Selective Separation of Chalcopyrite from Galena Using a Green Reagent Scheme
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Fundamental Flotation Behaviors of Chalcopyrite and Galena Using O-Isopropyl-N-Ethyl Thionocarbamate As a Collector
minerals Article Fundamental Flotation Behaviors of Chalcopyrite and Galena Using O-Isopropyl-N-Ethyl Thionocarbamate as a Collector Yongjie Bu ID , Yuehua Hu *, Wei Sun *, Zhiyong Gao ID and Runqing Liu School of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; [email protected] (Y.B.); [email protected] (Z.G.); [email protected] (R.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (W.S.); Tel.: +86-731-8830-482 (Y.H.); +86-0731-8883-6873 (W.S.) Received: 31 January 2018; Accepted: 12 March 2018; Published: 13 March 2018 Abstract: Copper and lead are two important and widely used metals in industry. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is associated with galena (PbS) in ore, and it has been a research hotspot in separating galena from chalcopyrite by flotation. In this study, the flotation behaviors of chalcopyrite and galena were studied through flotation tests, adsorption measurements, solution chemistry calculation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results show that the floatability of chalcopyrite is better than that of galena in the presence of O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC), and the recovery difference between chalcopyrite and galena is about 20% when IPETC is 7 × 10−4 mol/L at pH 9.5, while the floatability difference between the two minerals is significant. Competitive adsorption of OH− and IPETC on mineral surfaces leads to lower floatability of galena than that of chalcopyrite. IPETC is able to remove the hydration layer on mineral surfaces and then adsorb on active sites. The floatability of minerals is enhanced with the increase of their hydrophobicity. -
A Column Leaching Model of Low-Grade Chalcopyrite Ore: Mineral Preferences and Chemical Reactivity
minerals Article A Column Leaching Model of Low-Grade Chalcopyrite Ore: Mineral Preferences and Chemical Reactivity Heike Bostelmann and Gordon Southam * School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-07-3365-8505 Received: 16 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 17 December 2020 Abstract: Bioleaching models to examine copper extraction from low-grade chalcopyrite ores were set up to identify the influence of pyrite on leaching efficacy. A combination of scanning electron microscopy and geochemical analysis showed that extraction was marginally enhanced by the addition of pyrite when using a combination of Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, an iron oxidiser, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, a sulphur oxidising species and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an iron and sulphur oxidiser. Extensive biofilms formed on the pyrite surfaces (>106 cells/mm2) but were severely limited on chalcopyrite, possessing approximately the same number of cells as quartz grains, an internal non-nutrient control “substrate” (with ca. 2 103 cells/mm2). The presence of dissolved copper did × not inhibit the growth of this consortium. Indirect “bioleaching” of chalcopyrite appears to be limited by proton activity at the chalcopyrite surface. Keywords: bioleaching; chalcopyrite; pyrite; low-grade ore 1. Introduction Economic processing of chalcopyrite ores through bioleaching, i.e., the mobilisation of metals from ore by microorganisms, has not been as successful as secondary copper sulphide leaching operations [1]. This chalcopyrite “problem” needs to be solved, as it is the dominant copper mineral in many low-grade copper deposits. This has resulted in large quantities of low-grade waste material being stockpiled or discarded in mining operations, as they are not economic to process, though they do contain massive quantities of metals (i.e., copper) simply due to their combined volume [1–3]. -
Minerals and Mineral Products in Our Bedroom Bed Hematite
Minerals and Mineral Products in our Bedroom Make-Up Kit Muscovite Bed Talc Hematite: hinges, handles, Mica mattress springs Hematite: for color Chromite: chrome plating Bismuth Radio Barite Copper: wiring Plastic Pail Quartz: clock Mica Gold: connections Cassiterite: solder Toilet Bowl / Tub Closet Feldspar: porcelain Chromite: chrome plating Pyrolusite: coloring Hematite: hinges, handles (steel) Chromite: plumbing fixtures Quartz : mirror on door Copper: tubing Desk Toothpaste Hematite: hinges, handles (steel) Apatite: teeth Chromite: chrome plating Fluorite: toothpaste Mirror Rutile: to color false Hematite: handle, frame teeth yellow Chromite: plating Gold: fillings Gold: plating Cinnabar: fillings Quartz: mirror Towels Table Lamp Sphalerite: dyes Brass (an alloy of copper and Chromite: dyes zinc): base Quartz: bulb Water Pipe/Faucet/Shower bulb Wolframite: lamp filament Brass Copper: wiring Iron Nickel Minerals and Mineral Products in our Bedroom Chrome: stainless steel Bathroom Cleaner Department of Environment and Natural Resources Borax: abrasive, cleaner, and antiseptic MINES AND GEOSCIENCES BUREAU Deodorant Spray Can Cassiterite Chromite Copper Carpet Quartz Sphalerite: dyes Telephone Chromite: dyes Drinking Glasses Copper: wiring Sulfur: foam padding Quartz Chromite: plating Gold: red color Clock Silver: electronics Pentlandite: spring Graphite: batteries Refrigerator Quartz: glass, time keeper Hematite Television Chromite: stainless steel Chromite: plating Computer Galena Wolframite: monitor Wolframite: monitor Copper Copper: -
