Large-Scale Hydrothermal Zoning Reflectedin The
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Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Mineralization at Le Pulec, Jersey, Channel Islands; No. 1 Lode
134 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS REFERENCES McKay, W. J. (1975) Woodlawn copper-lead-zinc orebody. Ibid. 701-10. Davis, L. W. (1975) Captains Flat lead-zinc orebody. In Knight, C. L. (ed.). Economic Geology of Australia and Papua New Guinea I. Metals. Melbourne, Australasian [Revised manuscript received 2 June 1981] Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 691-700. Malone, E. J., Olgers, F., Cucchi, F. G., Nicholas, T., and t~) Copyright the Mineralogical Society Dept. of Geology, University of Wollonoong, New South Wales, Australia F. IVOR ROBERTS [Present address: School of Applied Geology, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Kensinoton , NSW 2033, Australia] MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, MARCH 1982, VOL. 46, PP. 134-6 Mineralization at Le Pulec, Jersey, Channel Islands; No. 1 Lode THE No. 1 Lode is the westernmost and most Mineralization within the Brioverian sediments extensive of three lead-zinc veins cutting Brioverian sediments at Le Pulec. It was described by Williams Anatase is common within the sediments as 2-10 (1871) as being between 1.5 and 1.8 m in width and pm anhedral grains associated with silicates or 183 m in length, with a trend of 340 ~ and the as 10 x 2 #m laths, parallel to the basal cleavage galena was reported to have a high silver content. of the altered phyllosilicates, particularly musco- Since the investigation of the No. 3 Lode (Ixer and vite. Anatase is also found with hematite laths Stanley, 1980) it has been possible to examine (20x 2 /~m) included in early pyrite grains. A several specimens, collected from the recently re- coarse-grained (600 x 20 pm) generation of anatase discovered No. -
Chemical Oxides Analysis from Azara Baryte
African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Vol. 1 (2), pp. 015-017, November 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJCAB ISSN 1996 - 0840 © 2007 Academic Journals Short Communication Chemical oxides analysis from Azara Baryte Hauwa Isa Department of Science Laboratory Technology School of Applied Sciences, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria Nigeria. E- mail: [email protected] Accepted 26 September, 2007 Physical and chemical analysis of the two samples A and B of Azara baryte were conducted, such as moisture content, loss on ignition and elemental composition by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometer(ASS) and flame photometer. The oxides values in 1.000 g sample of each element were obtained. Sample A (lower layer): moisture content = 0.020, loss on ignition = 0.060, Na2O = 0.250, K2O = 0.015, CaO = 0.014, MgO = 0.018, Fe2O3 = 0.029, SiO2 = 9.310, BaO = 89.630, Al2O3 = 6.200 Sample B (upper layer): moisture content = 0.030, loss on ignition = 0.040, Na2O = 0.030, K2O = 0.001, CaO = 0.006, MgO = 0.030, Fe2O3 = 0.028, SiO2 =18.12, BaO = 65.020, Al2O3 = 16.120. The result of the analysis revealed that the Azara baryte could use as source of inorganic chemical oxides and for the production of some laboratory chemicals such as barium sulphate and aluminum oxides Key words: Azara Baryte,Chemical oxides,analysis INTRODUCTION Baryte (BaSO4) – Barium sulphate is found naturally in mineral collector's market (RMRDC, 2005) Natural bary- the form of witherite (Othmer, 1964). It has various tes are chemically stable and highly temperature-resis- colours but mostly yellow, isomorphous orthorhombic tant. -
Banded Iron Formations
Banded Iron Formations Cover Slide 1 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures Kalmina gorge banded iron (Gypsy Denise 2013, Creative Commons) BIFs were deposited in shallow marine troughs or basins. Deposits are tens of km long, several km wide and 150 – 600 m thick. Photo is of Kalmina gorge in the Pilbara (Karijini National Park, Hamersley Ranges) 2 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock Iron rich bands: hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). Iron poor bands: chert (fine‐grained quartz) and low iron oxide levels Rock sample from a BIF (Woudloper 2009, Creative Commons 1.0) Iron rich bands are composed of hematitie (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). The iron poor bands contain chert (fine‐grained quartz) with lesser amounts of iron oxide. 3 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock • Archaean and Proterozoic in age BIF formation through time (KG Budge 2020, public domain) BIFs were deposited for 2 billion years during the Archaean and Proterozoic. There was another short time of deposition during a Snowball Earth event. 4 Why are BIFs important? • Iron ore exports are Australia’s top earner, worth $61 billion in 2017‐2018 • Iron ore comes from enriched BIF deposits Rio Tinto iron ore shiploader in the Pilbara (C Hargrave, CSIRO Science Image) Australia is consistently the leading iron ore exporter in the world. We have large deposits where the iron‐poor chert bands have been leached away, leaving 40%‐60% iron. -
Barite (Barium)
