Volcanic Reconstruction of the Paleoproterozoic Powderhouse

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Volcanic Reconstruction of the Paleoproterozoic Powderhouse formation, Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada: Implications for controls on volcanogenic massive sulfide formation

Vanessa C. Friesen

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Geology

The Faculty of Graduate Studies Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

©Vanessa C. Friesen 2019 THESIS DEFENCE COMMITTEE/COMITÉ DE SOUTENANCE DE THÈSE Laurentian Université/Université Laurentienne Faculty of Graduate Studies/Faculté des études supérieures

Title of Thesis Titre de la thèse Volcanic Reconstruction of the Paleoproterozoic Powderhouse formation, Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada: Implications for controls on volcanogenic massive sulfide formation Name of Candidate Nom du candidat Friesen, Vanessa C.

Degree Diplôme Master of Science

Department/Program Date of Defence Département/Programme Geology Date de la soutenance February 08, 2019

APPROVED/APPROUVÉ

Thesis Examiners/Examinateurs de thèse:

Dr. Michelle DeWolfe (Co-Supervisor/Co-directrice de thèse)

Dr . Harold Gibson (Co-Supervisor/Co-directeur de thèse)

Dr. Bruno Lafrance (Committee member/Membre du comité)

Approved for the Faculty of Graduate Studies Approuvé pour la Faculté des études supérieures Dr. David Lesbarrères Monsieur David Lesbarrères Dr. George Hudak Dean, Faculty of Graduate Studies (External Examiner/Examinateur externe) Doyen, Faculté des études supérieures

ACCESSIBILITY CLAUSE AND PERMISSION TO USE

I, Vanessa C. Friesen, hereby grant to Laurentian University and/or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or for the duration of my copyright ownership. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also reserve the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that this copy is being made available in this form by the authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research and may not be copied or reproduced except as permitted by the copyright laws without written authority from the copyright owner.

ii Abstract

The Powderhouse formation of the Paleoproterozoic Snow Lake arc assemblage comprises the stratigraphic footwall to six volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (VMS) at Snow Lake,

Manitoba, Canada. It is interpreted to be a product of voluminous pyroclastic eruptions and concomitant subsidence followed by a period of relative volcanic quiescence that was dominated by suspension sedimentation, the reworking of these previously deposited pyroclastic units by debris flows and bottom currents, and localized emplacement of rhyolite domes. The rhyolite domes are spatially associated with the Chisel, Chisel North, Lost, Ghost, Photo and Lalor deposits.

The Chisel, Lalor and Lost members comprise the Powderhouse formation and are subdivided into thirteen lithologically and chemically distinct lithofacies and allows, for the first time, correlation between the South Chisel basin and Lalor area. The Chisel and Lalor members contain lithofacies and bedforms that are characteristic of emplacement by subaqueous pyroclastic mass flows and concomitant subsidence. The Chisel member also contains coarse volcaniclastic breccias emplaced by mass debris flows derived from movement along fault scarps after early pyroclastic eruptions, and during continued subsidence. The Lost member consists of lithofacies deposited by mass flows generated from faults scraps during continued subsidence, but also contains lithofacies reworked by bottom currents and those deposited by suspension sedimentation, and locally coherent rhyolite. The Lost member represents a time stratigraphic interval, the “Ore Interval”, that marks contemporaneous rhyolite dome eruption, VMS formation, and a hiatus in explosive volcanism.

iii Co-Authorship Statement

The manuscript resulting from this thesis is co-authored by my two supervisors. The following list outlines the contributions made by the candidate for this MSc:

1. The project was conceived and designed by Drs. Harold Gibson, Bruno Lafrance and

Michelle DeWolfe. All three spent significant amounts of time in the field, reviewing

mapping and core logging results. The candidate helped to re-design the project as data

collection evolved.

