Crystal Habit Modification Using Habit Modifiers
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Mineral of the Month Club May 2017
Mineral of the Month Club May 2017 BERYL var. GOSHENITE This month’s featured mineral is goshenite, the colorless variety of beryl, or beryllium aluminum silicate, from the pegmatites of Namibia. Our write-up explains the mineralogy, history, and lore of goshenite, and discusses the many colored-gem varieties of beryl. OVERVIEW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Chemistry: Be3Al2Si6O18 Beryllium Aluminum Silicate Class: Silicates Subclass: Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates) Group: Beryl Crystal System: Hexagonal Crystal Habits: Usually as hexagonal (six-sided) prisms, often with flat or modified-flat terminations; also massive and compact. Color: Beryl can be colorless or white to blue, green, yellow, pink, and red; goshenite crystals are colorless; massive forms are white. Luster: Vitreous Transparency: Goshenite crystals are usually transparent to translucent; massive forms are translucent to opaque. Streak: Colorless to white Cleavage: Poor in one direction Fracture and Tenacity: Uneven to conchoidal; brittle. Hardness: 7.5-8.0 Specific Gravity: 2.66-2.92 Luminescence: None Refractive Index: 1.577-1.583 Distinctive Features and Tests: Best field marks for goshenite are hardness; six-sided prisms with flat or modified-flat terminations; lack of color; and occurrence primarily in granite pegmatites. Dana Classification Number: 61.1.1.1 NAME: The word “goshenite,” pronounced GAH-shun-ite, is derived from the town of Goshen, Massachusetts, where this mineral variety was first named. Goshenite is also known as “clear beryl,” “white beryl,” and “white aquamarine.” In European mineralogical literature, goshenite appears as goshenit and goshenita. The word “beryl” stems from bēryllion, the Indo-Aryan word for the mineral. Beryl appears in European mineralogical literature as berilo, berylita, and Berylit. -
Gemstones by Donald W
GEMSTONES By Donald W. olson Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Nicholas A. Muniz, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. In this report, the terms “gem” and “gemstone” mean any gemstones and on the cutting and polishing of large diamond mineral or organic material (such as amber, pearl, petrified wood, stones. Industry employment is estimated to range from 1,000 to and shell) used for personal adornment, display, or object of art ,500 workers (U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997, p. 1). because it possesses beauty, durability, and rarity. Of more than Most natural gemstone producers in the United states 4,000 mineral species, only about 100 possess all these attributes and are small businesses that are widely dispersed and operate are considered to be gemstones. Silicates other than quartz are the independently. the small producers probably have an average largest group of gemstones; oxides and quartz are the second largest of less than three employees, including those who only work (table 1). Gemstones are subdivided into diamond and colored part time. the number of gemstone mines operating from gemstones, which in this report designates all natural nondiamond year to year fluctuates because the uncertainty associated with gems. In addition, laboratory-created gemstones, cultured pearls, the discovery and marketing of gem-quality minerals makes and gemstone simulants are discussed but are treated separately it difficult to obtain financing for developing and sustaining from natural gemstones (table 2). Trade data in this report are economically viable deposits (U.S. -
Winter 1998 Gems & Gemology
WINTER 1998 VOLUME 34 NO. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 243 LETTERS FEATURE ARTICLES 246 Characterizing Natural-Color Type IIb Blue Diamonds John M. King, Thomas M. Moses, James E. Shigley, Christopher M. Welbourn, Simon C. Lawson, and Martin Cooper pg. 247 270 Fingerprinting of Two Diamonds Cut from the Same Rough Ichiro Sunagawa, Toshikazu Yasuda, and Hideaki Fukushima NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES 281 Barite Inclusions in Fluorite John I. Koivula and Shane Elen pg. 271 REGULAR FEATURES 284 Gem Trade Lab Notes 290 Gem News 303 Book Reviews 306 Gemological Abstracts 314 1998 Index pg. 281 pg. 298 ABOUT THE COVER: Blue diamonds are among the rarest and most highly valued of gemstones. The lead article in this issue examines the history, sources, and gemological characteristics of these diamonds, as well as their distinctive color appearance. Rela- tionships between their color, clarity, and other properties were derived from hundreds of samples—including such famous blue diamonds as the Hope and the Blue Heart (or Unzue Blue)—that were studied at the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory over the past several years. The diamonds shown here range from 0.69 to 2.03 ct. Photo © Harold & Erica Van Pelt––Photographers, Los Angeles, California. Color separations for Gems & Gemology are by Pacific Color, Carlsbad, California. Printing is by Fry Communications, Inc., Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. © 1998 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved. ISSN 0016-626X GIA “Cut” Report Flawed? The long-awaited GIA report on the ray-tracing analysis of round brilliant diamonds appeared in the Fall 1998 Gems & Gemology (“Modeling the Appearance of the Round Brilliant Cut Diamond: An Analysis of Brilliance,” by T. -
