reported thermal stability of pyrophyllite. Phase characterization, often lack- ing, is essentialin experimentalstudies of mineral stabilities. -
Geochemical Journal, Vol. 55 (No. 4), Pp. 209-222, 2021
Geochemical Journal, Vol. 55, pp. 209 to 222, 2021 doi:10.2343/geochemj.2.0630 10Be/9Be ratios of phenakite and beryl measured via direct Cs sputtering: Implications for selecting suitable Be carrier minerals for the measurement of low-level 10Be ATSUNORI NAKAMURA,1* ATSUYUKI OHTA,1 HIROYUKI MATSUZAKI2 and TAKASHI OKAI1 1Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan 2Micro Analysis Laboratory, Tandem Accelerator (MALT), The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan (Received December 23, 2020; Accepted April 29, 2021) Preparing Be carrier solutions with low 10Be/9Be ratios is essential for the applications of in-situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be in geochronology. This is because commercially available Be carriers are non-negligibly contaminated by 10Be. Recently, in-house Be carriers have been successfully applied to samples that contain small amounts of in-situ-produced 10Be. The first step in preparing in-house Be carriers is selecting suitable Be-bearing minerals that contain less 10Be. Here, we present a simple method for selecting appropriate raw minerals for in-house Be carriers. That is, measuring the 10Be/ 9 10 9 Be ratios of Be-bearing minerals by direct Cs sputtering. Analyses of the Be/ Be ratios of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) obtained from a mineral collection at the Geological Survey of Japan indicate that phenakite gener- ally contains more 10B, interfering isobar of 10Be, than beryl. In addition to the necessity of finding raw materials that contain low 10Be, our results indicate that it is preferable to select a starting material with a low B concentration. -
Mineral of the Month Club May 2017
Mineral of the Month Club May 2017 BERYL var. GOSHENITE This month’s featured mineral is goshenite, the colorless variety of beryl, or beryllium aluminum silicate, from the pegmatites of Namibia. Our write-up explains the mineralogy, history, and lore of goshenite, and discusses the many colored-gem varieties of beryl. OVERVIEW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Chemistry: Be3Al2Si6O18 Beryllium Aluminum Silicate Class: Silicates Subclass: Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates) Group: Beryl Crystal System: Hexagonal Crystal Habits: Usually as hexagonal (six-sided) prisms, often with flat or modified-flat terminations; also massive and compact. Color: Beryl can be colorless or white to blue, green, yellow, pink, and red; goshenite crystals are colorless; massive forms are white. Luster: Vitreous Transparency: Goshenite crystals are usually transparent to translucent; massive forms are translucent to opaque. Streak: Colorless to white Cleavage: Poor in one direction Fracture and Tenacity: Uneven to conchoidal; brittle. Hardness: 7.5-8.0 Specific Gravity: 2.66-2.92 Luminescence: None Refractive Index: 1.577-1.583 Distinctive Features and Tests: Best field marks for goshenite are hardness; six-sided prisms with flat or modified-flat terminations; lack of color; and occurrence primarily in granite pegmatites. Dana Classification Number: 61.1.1.1 NAME: The word “goshenite,” pronounced GAH-shun-ite, is derived from the town of Goshen, Massachusetts, where this mineral variety was first named. Goshenite is also known as “clear beryl,” “white beryl,” and “white aquamarine.” In European mineralogical literature, goshenite appears as goshenit and goshenita. The word “beryl” stems from bēryllion, the Indo-Aryan word for the mineral. Beryl appears in European mineralogical literature as berilo, berylita, and Berylit. -
The Pyrophyllite Deposits of North Carolina
North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development Wade H. Phillips, Director BULLETIN NUMBER 37 THE PYROPHYLLITE DEPOSITS OF NORTH CAROLINA With A MORE DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE DEEP RIVER REGION By JASPER L. STUCKEY, Ph. D. RALEIGH 19 28 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT Governor A. W. McLean, Chairman, ex offtcio Raleigh S. Wade Marr __._ Raleigh B. B. Gossett Charlotte Jas. G. K. McClure, Jr Asheville Fred I. Sutton ~ _: .. Kinston E. D. Cranford . Asheboro R. Bruce Btheridge Manteo Santford Martin . ; Winston-Salem E. S. Askew Merry Hill J. Q. Gilket Marion F. S. Worthy Washington George L. Hampton Canton Frank H. Stedman Fayetteville Wade H. Phillips, Director, Raleigh LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Raleigh, N. C, August 1, 1928. To His Excellency, Hon. A. W. McLean, Governor of North Carolina. Sir:—I herewith submit for publication as Bulletin No. 37 of the publications of the North Carolina Department of Con servation and Development a report on The Pyrophyllite De posits of North Carolina, which has been prepared by Dr. Jasper L. Stuckey, former State Geologist. This is the first complete report on the pyrophyllite deposits of this State and will, therefore, be of great interest to those who desire infor mation on such material. Yours respectfully, Wade H. Phillips, Director, North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development. AUTHOR'S FOREWORD This report was begun as a special investigation of the geology and pyrophyllite deposits of the Deep River Region, and accord ingly a detailed geologic map of that region was prepared. As the work progressed, other pyrophyllite deposits were found outside the area mapped. -