Structure and Mineralization of Precambrian Rocks in the Galena-Roub Aix District, Black Hills, South Dakota
Structure and Mineralization of Precambrian Rocks in the \ Galena-Roubaix District, Black Hills, South Dakota ( By R. W. BAYLEY » CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY V ' GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1312-E UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 55 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract_ ____-_-_----_-----__--_-----_--_--.. El Introduction _________________________________ 1 Field methods_______-_____-_____-_____-__--_ 2 General geology.___-__--__-_--__-_--___._-_--_. 3 Stratigraphy. ___________________---__--__-__-.. 4 Metabasalt and chert.______-__-__-_____-_. 4 Graphitic schist and cherty ferruginous schist. 5 Metagraywacke, schist, and slate_ ___________ 6 Structure. ___________.-______-_-__-_-_-_-___-. 6 Distribution of gold. 7 Diamond drilling. __ 9 Magnetic survey. __ 10 Summary________ 14 References. -. ______ 15 ILLUSTEATIONS Page PLATE 1. Geologic map of the Galena-Roubaix district, Lawrence County, Black Hills, South Dakota.________________ In pocket FIGURE 1. Generalized geologic map of the northern Black Hills____-___ E2 2. Magnetic survey in the vicinity of U.S. Geological Survey diamond-drill hole 1__________________________________ 13 TABLE Page TABLIS 1. Results of core-sample analyses, U.S. Geological Survey diamond-drill hole 1, Galena-Roubaix district.____________ Ell ra CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY STRUCTURE AND MINERALIZATION OF PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS IN THE GALENA-ROUB AIX DISTRICT, BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA ByK.W.BAYLEY ABSTRACT The Galena-Roubaix district is underlain chiefly by tightly folded and mod erately metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Precambrian age. -
The Electrical Resistivity of Galena, Pyrite, and Chalcopyrite
American Mineralogist, Volume61, pages248-259, 1976 The electricalresistivity of galena,pyrite, and chalcopyrite Doneln F. PnlorrronreNn RnlpH T. Suurv Departmentof Geologyand Geophysics,Uniuersity of Utah Salt Lake Cily, Utah 84112 Abstract. The sulfidesgalena, chalcopyrite, and pyrite are semiconductorswhose electrical resistivity and type are controlled by deviationsfrom stoichiometryand impurity content,and henceby their geochemicalenvironment. We measuredelectrical resistivity,type, and the impurity content (emissionspectrograph and microprobe) on small volumesof sample.Our results, together with those obtained from a comprehensiveliterature analysis, are usedto construct histogramsof the natural variability in carrier density and resistivity. Sulfur deficiency is the dominant defect in chalcopyrite and hence almost all natural samplesare n-type. lt appearsthat the copper/iron ratio is also important electrically,the copper-richsamples being the more resistive. lmportant donor deiectsin galena(z-type samples)are antimony and bismuth impurities, and sulfur vacancies;acceptor defects(p-type samples) include silver impurities and lead 'Mississippi vacancies.P-type samplesappear to be restrictedto Valley' and argentiferous deposits. In pyrite, electricallyactive impurities include cobalt, nickel, and copper as donors, and arsenicas an acceptor.Deviations from stoichiometry,in the same senseas galena,may be important. Pyritesfrom sedimentaryand epithermaldeposits are usuallyp-type if cupriferous sulfidesare not present.Samples from hypothermaldeposits -
Banded Iron Formations
Banded Iron Formations Cover Slide 1 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures Kalmina gorge banded iron (Gypsy Denise 2013, Creative Commons) BIFs were deposited in shallow marine troughs or basins. Deposits are tens of km long, several km wide and 150 – 600 m thick. Photo is of Kalmina gorge in the Pilbara (Karijini National Park, Hamersley Ranges) 2 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock Iron rich bands: hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). Iron poor bands: chert (fine‐grained quartz) and low iron oxide levels Rock sample from a BIF (Woudloper 2009, Creative Commons 1.0) Iron rich bands are composed of hematitie (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). The iron poor bands contain chert (fine‐grained quartz) with lesser amounts of iron oxide. 3 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock • Archaean and Proterozoic in age BIF formation through time (KG Budge 2020, public domain) BIFs were deposited for 2 billion years during the Archaean and Proterozoic. There was another short time of deposition during a Snowball Earth event. 4 Why are BIFs important? • Iron ore exports are Australia’s top earner, worth $61 billion in 2017‐2018 • Iron ore comes from enriched BIF deposits Rio Tinto iron ore shiploader in the Pilbara (C Hargrave, CSIRO Science Image) Australia is consistently the leading iron ore exporter in the world. We have large deposits where the iron‐poor chert bands have been leached away, leaving 40%‐60% iron. -