Andradite in Andradite Unusual Growth Zoning in Beryl
Editor Nathan Renfro Contributing Editors Elise A. Skalwold and John I. Koivula Andradite in Andradite ity, but size was not what made it special. As shown in fig- Recently we had the opportunity to examine a dramatic ure 1, close examination of one of the polished crystal faces iridescent andradite fashioned by Falk Burger (Hard Works, revealed a bright reddish orange “hot spot” in the center, Tucson, Arizona) from a crystal originating from the caused by an iridescent inclusion of andradite with a dif- Tenkawa area of Nara Prefecture in Japan. Known as “rain- ferent crystallographic orientation than its host. As seen bow” andradite, this material was previously reported in in figure 2, the inclusion’s different orientation caused the iridescence of the rhomb-shaped “hot spot” to appear and Gems & Gemology (T. Hainschwang and F. Notari, “The cause of iridescence in rainbow andradite from Nara, disappear as the light source was passed over the crystal’s Japan,” Winter 2006, pp. 248–258). The specimen was surface. To see the iridescence from both the host and in- unique for its genesis and optical phenomenon. clusion at the same time, two light sources from opposite Weighing 16.79 ct and measuring 15.41 × 13.86 × 10.49 directions must be used due to the different crystallo- mm, the andradite was very large for its species and local- graphic orientation of the host and inclusion. This elusive optical phenomenon made this Japanese andradite crystal extremely interesting for any aspiring inclusionist. John I. Koivula Figure 1. This 16.79 ct Japanese andradite garnet GIA, Carlsbad exhibits a very unusual rhomb-shaped “hot spot” below the surface of one crystal face. -
GEMSTONES by Donald W
GEMSTONES By Donald W. Olson Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Christine K. Pisut, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. Gemstones have fascinated humans since prehistoric times. sustaining economically viable deposits (U.S. International They have been valued as treasured objects throughout history Trade Commission, 1997, p. 23). by all societies in all parts of the world. The first stones known The total value of natural gemstones produced in the United to have been used for making jewelry include amber, amethyst, States during 2001 was estimated to be at least $15.1 million coral, diamond, emerald, garnet, jade, jasper, lapis lazuli, pearl, (table 3). The production value was 12% less than the rock crystal, ruby, serpentine, and turquoise. These stones preceding year. The production decrease was mostly because served as status symbols for the wealthy. Today, gems are not the 2001 shell harvest was 13% less than in 2000. worn to demonstrate wealth as much as they are for pleasure or The estimate of 2001 U.S. gemstone production was based on in appreciation of their beauty (Schumann, 1998, p. 8). In this a survey of more than 200 domestic gemstone producers report, the terms “gem” and “gemstone” mean any mineral or conducted by the USGS. The survey provided a foundation for organic material (such as amber, pearl, and petrified wood) projecting the scope and level of domestic gemstone production used for personal adornment, display, or object of art because it during the year. However, the USGS survey did not represent possesses beauty, durability, and rarity. -
Structure and Mineralogy of the Golconda Pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil* W
STRUCTURE AND MINERALOGY OF THE GOLCONDA PEGMATITE, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL* W. T. PBcona,lGponco Swrrznn,2 A. L. B.qnnose,s aNn A. T. MyBnsl Alsrn,tcr The granite pegmatite at the Golconda mine in Minas Gerais, Brazil, is a zoned, sheet- like mass in schist. Most of the estimated 1,000 metric tons of mine-crude muscovite mined since 1908 has been recovered from a mica shoot in the upper border zone. Detailed de- scriptions are given for garnet, cookeite, beryl, cassiterite, manganotantalite, and micro- lite-al] of which minerals occur in tJre central zone. IxrnooucrroN ANDAcxNowrBncMENTs The Golconda pegmatite mine, one of the oldest mica producers in Brazil, was examined and mapped in detail in 1943-45 by Pecora and Barbosa in conjunction with a general program of the United States and Brazilian Governments aimed at increasing mica production and mica reserves in Brazil during World War II. The mineral collections made at that time were recently studied by Pecora, Switzer, and Myers in the Iaboratories of the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. National Mu- seum. The authors are grateful to a number of persons for aid during the field and laboratory investigations. Mr. Jos6 Nogueira, of Santos-No- gueira Company, operators of the Golconda mine, supplied production data; C. D. Foster and J. T. Cook, engineersof the U. S. Commercial Company, extended many courtesiesin the field. The authors are grate- ful to Michael Fleischer, Earl Ingerson and K. J. Murata for critical reading of the manuscript and to S. B. Levin for calculation of the components of a garnet specimen. -
Beryl the Varieties of Beryl the Physical Properties of Beryl