Gemstones by Donald W
GEMSTONES By Donald W. olson Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Nicholas A. Muniz, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. In this report, the terms “gem” and “gemstone” mean any gemstones and on the cutting and polishing of large diamond mineral or organic material (such as amber, pearl, petrified wood, stones. Industry employment is estimated to range from 1,000 to and shell) used for personal adornment, display, or object of art ,500 workers (U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997, p. 1). because it possesses beauty, durability, and rarity. Of more than Most natural gemstone producers in the United states 4,000 mineral species, only about 100 possess all these attributes and are small businesses that are widely dispersed and operate are considered to be gemstones. Silicates other than quartz are the independently. the small producers probably have an average largest group of gemstones; oxides and quartz are the second largest of less than three employees, including those who only work (table 1). Gemstones are subdivided into diamond and colored part time. the number of gemstone mines operating from gemstones, which in this report designates all natural nondiamond year to year fluctuates because the uncertainty associated with gems. In addition, laboratory-created gemstones, cultured pearls, the discovery and marketing of gem-quality minerals makes and gemstone simulants are discussed but are treated separately it difficult to obtain financing for developing and sustaining from natural gemstones (table 2). Trade data in this report are economically viable deposits (U.S. -
The Seven Crystal Systems
Learning Series: Basic Rockhound Knowledge The Seven Crystal Systems The seven crystal systems are a method of classifying crystals according to their atomic lattice or structure. The atomic lattice is a three dimensional network of atoms that are arranged in a symmetrical pattern. The shape of the lattice determines not only which crystal system the stone belongs to, but all of its physical properties and appearance. In some crystal healing practices the axial symmetry of a crystal is believed to directly influence its metaphysical properties. For example crystals in the Cubic System are believed to be grounding, because the cube is a symbol of the element Earth. There are seven crystal systems or groups, each of which has a distinct atomic lattice. Here we have outlined the basic atomic structure of the seven systems, along with some common examples of each system. Cubic System Also known as the isometric system. All three axes are of equal length and intersect at right angles. Based on a square inner structure. Crystal shapes include: Cube (diamond, fluorite, pyrite) Octahedron (diamond, fluorite, magnetite) Rhombic dodecahedron (garnet, lapis lazuli rarely crystallises) Icosi-tetrahedron (pyrite, sphalerite) Hexacisochedron (pyrite) Common Cubic Crystals: Diamond Fluorite Garnet Spinel Gold Pyrite Silver Tetragonal System Two axes are of equal length and are in the same plane, the main axis is either longer or shorter, and all three intersect at right angles. Based on a rectangular inner structure. Crystal shapes include: Four-sided prisms and pyramids Trapezohedrons Eight-sided and double pyramids Icosi-tetrahedron (pyrite, sphalerite) Hexacisochedron (pyrite) Common Tetragonal Crystals: Anatase Apophyllite Chalcopyrite Rutile Scapolite Scheelite Wulfenite Zircon Hexagonal System Three out of the four axes are in one plane, of the same length, and intersect each other at angles of 60 degrees. -
THE BIRON HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHETIC EMERALD by Robert E
THE BIRON HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHETIC EMERALD By Robert E. Kane and Richard T. Liddicoat, ]r. A new synthetic emerald grown in Western merald was first synthesized by Ebelman in 1848 by Australia is now commercially available E adding natural emerald powder to a molten boric acid as faceted stones. Infrared spectra revealed flux, which produced very small prismatic emerald crys- the presence of water, thereby confirming tals as the mixture cooled. In the ensuing years, the flux that these synthetic emeralds are synthe- growth of synthetic emerald was achieved by many re- sized by a hydrothermal process. Chemical searchers (Nassau, 1980; Sinkankas, 198 1). In 1957, the analysis showed that they contain vana- dium as well as lesser amounts of chro- growth of minute beryl crystals by a hydrothermal process mium. This new synthetic exhibits some was first reported [Wyart and ¤6avnic~r1957). Although characteristics that are distinctly different many processes for growing synthetic emerald hydro- from other synthetic emeralds and there- thermally have been described since then (summarized in fore must now be considered when identi- Sinkankas, 1981),until recently only three major produc- fying emeralds. In addition to distinctive tions of hydrothermal synthetic emerald have been com- inclusions such as gold, the Biron synthetic mercially available to the jewelry trade: Linde (patented is inert to ultraviolet radiation, has a spe- process now owned by Regency), Lechleitner (full syn- cific gravity of 2.68 -2.71, and refractive thetic in addition to overgrowth), and, most recently, those indices of = 1,569 and (D = 1.573. This ar- grown in the Soviet Union (see Talzubo, 1979). -
The Library and My Learning Community First Year Students’ Impressions of Library Services
