The Treacherous Mineral
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Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Large-Scale Hydrothermal Zoning Reflectedin The
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 27, pp. 383-400 (1989) LARGE-SCALE HYDROTHERMAL ZONING REFLECTED IN THE TETRAHEDRITE-FREIBERGITE SOLID SOLUTION, KENO HILL Ag-Pb-Zn DISTRICT, YUKON J.V. GREGORY LYNCH* Department of Geology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3 ABSTRACT en argent se distinguent aussi par une augmentation dans Ie nombre de cations dans leur formule chimique. Le rap- The zoned Keno Hill vein system of central Yukon port Sb/ As demeure uniformement eleve. extends laterally from a Cretaceous plutonic-metamorphic center and surrounding quartz-feldspar veins, to (Traduit par la Redaction) carbonate-Ag-Pb-Zn deposits, and further to peripheral veins having epithermal characteristics. Seven distinct Mots-cles: zonation hydrothermale, nappe aquifere, tetra- mineralogical zones are recognized, and the entire sequence edrite, solution solide, plutonique, epithermal, altera- is continuous from east to west in a 4O-km belt. The fault- tion, district de Keno Hill, Yukon. and fracture-controlled veins are stratabound to the brit- tle moderately dipping Keno Hill Quartzite unit, of Mis- INTRODUCTION sissippian age. The unit is graphitic and appears to have acted as a large-scale hydrothermal aquifer, restricting fluid This paper concerns the large-scale nature of the flow during minera1ization and" development of zoning predominantly to the lateral direction. Tetrahedrite is dis- Keno Hill hydrothermal system. A broad and con- tributed along a 25-km-Iong portion of the system, and is tinuous sequence of mineral zoning can be the principal ore mineral of Ag. Both Ag/Cu and Fe/Zn documented within veins distributed along an exten- values in tetrahedrite are highest at the outer extremity of sive portion of the Keno Hill Quartzite, which is the the system, where freibergite dominates over tetrahedrite; main host rock to the ore in the area. -
Minerals and Mineral Products in Our Bedroom Bed Hematite
Minerals and Mineral Products in our Bedroom Make-Up Kit Muscovite Bed Talc Hematite: hinges, handles, Mica mattress springs Hematite: for color Chromite: chrome plating Bismuth Radio Barite Copper: wiring Plastic Pail Quartz: clock Mica Gold: connections Cassiterite: solder Toilet Bowl / Tub Closet Feldspar: porcelain Chromite: chrome plating Pyrolusite: coloring Hematite: hinges, handles (steel) Chromite: plumbing fixtures Quartz : mirror on door Copper: tubing Desk Toothpaste Hematite: hinges, handles (steel) Apatite: teeth Chromite: chrome plating Fluorite: toothpaste Mirror Rutile: to color false Hematite: handle, frame teeth yellow Chromite: plating Gold: fillings Gold: plating Cinnabar: fillings Quartz: mirror Towels Table Lamp Sphalerite: dyes Brass (an alloy of copper and Chromite: dyes zinc): base Quartz: bulb Water Pipe/Faucet/Shower bulb Wolframite: lamp filament Brass Copper: wiring Iron Nickel Minerals and Mineral Products in our Bedroom Chrome: stainless steel Bathroom Cleaner Department of Environment and Natural Resources Borax: abrasive, cleaner, and antiseptic MINES AND GEOSCIENCES BUREAU Deodorant Spray Can Cassiterite Chromite Copper Carpet Quartz Sphalerite: dyes Telephone Chromite: dyes Drinking Glasses Copper: wiring Sulfur: foam padding Quartz Chromite: plating Gold: red color Clock Silver: electronics Pentlandite: spring Graphite: batteries Refrigerator Quartz: glass, time keeper Hematite Television Chromite: stainless steel Chromite: plating Computer Galena Wolframite: monitor Wolframite: monitor Copper Copper: -
Chemical Oxides Analysis from Azara Baryte
African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Vol. 1 (2), pp. 015-017, November 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJCAB ISSN 1996 - 0840 © 2007 Academic Journals Short Communication Chemical oxides analysis from Azara Baryte Hauwa Isa Department of Science Laboratory Technology School of Applied Sciences, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria Nigeria. E- mail: [email protected] Accepted 26 September, 2007 Physical and chemical analysis of the two samples A and B of Azara baryte were conducted, such as moisture content, loss on ignition and elemental composition by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometer(ASS) and flame photometer. The oxides values in 1.000 g sample of each