2. Field work, including mapping, drill core logging and sample collections was completed

by the candidate with the assistance of M. Kerr, B. Ferguson and L. Behuniak over two

field seasons (June-August, 2013 and 2014). Mapping was done at 1:1000 covering an

area 800 x 800 m (South Chisel) and 850 x 600 m (Lalor) with additional detailed

mapping was completed at 1:50, 1:250, and 1:500. Approximately 3,000 m of core was

graphically logged at 1:500.

3. Two hundred and thirty-one samples were collected by the candidate from outcrop and

core. The samples were cut by Mike Clark at Mount Royal University and thin sections

prepared by Willard Desjardins at Laurentian University. Samples for whole rock

analysis were sent to Ontario Geoscience Laboratories in Sudbury, Ontario for

preparation and analysis. Pulps prepared by Ontario Geoscience Laboratories were then

sent to the Pacific Center for Isotopic and Geochemical Research in Vancouver, British

Columbia for radiogenic isotopic analyses. The candidate completed all petrographic

analyses.

iv 4. All initial interpretations of the data and first drafts of the manuscript and maps were

prepared by the candidate under the supervision of the M. DeWolfe and H. Gibson, who

also provided intellectual input and edits and so are co-authors on the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

This project was funded through a Collaborative Research and Development Grant (CRD) with the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Hudbay

Minerals Inc. and the Manitoba Geological Survey (MGS). Thank you to our friends at Hudbay

Minerals in Flin Flon and Snow Lake for logistical support and helpful and interesting discussions. Thank you to Dr. Bruno Lafrance (thesis committee) and Dr. George Hudak

(external reviewer) for their thoughtful reviews of this manuscript. A special thank you to my thesis supervisors Dr. Y. Michelle DeWolfe (Mount Royal University) and Dr. Harold Gibson

(MERC/Laurentian University) for your patience and guidance throughout each stage of this project. Thank you Margaret Stewart (Laurentian University), Kate Rubingh (Laurentian

University), Dr. Bruno Lafrance (MERC/Laurentian University), Dr. Doug Tinkham

(MERC/Laurentian University), and Dr. Alan Bailes (Bailes Geosciences) for their insightful discussions and collaborations in and out of the field. Thank you to Mike Clark at Mount Royal

University for facilitating me as a guest researcher and assisting with sample preparation. Thank you to my field assistants who went above and beyond to get the job done Logan Behuniak, Brett

Ferguson, and Mary Kerr. And I am always thankful to my family for their love and support.