Beryl Beryl Aqua marine Heliodor Morganite Emerald Goshenite The varieties of beryl Beryl: golden or red variety Emerald: green variety Aquamarine: blue variety Morganite: pink variety Heliodor: greenish-yellow variety Goshenite: colourless variety Interesting history: - Emeralds were mined in ancient Egypt 4000 years ago - In the 1600’s, high quality emerald reached Europe. - The Spaniards seized the emeralds from the Pre-Colombian people. - Mining in Colombia is still going on today, and often associated with criminal activities. The physical properties of beryl Group: beryl is a cyclosilicate Luster: vitreous, transparent to translucent Cleavage: imperfect in one direction, conchoidal fracture Hardness: 7.5 - 8 Specific gravity: 2.6 – 2.9 on average Crystal habit: hexagonal prism with pincoid termination 1 The chemical properties of beryl Beryl is a beryllium aluminum silicate Be3Al2(Si 6O18) Composition: BeO: 14.0% Al2O3: 19.0% SiO2: 67.0% The vertical hexagonal channels, which are normally vacant, can be occupied by alkali elements such as Li, Na, and Rb or neutral molecules such as H 2O or CO2. This image shows the hexagonal structure along the c-axis of beryl Silica tetrahedra (upper layer) Silica tetrahedra (lower layer) Beryllium tetrahedra Aluminum polyhedron Similar but rare species include Euclase [BeAl(SiO4)(OH)] and 2+ gadolinite [YFe Be2(SiO4) 2O 2] The crystallographic properties of beryl Crystal system: hexagonal Point Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m Unit cell parameters: a = 9.23 Å c = 9.19Å Z = 2 Space group: P6/mcc c a b Beryl -
Crystal Habit
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 6: Polymorphism and Crystal Habit Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick Online Lecture Review 1. Polymorphs and Polymorphism 2. Pseudomorphs and other definitions 3. Crystal Habit Polymorphs & Polymorphism Polymorphism: literally translates as “many forms” In crystallography/mineralogy, it generally means that one mineral can exist in more than one crystal form under certain conditions (normally pressure/temperature). Crystal forms of fluorite versus temperature (this is not polymorphism. It is only a change of Crystal Habit) http://www.clmc.bas.bg/minsoc/Crystal-morphological-evolution/Fluorit.jpg Polymorphs & Polymorphism Polymorphic transformations can occur in one of 3 ways: 1) Reconstructive: requires extensive breaking and recombining of chemical bonds in the crystal lattice. This transformation generally occurs only when the pressure/temperature threshold is reached and may be very slow*. * really slow transformations may produce long-lived metastable Polymorphs (e.g., diamond) Polymorphs & Polymorphism Polymorphic transformations can occur in one of 3 ways: 2) Displacive: requires relatively minor changes in the crystal lattice (e.g., modification of α, β or γ angles). There is generally no change in energy at the transformation threshold so polymorphic transformations are instantaneous and reversible. No metastable polymorphics exist (e.g., α-quartz and β-quartz) Polymorphs & Polymorphism Quartz has 6 polymorphs related to pressure and temperature β -quartz If you heat “quartz” above 600 ºC it transforms to the β- polymorph (also known as high quartz). When the temperature α -quartz falls below 600ºC it transforms back to the α- polymorph (also known as low quartz). Polymorphs & Polymorphism Polymorphic transformations can occur in one of 3 ways: 3) Order-Disorder transformations: all crystals have a certain amount of disorder to them (e.g., “saddle” dolomite) and in some cases, polymorphic transitions can occur once an appropriate level of order-disorder is attained. -
The Ice-Vapor Interface During Growth and Sublimation
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-335 Preprint. Discussion started: 3 May 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. The ice-vapor interface during growth and sublimation Maria Cascajo-Castresana1,*, Sylvie Morin1,2, Alexander M. Bittner1,3 1 CIC nanoGUNE (BRTA), Av. Tolosa 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, ES-20018, Spain 5 2 Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada 3 Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, ES-48009, Spain * Present Address: Tecnalia Research & Innovation, Paseo Mikeletegi 2, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain Correspondence to: Alexander M. Bittner ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. We employed Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) in low humidity atmosphere to study the complete scenario of ice growth, coalescence of crystallites, polycrystalline film morphology and sublimation, in the temperature range of -10 ºC to -20 ºC. First, individual ice crystals grow in the shape of micron-sized hexagonal columns with stable basal faces. Their coalescence during further growth forms thick polycrystalline films, consisting of large grains separated by grain boundaries. The latter are composed of 1 to 3 µm wide pores, which are attributed to the coalescence of 15 defective crystallite surfaces. Sublimation of isolated crystals and of films is defect-driven, and grain boundaries play a decisive role. A scallop-like concave structure forms, limited by sharp ridges, which are terminated by nanoscale asperities. 1 Introduction Ice covers a much smaller area of our planet than liquid water. Some of this ice is subjected to large seasonal variations in temperature, giving rise to melting and sublimation. -
The Treacherous Mineral