Barite (Barium)
Barite (Barium) Chapter D of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply Professional Paper 1802–D U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Periodic Table of Elements 1A 8A 1 2 hydrogen helium 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 cesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210)(222) 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 -
(VHMS) Deposits in the Tasik Chini Area, Peninsular Malaysia: Constraints for Ore Genesis
minerals Article Geochemistry of Sphalerite from the Permian Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulphide (VHMS) Deposits in the Tasik Chini Area, Peninsular Malaysia: Constraints for Ore Genesis Mohd Basril Iswadi Basori 1,* , Sarah E. Gilbert 2 , Khin Zaw 3 and Ross R. Large 3 1 Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Selangor 43600, Malaysia 2 Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; [email protected] 3 Centre for Ore Deposits and Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (R.R.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +603-8921-5572; Fax: +603-8921-5490 Abstract: The Bukit Botol and Bukit Ketaya deposits are two examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits that occur in the Tasik Chini area, Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. The mineralisation is divided into subzones distinguished by spatial, mineralogical, and textural characteristics. The primary sulphide minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena, with lesser amounts of Sn- and Ag-bearing minerals, with Au. However, pyrrhotite is absent from both deposits. This study presents the results of sphalerite chemistry analysed by using an electron Citation: Basori, M.B.I.; Gilbert, S.E.; microprobe. Two types of sphalerite are recognised: sphalerite from the Bukit Botol deposit reveals a Zaw, K.; Large, R.R. Geochemistry of range of <DL to 24.0 mole% FeS, whereas sphalerite from the Bukit Ketaya deposit shows a range Sphalerite from the Permian of <DL to 3 mole% FeS. -
GEOLOGIC SETTING and GENETIC INTERPRETATION of the BOQUIRA Pb-Zn DEPOSITS, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL
Revista Brasileira de Geociências 12(1-3):.414-425, Marv-get., 1982 - São Paulo GEOLOGIC SETTING AND GENETIC INTERPRETATION OF THE BOQUIRA Pb-Zn DEPOSITS, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL ILSON O. CARVALHO·, HALF ZANTOp·· and JOAQUIM R.F. TORQUATO··· AB8TRACT The stratabound~straflform:Pb~Zn-AgMCd sulfide deposits of Boquira, located ln south-central Bahia State, occur in metamorphic rocks ofthe Archean Boquira Formation. This formation is composed ofaltered volcanic rocks, schists, quartzites, iron formation, and dolomitic marbles which are the metamorphiclequivalents of intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks, volcani clastic sediments, chert and iron-rlch chemical sediments. These rocks were intruded by granitic magmas in the late Proterozoic time. The massive to semimassive ore lenscs are conformably enclosed in the silicate facies of lhe Contendas-Boquira Member. The primary ore is composed of galena and sphalerite in a gangue of magnetite, maghemite, martite, and minor pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, quartz and amphi boles. Thelassociation of the iron formation with volcanic rocks suggests that it is of Algoman type, and the conformable relationships between the iron formation and thc sulfide lemes suggest that the 'sulfides are also volcanic exhalative. ln addition, isotcpic analyses of carbonate suggest a marine depositional environment ar the vicinities of subaqueous centers of discharge of hydro thermal brines. INTRODUCTION TheBoquiraPb-ZnDistrictissituated The contact between the B.F. and the basement is not sharp in lhe south-central area of Bahia State, about 450km west and it is inarked by transitional rock types, and diffused of the city of Salvador. Its area is about 170 km' localized metasomatic effects. The metasomatism appears caused between coordinates 12'OO'-13'15'S and 42'30'-43'W (Fig. -
CHALCOPYRITE Visiting