Barite (Barium) Chapter D of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply Professional Paper 1802–D U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Periodic Table of Elements 1A 8A 1 2 hydrogen helium 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 cesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210)(222) 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 -
Silver Enrichment in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado
SILVER ENRICHMENT IN THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS, COLORADO. By EDSON S. BASTIN. INTRODUCTION. The following report forms part of a topical study of the enrich ment of silver ores begun by the writer under the auspices of the United States Geological Survey in 1913. Two reports embodying the results obtained at Tonopah, Nev.,1 and at the Comstock lode, Virginia City, Nev.,2 have previously been published. It was recognized in advance that a topical study carried on by a single investigator in many districts must of necessity be less com prehensive than the results gleaned more slowly by many investi gators in the course of regional surveys of the usual types; on the other hand the advances made in the study of a particular topic in one district would aid in the study of the same topic in the next. In particular it was desired to apply methods of microscopic study of polished specimens to the ores of many camps that had been rich silver producers but had not been studied geologically since such methods of study were perfected. If the results here reported appear to be fragmentary and to lack completeness according to the standards of a regional report, it must be remembered that for each district only such information could be used as was readily obtainable in the course of a very brief field visit. The results in so far as they show a primary origin for the silver minerals in many ores appear amply to justify the work in the encouragement which they offer to deep mining, irrespective of more purely scientific results. -
Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
.'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications. -
Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe, Ag, Zn)12Sb4s13 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe, Ag, Zn)12Sb4S13 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 43m. Crystals are tetrahedral, to 15 cm; common as groups of parallel crystals; massive, coarse or fine and granular to compact. Twinning: On {111} around [111] as twin axis; contact and penetration twins, commonly repeated. Physical Properties: Fracture: Subconchoidal. Tenacity: Somewhat brittle. Hardness = 3–4.5 VHN = 312–351 (100 g load). D(meas.) = 4.97 D(calc.) = 4.99 Optical Properties: Opaque, except in very thin fragments. Color: Flint-gray to iron-black to dull black, cherry-red in transmitted light; in polished section, gray inclining to olive-brown. Streak: Black to brown. Luster: Metallic, commonly splendent. Optical Class: Isotropic. n = > 2.72 (Li). R: (400) 32.1, (420) 31.8, (440) 31.7, (460) 31.7, (480) 31.8, (500) 32.0, (520) 32.2, (540) 32.4, (560) 32.4, (580) 32.3, (600) 32.0, (620) 31.5, (640) 31.0, (660) 30.6, (680) 30.2, (700) 29.8 Cell Data: Space Group: I43m. a = 10.23–10.55 Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Neugl¨uck mine, Wittichen, Black Forest, Germany. 3.00 (100), 1.831 (60), 1.563 (30), 2.61 (20), 1.056 (20), 3.69 (10), 2.46 (10) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) Cu 45.39 37.7 45.77 Fe 1.32 5.5 Ag 0.4 Sb 28.85 29.3 29.22 Pb 0.11 As trace 0.8 Zn 1.8 S 24.48 24.9 25.01 Total 100.15 100.4 100.00 (1) Bourg d’Oisans, France. -
Experimental Determination of Siderite (Iron Carbonate) Stability Under Moderate Pressure-Temperature Conditions, and Application to Martian Carbonate Parageneses
Lunar and Planetary Science XXX 1226.pdf EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SIDERITE (IRON CARBONATE) STABILITY UNDER MODERATE PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS, AND APPLICATION TO MARTIAN CARBONATE PARAGENESES. Andrea M. Koziol. Department of Geology, The University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469-2364, USA; e-mail: [email protected]. Introduction: Siderite (FeCO3) occurs in fugacity of the experiments is defined to be on metamorphosed iron formations, altered igne- the hematite-magnetite buffer at that pressure ous rocks, and as a solid solution component and temperature. This is an appropriate fO2 in Fe-Mg carbonates that are found in car- value for application of the results to Earth bonatites [1, 2] . Its stability is controlled in parageneses as well as Martian carbonates. part by O2 fugacity and CO2 fugacity. Experimental Method: Experiments on Siderite therefore is of interest as a monitor reaction (2) were made in a piston-cylinder phase of these parameters. apparatus, using procedures similar to those An unusual extraterrestrial occurrence of described in [6] . Samples consisted of ho- carbonate has also focused attention on siderite mogenized powders of synthetic siderite, and Fe-Mg carbonates. The carbonate glob- hematite, and a natural magnetite, sealed in 1 ules in ALH84001 that have intrigued the sci- mm diameter Pt tube segments with weighed entific community are magnesite-siderite solid amounts of silver oxalate (Ag2C2O4) as the solutions with variable Ca content [3 - 5] . CO2 source. These piston-cylinder experi- Compositional zoning generally varies from ments were performed with the samples buff- Ca-rich cores, to magnesite-rich rims. In ered with hematite + magnetite mixtures. -