element were obtained. Sample A (lower layer): moisture content = 0.020, loss on ignition = 0.060, Na2O = 0.250, K2O = 0.015, CaO = 0.014, MgO = 0.018, Fe2O3 = 0.029, SiO2 = 9.310, BaO = 89.630, Al2O3 = 6.200 Sample B (upper layer): moisture content = 0.030, loss on ignition = 0.040, Na2O = 0.030, K2O = 0.001, CaO = 0.006, MgO = 0.030, Fe2O3 = 0.028, SiO2 =18.12, BaO = 65.020, Al2O3 = 16.120. The result of the analysis revealed that the Azara baryte could use as source of inorganic chemical oxides and for the production of some laboratory chemicals such as barium sulphate and aluminum oxides Key words: Azara Baryte,Chemical oxides,analysis INTRODUCTION Baryte (BaSO4) – Barium sulphate is found naturally in mineral collector's market (RMRDC, 2005) Natural bary- the form of witherite (Othmer, 1964). It has various tes are chemically stable and highly temperature-resis- colours but mostly yellow, isomorphous orthorhombic tant. -
Microstructural, Mechanical, Corrosion and Cytotoxicity Characterization of Porous Ti-Si Alloys with Pore-Forming Agent
materials Article Microstructural, Mechanical, Corrosion and Cytotoxicity Characterization of Porous Ti-Si Alloys with Pore-Forming Agent Andrea Školáková 1,*, Jana Körberová 1 , Jaroslav Málek 2 , Dana Rohanová 3, Eva Jablonská 4, Jan Pinc 1, Pavel Salvetr 1 , Eva Gregorová 3 and Pavel Novák 1 1 Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (P.N.) 2 UJP Praha a.s., Nad Kamínkou 1345, 156 10 Prague 16, Czech Republic; [email protected] 3 Department of Glass and Ceramics, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (E.G.) 4 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-220-444-055 Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: Titanium and its alloys belong to the group of materials used in implantology due to their biocompatibility, outstanding corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. However, the value of Young’s modulus is too high in comparison with the human bone, which could result in the failure of implants. This problem can be overcome by creating pores in the materials, which, moreover, improves the osseointegration. Therefore, TiSi2 and TiSi2 with 20 wt.% of the pore-forming agent (PA) were prepared by reactive sintering and compared with pure titanium and titanium with the addition of various PA content in this study. -
Banded Iron Formations
Banded Iron Formations Cover Slide 1 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures Kalmina gorge banded iron (Gypsy Denise 2013, Creative Commons) BIFs were deposited in shallow marine troughs or basins. Deposits are tens of km long, several km wide and 150 – 600 m thick. Photo is of Kalmina gorge in the Pilbara (Karijini National Park, Hamersley Ranges) 2 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock Iron rich bands: hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). Iron poor bands: chert (fine‐grained quartz) and low iron oxide levels Rock sample from a BIF (Woudloper 2009, Creative Commons 1.0) Iron rich bands are composed of hematitie (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). The iron poor bands contain chert (fine‐grained quartz) with lesser amounts of iron oxide. 3 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock • Archaean and Proterozoic in age BIF formation through time (KG Budge 2020, public domain) BIFs were deposited for 2 billion years during the Archaean and Proterozoic. There was another short time of deposition during a Snowball Earth event. 4 Why are BIFs important? • Iron ore exports are Australia’s top earner, worth $61 billion in 2017‐2018 • Iron ore comes from enriched BIF deposits Rio Tinto iron ore shiploader in the Pilbara (C Hargrave, CSIRO Science Image) Australia is consistently the leading iron ore exporter in the world. We have large deposits where the iron‐poor chert bands have been leached away, leaving 40%‐60% iron. -
Barite (Barium)
Barite (Barium) Chapter D of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply Professional Paper 1802–D U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Periodic Table of Elements 1A 8A 1 2 hydrogen helium 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 cesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210)(222) 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 -
(VHMS) Deposits in the Tasik Chini Area, Peninsular Malaysia: Constraints for Ore Genesis