communication, 2000). The quarry is privately owned and permission must be obtained before CHALCOPYRITE visiting. 13. Groveland mine, near Felch. CuFeS2 Common as attractive microcrystals (DeMark, A widespread and common copper ore mineral 2000). occurring in veins, disseminations, or as replacement deposits. Northern Peninsula. Alpena County: 1. Lafarge Corporation, Great Lakes Region (formerly National Gypsum Company) quarry, Alpena: Rare, with calcite, dolomite, barite, sphalerite, marcasite, pyrite, and strontianite (Morris, 1983). 2. Paxton quarry, Paxton: With calcite, dolomite, quartz, sphalerite, pyrite, and marcasite (Morris, 1983). Baraga County: Ohio mines (Webster and Imperial mines), Imperial Heights near Michigamme: Associates are apatite, goethite, grunerite, graphite, palygorskite, carbonates, and Figure 56: A 1.3 mm chalcopyrite crystal on dolomite other sulfides (Morris, 1983; DeMark, 2000). from the Groveland mine, Dickinson County. Ramon Crystals on calcite rhombohedra. DeMark specimen, Dan Behnke photograph. Dickinson County: 1. Metronite quarry, 4 km east-northeast of Felch: In tremolite marble Gogebic County: 1. Eureka mine near Ramsay, (Randville Dolomite) along contact of aplite- sections 12 and 13, T47N, R46W: With pyrite and pegmatite dike and in marginal parts of the dike gold in quartz veins at contact between granite and itself (Heinrich, 1962b). 2. Rian’s quarry southeast the Palms slate (Dickey and Young, 1938). 2. of Felch: Similar occurrence (Pratt, 1954). 3. In Copp’s mine 10 km north of Marenisco: With iron formation of the Menominee iron range and galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and dolomite (Dana, also just north of Felch: Rare, usually associated 1892). 3. Roadside exposure on south side of with secondary pyrite (Pratt, 1954; Brower, 1968). -
Oxidation of Sulfide Minerals. V. Galena, Sphalerite and Chalcogite
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 18,pp. 365-372(1980) OXIDATIONOF SULFIDEMINERALS. V. GALENA,SPHALERITE AND CHALCOGITE H.F. STEGBR eup L.E. DESJARDINS Mineral SciencesLaboratories, Canada Centre lor Mineral and Energy Technology, Department ol Energy, Mines and Resources,Ottawa, Ontaio KIA OGI AssrRecr long-term stability of sulfide-bearing ores and concentrates.Part of this study was concerned Samples of galena, sphalerite and cbalcocite were with the nature of the products and kinetics of oxidized at 52oC and, 68Vo of relative humidity the oxidation of the commonly encountered periods to five weeks, and the prqd- in air for up sulfide minerals. The oxidation of pyrite, chal- for metal and sulfur-bearing ucts were analyzed pyrrhotite at 52oC and, 687o of. species. Galena is. oxidized to PbSOa, sphalerite copyrite and (RH) has already been in- to ZnSO. * FezO, if iron-bearing, and chalcocite relative humidity to CuO and CuS. The oxidation of galena and vestigated (Steger & Desjardins 1978). This re- sphalerite proceeds according to a linear rate potr summarizes the results of the study 9f tle law: that of chalcocite leads to the formation of a bxidation of galena, sphalerite and chalcocite coherent product layer impenetrable to Oz and HrO under the same conditions. vapor. The air oxidation of galena at relatively low without Keywords: air oxidation, oxidation products, sul- temperatures has been investigated fide minerals, galena, sphalerite, chalcocite. reaching a consensuson the nature of the oxida- tion product. Hagihara (1952), using a re- Sourvrlrnp flection electron-diffraction technique, and Kirkwood & Nutting (1965), using a trans- Nous avons 6tudi6 I'oxydation dans I'air d'6chan- mission electron-diffraction technique, found tillons de galdne, de sphal6rite et de chalcocite i this product to be PbSOo,whereas Leia et al. -
Guide to the Geology of the Galena Area
5 (^$UiAA>*>M C 3 Guide to the Geology of the Galena Area Jo Daviess County, Illinois Lafayette County, Wisconsin David L. Reinertsen Field Trip Guidebook 1992B May 16, 1992 Department of Energy and Natural Resources ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY. Cover photos by D. L. Reinertsen Clockwise from upper left: Silurian dolomite cap on Scales Mound, early crevice mine south of Galena near the Mississippi River, and downtown Galena as viewed from the old Galena High School. Geological Science Field Trips The Educational Extension Unit of the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) conducts four free tours each year to acquaint the public with the rocks, mineral resources, and landscapes of various regions of the state and the geological processes that have led to their origin. Each trip is an all-day excursion through one or more Illinois counties. Frequent stops are made to explore interesting phenomena, explain the processes that shape our environment, discuss principles of earth science, and collect rocks and fossils. People of all ages and interests are welcome. The trips are especially helpful to teachers who prepare earth science units. Grade school students are welcome, but each must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. High school science classes should be supervised by at least one adult for each ten students. A list of guidebooks of earlier field trips for planning class tours and private outings may be obtained by contacting the Educational Extension Unit, Illinois State Geological Survey, Natural Resources Building, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820. Telephone: (217) 244- 2407 or 333-7372.