v Table of Contents

Title page…………………………………………………………………………. i

Acceptance……………………………………………………………………….. ii

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………... iii

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………. iv

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… v

List of Figures……………………………………………………………………. vii

List of Tables…………………………………………………………………….. viii

List of Appendices……………………………………………………………….. ix

Chapter 1………………………………………………………………………….. 1

1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 1

1.2 Structure of Thesis…………………………………………………………….. 3

1.3 Purpose and Objectives…………………………………………………………3

Chapter 2…………………………………………………………………………… 5

2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 5

2.1.1 Terminology……………………………………………………………… 6

2.2 Regional Geology……………………………………………………………... 7

2.2.1 Previous subdivisions and nomenclature proposed for the Chisel sequence. 9

2.3 Geology of the South Chisel basin and Lalor areas…………………………… 10

2.3.1 Distribution of the Powderhouse formation within the Lalor-Chisel basin.. 11

2.3.2 Powderhouse formation…………………………………………………... 12

2.3.3 Geochemistry…………………………………………………………….. 20

2.4 Discussion…………………………………………………………………….. 24

vi 2.4.1 Origin and emplacement of the Chisel, and Lalor member lithofacies…. 26

2.4.2 Origin and Emplacement of the Lost Member…………………………… 33

2.4.3 Volcanic reconstruction and evidence for subsidence during emplacement

of the Powderhouse formation…………………………………………….. 35

2.5 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………. 39

2.6 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………. 42

References…………………………………………………………………………. 43

Appendix I. Sample list…………………………………………………………… 83

Appendix II. Lithofacies and clast descriptions…………………………………… 92

Appendix III. Petrography………………………………………………………… 102

Appendix IV. Geochemical analyses……………………………………………… 166

Appendix V. Graphic Logs………………………………………………………… 188

vii List of Figures

Figure 1: Regional geology of the Flin Flon – Snow Lake belt……………………… 52

Figure 2: Geology of the Snow Lake Arc assemblage ………………………………. 53

Figure 3: Schematic cross-section through the Chisel sequence ……………………. 54

Figure 4: Map of the Lalor basin study area…………………………………………. 55

Figure 5: Map of the South Chisel basin study area…………………………………. 56

Figure 6: Idealized stratigraphic sections of the Powderhouse formation …………… 57

Figure 7: Field photographs of the Powderhouse formation…………………………. 58

Figure. 8: Field photographs of the Powderhouse formation………………………… 59

Figure 9: Whole rock lithogeochemistry plots for the Chisel and Lalor members…… 60

Figure 10: Sm/Nd and Pb/Pb isotopic plots for the Chisel and Lalor members………. 61

Figure 11: Schematic diagram depicting the emplacement of the Powderhouse formation………………………………………………………………………………. 62

Figure 12: Interpreted Lalor-Chisel basin architecture during ore formation…………. 63

viii List of Tables

Table 1: Volcaniclastic lithofacies of the Powderhouse formation……………………. 64

Table 2: Criteria used for identifying the least altered samples in the sample suite…… 66

Table 3: Average major and trace element compositions for the least altered samples

of the Powderhouse formation volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies ……………….….. 67

Table 4: Average values for key element ratios for Powderhouse formation

volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies …………………………………………………….. 69

Table 5: εNd and εHf values for the Powderhouse formation volcaniclastic mass flow

lithofacies……………………………………………………………………………….. 70

Table 6: Pb isotopic data for the Powderhouse formation volcaniclastic mass flow

lithofacies………………………………………………………………………………. 70

ix List of Appendices

Appendix I: Sample list………………………………………………………………… 72

Appendix II: Lithofacies and clast descriptions………………………………………… 81

Appendix III: Petrography……………………………………………………………… 91

Appendix IV: Geochemical analyses…………………………………………………. 154

Appendix V: Graphic logs…………………………………………………………….. 175

x Chapter 1 – Introduction to the Thesis

1.1 Introduction

VMS deposits are ancient copper-, zinc-, lead-, silver-, and gold-rich mineral deposits that form at or just below the seafloor. They form from seafloor hydrothermal venting along mid-ocean ridges, within island arcs (e.g., Okinawa Trough, Sea of Japan), or in back-arc basins (e.g., Lau Basin,

Pacific Ocean), which are areas of rifting that form behind island arcs. These deposits are commonly hosted by Precambrian volcanic sequences that formed during periods of ocean closure and associated terrane collision.

The Glennie - Flin Flon complex is a tectonic collage of ocean floor, island arc, and plateau assemblages, ranging in age from 1.91-1.84 Ga, that accreted during the Trans-Hudson Orogeny

(Hoffman, 1988; Syme and Bailes, 1993; Stern et al.,1995; Lucas et al.,1996). The majority of

VMS deposits in the Glennie - Flin Flon complex occur within the 1.92-1.87 Ga juvenile Flin Flon and Snow Lake oceanic arc assemblages (Syme and Bailes, 1993; Syme et al., 1996). The Snow

Lake arc assemblage is located at the eastern end of the Glennie – Flin Flon complex, which is dominated by 1.84-1.81 Ga fold-thrust style tectonics that are characterized by southwest verging allochthons of volcanic rocks bounded by thrust-faults, and sedimentary rocks of the Burntwood group (1.84Ga; Zwanzig, 1990, 1999; Connors, 1996; David et al., 1996; Bailes and Schledewitz,

1998; Krause and Willams, 1999).