Feature The library and My learning community First Year Students’ Impressions of Library Services Tammy J. Eschedor Voelker During the 2002–03 academic year a new ways to market the library’s ser- team of reference librarians at the Kent vices and information resources. Most Tammy J. Eschedor Voelker is State University main library began traditional marketing plans begin with Humanities Liaison Librarian at Kent working with two freshman learning “an investigation of needs in a given State University, Kent, Ohio. Submit- communities as part of an initiative to market, together with an analysis of or- ted for publication August 13, 2004; learn more about the needs of first-year ganizational talent and resources to de- revised and accepted for publication students. This article reports on the out- termine which needs the organization is July 26, 2005. reach to one of those, the Science Learn- best fitted to satisfy.”1 The selection of a ing Community, and on the results of a target market, or a subgroup of custom- focus group undertaken with members ers, upon which to concentrate ones’ of that group. The study found that the efforts is the next step.2 Early in the students valued the library instruction process, several key patron groups were offered and were even inclined to request identified, of which the team hoped to that more library-related instruction be gain a better understanding. First-year incorporated in the future. Students re- students were one of the identified vealed apprehensions about using the groups. The quickly changing infor- library and also offered suggestions for mation environment was making it new services, including the idea that all increasingly difficult to make assump- freshmen should have the same learn- tions about their experiences, skills, ing opportunity. -
Winter 1998 Gems & Gemology
WINTER 1998 VOLUME 34 NO. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 243 LETTERS FEATURE ARTICLES 246 Characterizing Natural-Color Type IIb Blue Diamonds John M. King, Thomas M. Moses, James E. Shigley, Christopher M. Welbourn, Simon C. Lawson, and Martin Cooper pg. 247 270 Fingerprinting of Two Diamonds Cut from the Same Rough Ichiro Sunagawa, Toshikazu Yasuda, and Hideaki Fukushima NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES 281 Barite Inclusions in Fluorite John I. Koivula and Shane Elen pg. 271 REGULAR FEATURES 284 Gem Trade Lab Notes 290 Gem News 303 Book Reviews 306 Gemological Abstracts 314 1998 Index pg. 281 pg. 298 ABOUT THE COVER: Blue diamonds are among the rarest and most highly valued of gemstones. The lead article in this issue examines the history, sources, and gemological characteristics of these diamonds, as well as their distinctive color appearance. Rela- tionships between their color, clarity, and other properties were derived from hundreds of samples—including such famous blue diamonds as the Hope and the Blue Heart (or Unzue Blue)—that were studied at the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory over the past several years. The diamonds shown here range from 0.69 to 2.03 ct. Photo © Harold & Erica Van Pelt––Photographers, Los Angeles, California. Color separations for Gems & Gemology are by Pacific Color, Carlsbad, California. Printing is by Fry Communications, Inc., Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. © 1998 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved. ISSN 0016-626X GIA “Cut” Report Flawed? The long-awaited GIA report on the ray-tracing analysis of round brilliant diamonds appeared in the Fall 1998 Gems & Gemology (“Modeling the Appearance of the Round Brilliant Cut Diamond: An Analysis of Brilliance,” by T. -
Crystal Habit Modification Using Habit Modifiers
18 Crystal Habit Modification Using Habit Modifiers Satyawati S. Joshi University of Pune, India 1. Introduction The synthesis of inorganic materials with a specific size and morphology has recently received much attention in the material science research area. Morphology control or morphogenesis is more important for the chemical industry than size control. Many routes have been reported to control the crystal growth and eventually modify the morphology of the crystals. For crystal-habit modification, crystals are grown in the presence of naturally occurring soluble additives, which usually adsorb or bind to the crystal faces and influence the crystal growth or morphology. A number of recent investigations show that such type of crystal-habit modifiers can be used to obtain inorganic crystals with organized assemblies. (Xu, et al. 2007, Yu & Colfen 2004, & Colfen, 2001). The crystal-habit modifiers may be of a very diverse nature, such as multivalent cations, complexes, surface active agents, soluble polymers, biologically active macromolecules, fine particles of sparingly soluble salts, and so on. (Sarig et al.,1980) These crystal modifiers often adsorb selectively on to different crystal faces and retard their growth rates, thereby influencing the final morphology of the crystals. (Yu & Colfen, 2004) The strategy that uses organic additives and/or templates with complex functionalization patterns to control the nucleation, growth, and alignment of inorganic crystals has been universally applied for the biomimetic synthesis of inorganic materials with complex forms. (Qi et al., 2000) The biomimetic process uses an organized supramolecular matrix and produces inorganic crystals with characteristic morphologies. (Xu et al., 2007& Loste &Meldrum, 2001) Understanding the mechanism involved in such a matrix-mediated synthesis has a great potential in the production of engineering materials.