(Sedex) Deposits
The Importance of Oxidized Brines for the Formation of Australian Proterozoic Stratiform Sediment-Hosted Pb-Zn (Sedex) Deposits DAVID R. COOKE,† STUART W. BULL, ROSS R. LARGE, AND PETER J. MCGOLDRICK Centre for Ore Deposit Research, Geology Department, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-79, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Abstract A two-fold subdivision for stratiform sediment-hosted Pb-Zn (sedimentary exhalative, sedex) deposits is proposed, based on fundamental differences in the chemistry of the mineralizing brines. The type of sedimentary basin from which the ore fluids are derived, and the lithologies contained within the basin, control these differences in fluid chemistry. The two discrete brine types capable of transporting Zn and Pb are oxidized brines and reduced, acidic brines. McArthur-type deposits (e.g., McArthur River, 2-- Mount Isa, Hilton) precipitate from oxidized (SO4 predominant), acidic to near-neutral brines that evolve from sedimentary basins dominated by carbonates, evaporites, and hematitic sandstones and shales. Selwyn-type deposits (e.g., Sullivan, Rammelsberg, sedex deposits of the Selwyn basin) precipitate from acidic, reduced (H2S-predominant) connate brines that evolved in reduced siliciclastic and shale basins. Temperature decrease and dilution (fluid mixing), addition of H2S, and pH increase can all be effective depositional processes for Zn and Pb from reduced (Selwyn-type) brines. In contrast, sulfate reduction and/or addition of H2S (via fluid mixing or interaction with earlier formed pyrite) may be the important processes for sphalerite and galena deposition from oxidized (McArthur-type) brines. McArthur-type sedex deposits are intimately associated with siderite or ferroan carbonate alteration halos and most likely precipitate from lower temperature brines than Selwyn-type deposits. -
Inorganic Synthesis of Fe–Ca–Mg Carbonates at Low Temperature
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73 (2009) 5361–5376 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca Inorganic synthesis of Fe–Ca–Mg carbonates at low temperature Christopher S. Romanek a,b,*, Concepcio´n Jime´nez-Lo´pez c,*, Alejandro Rodriguez Navarro d, Monica Sa´nchez-Roma´n a,b, Nita Sahai e, Max Coleman f a NASA Astrobiology Institute and Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA b Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29802, USA c Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain d Departamento de Mineralogı´a y Petrologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain e NASA Astrobiology Institute and Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA f NASA Astrobiology Institute and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, M/S 183-301, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA Received 14 January 2009; accepted in revised form 26 May 2009; available online 11 June 2009 Abstract A set of free-drift experiments was undertaken to synthesize carbonates of mixed cation content (Fe, Ca, Mg) from solu- tion at 25 and 70 °C to better understand the relationship between the mineralogy and composition of these phases and the solutions from which they precipitate. Metastable solid solutions formed at 25 °C which are not predicted from the extrap- olation of higher temperature equilibrium assemblages; instead, solids formed that were intermediary in chemical composition to known magnesite–siderite and dolomite solid solutions. A calcite–siderite solid solution precipitated at 25 °C, with the per- centage of CaCO3 in the solid being proportional to the aqueous Ca/Fe ratio of the solution, while Mg was excluded from the crystal structure except at relatively high aqueous Mg/Ca and Mg/Fe ratios and a low Ca content. -
New Mineral Names*,†
American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 1360–1364, 2019 New Mineral Names*,† DMITRIY I. BELAKOVSKIY1, FERNANDO CÁMARA2, AND YULIA UVAROVA3 1Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 18 korp. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “Ardito Desio”, Universitá di degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 34, 20133 Milano, Italy 3CSIRO Mineral Resources, ARRC, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, Western Australia 6151, Australia IN THIS ISSUE This New Mineral Names has entries for 9 new minerals, including argentotetrahedrite-(Fe), bytízite, calamaite, fluorlamprophyllite, honzaite, katerinopoulosite, meitnerite, melcherite, and rozhdestvenskayaite-(Zn). ARGENTOTETRAHEDRITE [-(FE)]* AND 460 31.0 / 30.3, 31.5, 33.7; 480 30.9 / 30.1, 31.3, 33.5; 500 30.8 33.2 ROZHDESTVENSKAYAITE [-(ZN)]* 31.2 29.7; 520 30.8 / 29.1, 31.1, 33.0, 540 30.7 / 28.2, 31.0, 32.7; 560 M.D. Welch, C.J. Stanley, J. Spratt and S.J. Mills (2018) 30.7 / 27.1, 31.0, 32.4, 580 30.6 / 26.0, 30.9, 32.0, 600 30.4 / 25.0, 30.8, 31.6; 620 30.3 / 24.3, 30.5, 31.2; 640 30.1 / 23.5, 30.2, 30.8; 660 29.9 / Rozhdestvenskayaite Ag10Zn2Sb4S13 and argentotetrahedrite 2+ 23.1, 30.0, 30.5; 680 29.7 / 22.9, 29.8, 30.3; 700 29.6 / 22.7, 29.7, 30.1. Ag6Cu4(Fe ,Zn)2Sb4S13: two Ag-dominant members of the tetra- hedrite group. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30(6), 1163–1172. The averages of electron probe WDS analysis of “four tetrahedrites” [i.e.