minerals Article Geochemistry of Sphalerite from the Permian Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulphide (VHMS) Deposits in the Tasik Chini Area, Peninsular Malaysia: Constraints for Ore Genesis Mohd Basril Iswadi Basori 1,* , Sarah E. Gilbert 2 , Khin Zaw 3 and Ross R. Large 3 1 Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Selangor 43600, Malaysia 2 Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; [email protected] 3 Centre for Ore Deposits and Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (R.R.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +603-8921-5572; Fax: +603-8921-5490 Abstract: The Bukit Botol and Bukit Ketaya deposits are two examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits that occur in the Tasik Chini area, Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. The mineralisation is divided into subzones distinguished by spatial, mineralogical, and textural characteristics. The primary sulphide minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena, with lesser amounts of Sn- and Ag-bearing minerals, with Au. However, pyrrhotite is absent from both deposits. This study presents the results of sphalerite chemistry analysed by using an electron Citation: Basori, M.B.I.; Gilbert, S.E.; microprobe. Two types of sphalerite are recognised: sphalerite from the Bukit Botol deposit reveals a Zaw, K.; Large, R.R. Geochemistry of range of <DL to 24.0 mole% FeS, whereas sphalerite from the Bukit Ketaya deposit shows a range Sphalerite from the Permian of <DL to 3 mole% FeS. -
Selective Separation of Chalcopyrite from Galena Using a Green Reagent Scheme
minerals Article Selective Separation of Chalcopyrite from Galena Using a Green Reagent Scheme Kaile Zhao 1,2,3, Chao Ma 1,4, Guohua Gu 1,* and Zhiyong Gao 1,* 1 School of Minerals Processing and Bio-Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (C.M.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing, Beijing 100162, China 3 Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China 4 Hunan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Changsha 410004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (Z.G.) Abstract: The study of the depression effect of non-toxic depressants on the flotation separation of chalcopyrite from galena is of great importance for both industrial applications and theoretical research. The mixed depressant (DFinal) of four common inhibitors—sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium silicate, sodium sulfite, and zinc sulfate—exhibited high selectivity during the separation of chalcopyrite from galena. Flotation tests on an industrial copper–lead bulk concentrate showed that using this depressant mixture can achieve highly efficient separation of chalcopyrite from galena at the natural pH of the pulp. Copper and lead concentrates were produced at grades of 21.88% (Cu) and 75.53% (Pb), with recoveries of 89.07% (Cu) and 98.26% (Pb). This showed a similar performance of DFinal with dichromate, which is a depressant that is widely used in industry, but without the environmental risks or the need for pH control. Zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) results showed that interaction between the surface of the chalcopyrite and the mixed depressant Citation: Zhao, K.; Ma, C.; Gu, G.; was prevented by pre-treatment with a composite thiophosphate collector (CSU11), while the mixed Gao, Z. -
Experimental and Computational Study of Fracturing in an Anisotropic Brittle Solid
Mechanics of Materials 28Ž. 1998 247±262 Experimental and computational study of fracturing in an anisotropic brittle solid Abbas Azhdari 1, Sia Nemat-Nasser ) Center of Excellence for AdÕanced Materials, Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, UniÕersity of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0416, USA Received 21 November 1996; revised 26 August 1997 Abstract For isotropic materials, stress- and energy-based fracture criteria lead to fairly similar results. Theoretical studies show that the crack-path predictions made by these criteria are not identical in the presence of strong material anisotropy. Therefore, experiments are performed to ascertain which criterion may apply to anisotropic materials. Notched specimens made from sapphire, a microscopically homogeneous and brittle solid, are used for the experiments. An attempt is made to locate the notch on different crystallographic planes and thus to examine the fracture path along different cleavage planes. The experimental observations are compared with the numerical results of the maximum tensile stress and the maximum energy-release rate criteria. It is observed that most of the notched specimens are fractured where the tensile stress is maximum, whereas the energy criterion fails to predict the fracture path of most of the specimens. For the tensile-stress Žn. s p s r g s fracture criterion, a dimensionless parameter, A ''2 R0 nn a Enn, is introduced, where nnand E nn, respectively, are the tensile stress and Young's modulus in the direction normal to the cleavage plane specified by the angle a Žthe fracture surface energy of this plane is ga . and R0 is a characteristic length, e.g. -