The Treacherous Mineral Mineral names are often given to commemorate a famous scientist or locality. Sphalerite (ZnS) however, has a name based on the Greek word for “treacherous.” Blende, a German synonym for sphalerite, means “blind” or “deceiving.” What is it about this common mineral (which forms very attractive collector specimens) which led its namers to be so negative about it? The name comes from the tendency of people to misidentify it. It was often mistaken for galena, which was mined for its lead, and sometimes silver, content. Sphalerite yielded neither at the smelter, and, until the nineteenth century, there were few if any uses for the zinc that was present. So, to the old-time miners, the mistaken identity was a costly error. Things changed for sphalerite in the 1850’s with the advent of galvanizing. In Wisconsin, many deposits worked for lead suddenly became zinc mines as well, with hundreds of thousands of tons of metal produced. This was also true for deposits elsewhere, notably in the Tristate district and other mid-western deposits, now prized for the beautiful sphalerite crystals found during mining. So this is a bum rap for poor sphalerite. It is actually a relatively easy mineral to identify, and has a number of very distinctive properties that can be tested with little equipment. Yet, true to form, I find many students misidentifying it with depressing regularity. First, when well crystallized, its form is distinctive. Sphalerite forms complex crystals that have a generally tetrahedral habit, although many modifying forms commonly occur. A tetrahedron has 4 faces, each one an equilateral triangle. -
Illite K–Ar Dating and Crystal Growth Processes in Diagenetic Environments: a Critical Review
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Centro de Servicios en Gestión de Información doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2004.00563.x Illite K–Ar dating and crystal growth processes in diagenetic environments: a critical review Alain Meunier,1 Bruce Velde2 and Patricia Zalba3 1HYDRASA UMR 6532 CNRS University of Poitiers, 40 av. Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France; 2Laboratory Ge´ologie, E.N.S., 24 rue Lhomond 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; 3CETMIC – University La Plata, Camino Centenario entre 505 y 508 (1897), M.B. Gonnet, Prov. BS. AS, Argentina ABSTRACT K–Ar dating of illitic minerals is commonly used in studies of ageK–Arfinest), it is shown that the K–Ar age significance depends diagenetic series applied to oil prospecting. In spite of a great on the illite nucleation–growth processes. A ‘diagenetic age’ is number of specialized papers, some problems remain unre- obtained when these processes are rapid (the K2O accumulation solved. These are mostly due to a misunderstanding of the period is shorter than 2r). If lower than this value, the K–Ar argon accumulation process during illitization. Criteria for ratio depends on the proportions of new and old particles, identifying detrital–authigenic mineral mixtures, crystal ripen- respectively, which are controlled by the relative rates of ing, fast precipitation or continuous nucleation-growth proces- nucleation, crystal growth and ripening. ses are discussed using K–Ar data available in the literature. Using different parameters, such as Dage (ageK–Ar ) agestrati), Terra Nova, 16, 296–304, 2004 Dcryst (diagenetic ageK–Ar ) agestrati)orDfrac (ageK–Arfraction ) Whatever the mixing law used by the the illitization process in diagenetic Introduction different authors, detrital and authi- environments using selected published Illite contains potassium, which is a genic phases are considered to have a data. -
Mineral Properties
Mineral Properties Hand sample description How do we characterize minerals? 1) Color and streak 2) Luster 3) Hardness 4) Fracture and tenacity 5) Crystal form and system 6) Crystal shape and habit 7) Cleavage and parting 8) Twinning 9) Specific gravity/ density 10) Electrical properties, magnetism, radioactivity Crystal Habit The general shapes of crystals (i.e. cubic) Habit is controlled by environment; therefore, it is not a fixed property and varies with locality unlike form that connotes a specific arrangement of atoms l1 Because crystals have a direct relationship to the internal structure it follows that the faces have a definite relationship to each other. Nicolaus Steno first spotted this relationship in 1669, and Steno’s law states that: “The angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same substance, measured at the same temperature, are constant” Slide 5 l1 This is the law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles It is also important to note that this law has no bearing to the relative sizes of the faces... localuser, 7/31/2006 Measuring interfacial angles At the mostbeginning basic of level the it19th is possible Century using optical a contactapparatus goniometer. and the reflection goniometer came into use. The crystal is mounted so that a crystal face reflects light. The crystal is rotated about an external facial angle (α) until light is once more reflected into the detector. The interfacial angle (φ) can be measured since: α + φ = 180°. Color Perhaps the most “obvious” of properties. Energy (eV) UV (0.3) White light, or visible light, Violet 0.4 is the combination of wave- Indigo UV Blue lengths detectable to the 0.5 Green Vis human eye.