GEOLOGIC SETTING and GENETIC INTERPRETATION of the BOQUIRA Pb-Zn DEPOSITS, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL
Revista Brasileira de Geociências 12(1-3):.414-425, Marv-get., 1982 - São Paulo GEOLOGIC SETTING AND GENETIC INTERPRETATION OF THE BOQUIRA Pb-Zn DEPOSITS, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL ILSON O. CARVALHO·, HALF ZANTOp·· and JOAQUIM R.F. TORQUATO··· AB8TRACT The stratabound~straflform:Pb~Zn-AgMCd sulfide deposits of Boquira, located ln south-central Bahia State, occur in metamorphic rocks ofthe Archean Boquira Formation. This formation is composed ofaltered volcanic rocks, schists, quartzites, iron formation, and dolomitic marbles which are the metamorphiclequivalents of intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks, volcani clastic sediments, chert and iron-rlch chemical sediments. These rocks were intruded by granitic magmas in the late Proterozoic time. The massive to semimassive ore lenscs are conformably enclosed in the silicate facies of lhe Contendas-Boquira Member. The primary ore is composed of galena and sphalerite in a gangue of magnetite, maghemite, martite, and minor pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, quartz and amphi boles. Thelassociation of the iron formation with volcanic rocks suggests that it is of Algoman type, and the conformable relationships between the iron formation and thc sulfide lemes suggest that the 'sulfides are also volcanic exhalative. ln addition, isotcpic analyses of carbonate suggest a marine depositional environment ar the vicinities of subaqueous centers of discharge of hydro thermal brines. INTRODUCTION TheBoquiraPb-ZnDistrictissituated The contact between the B.F. and the basement is not sharp in lhe south-central area of Bahia State, about 450km west and it is inarked by transitional rock types, and diffused of the city of Salvador. Its area is about 170 km' localized metasomatic effects. The metasomatism appears caused between coordinates 12'OO'-13'15'S and 42'30'-43'W (Fig. -
CHALCOPYRITE Visiting
communication, 2000). The quarry is privately owned and permission must be obtained before CHALCOPYRITE visiting. 13. Groveland mine, near Felch. CuFeS2 Common as attractive microcrystals (DeMark, A widespread and common copper ore mineral 2000). occurring in veins, disseminations, or as replacement deposits. Northern Peninsula. Alpena County: 1. Lafarge Corporation, Great Lakes Region (formerly National Gypsum Company) quarry, Alpena: Rare, with calcite, dolomite, barite, sphalerite, marcasite, pyrite, and strontianite (Morris, 1983). 2. Paxton quarry, Paxton: With calcite, dolomite, quartz, sphalerite, pyrite, and marcasite (Morris, 1983). Baraga County: Ohio mines (Webster and Imperial mines), Imperial Heights near Michigamme: Associates are apatite, goethite, grunerite, graphite, palygorskite, carbonates, and Figure 56: A 1.3 mm chalcopyrite crystal on dolomite other sulfides (Morris, 1983; DeMark, 2000). from the Groveland mine, Dickinson County. Ramon Crystals on calcite rhombohedra. DeMark specimen, Dan Behnke photograph. Dickinson County: 1. Metronite quarry, 4 km east-northeast of Felch: In tremolite marble Gogebic County: 1. Eureka mine near Ramsay, (Randville Dolomite) along contact of aplite- sections 12 and 13, T47N, R46W: With pyrite and pegmatite dike and in marginal parts of the dike gold in quartz veins at contact between granite and itself (Heinrich, 1962b). 2. Rian’s quarry southeast the Palms slate (Dickey and Young, 1938). 2. of Felch: Similar occurrence (Pratt, 1954). 3. In Copp’s mine 10 km north of Marenisco: With iron formation of the Menominee iron range and galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and dolomite (Dana, also just north of Felch: Rare, usually associated 1892). 3. Roadside exposure on south side of with secondary pyrite (Pratt, 1954; Brower, 1968).