The Snow Lake arc assemblage is a 20 km wide, >6 km thick, fault bounded allochthon. It is one of the best exposed VMS-hosting sequences in the Glennie – Flin Flon complex and is host to 9 producing and past producing mines (Syme et. al., 1996; Bailes et al., 2016). It is divided into the Anderson, Chisel and Snow Creek sequences, which are interpreted to represent a temporal

1 evolution from primitive arc, to mature arc, to arc rift tectonic environments (Bailes and Galley,

1996, 1999, 2007). Both the Anderson and Chisel sequences host VMS deposits.

The Chisel sequence is dominated by heterolithic volcaniclastic rocks, and mafic, intermediate, and felsic lavas (Bailes and Galley, 2007). The presence of laterally discontinuous facies, voluminous volcaniclastic rocks, and abundant synvolcanic dykes in the Chisel sequence is interpreted to be the product of intra-arc extension and rifting leading to caldera development

(Bailes and Simms, 1994; Bailes and Galley, 2007).

The Powderhouse formation (previously “Powderhouse dacite”) is a voluminous succession of dominantly felsic to heterolithic volcaniclastic rocks that constitutes the stratigraphic footwall to 6 producing/past-producing deposits in the Chisel sequence (Bailes and Galley, 2007).

Bailes and Galley (2007) speculated that the Powderhouse formation is a pyroclastic flow deposit linked with high-level magmatism, intra-arc rifting, and caldera formation. Recent studies by

Bailes (2011, 2012) have aided our understanding of the stratigraphy, geochemistry, and distribution of the Powderhouse formation and suggested that there are two potential VMS ore forming horizons within, one at the base associated with a coarse breccia (hosting the Lost and

Ghost deposits), and one at the top associated with the Chisel rhyolite (hosting the Chisel deposit).

Bailes (2009, 2012) also speculated on the correlation between the Powderhouse formation in the

South Chisel basin area with similar units (i.e. North Chisel dacite and Lalor volcaniclastic dacite) to the north of Chisel Lake. However, despite decades of research in the Snow Lake area there has never been a detailed study focused on the origin, emplacement, and architecture of this voluminous and metallogenically significant unit.

1.2 Structure of Thesis

The thesis is written as two chapters; Chapter 1 is an introduction to the thesis including the purpose, objectives, methods used and the layout of the thesis. Chapter 2 is written as a research article, titled “Volcanic Reconstruction of the ore-forming environment of the Paleoproterozoic

Chisel Sequence VMS deposits: the Powderhouse formation, Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada” to be submitted to the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. The candidate is the first author and the co-authors are:

• DeWolfe, Y.M. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal

University 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW Calgary AB T3E 6K6

• Gibson, H.L. Mineral Exploration Research Center/Harquail School of Earth Sciences

Laurentian University 935 Ramsey Lake Road Sudbury ON P3E 2C6

Appendices one through four contain detailed lithofacies descriptions, geochemical data, petrographic data, and graphic logs and are intended to supplement the data presented in the research article. They will be submitted to the journal as a supplemental database.

1.3 Purpose and Objectives

The objective of this research is to document the internal stratigraphy and structure of the

Powderhouse formation in order to reconstruct the volcanic environment prior to volcanogenic massive sulfide deposition in the Chisel sequence at Snow Lake, Manitoba. This project was funded through an NSERC Collaborative Research and Development Grant between Laurentian

University, HudBay Minerals Inc., and the Manitoba Geological Survey. Outcrop mapping of the

Powderhouse formation was conducted on the Hudbay Minerals Inc. property at the Chisel mine

3 site and Lalor mine site in the Snow Lake area. Diamond drill core was made available by Hudbay

Minerals Inc. and was logged at the Snow Lake Mill site. The locations of maps and drillhole collars can be found in Fig. 2.

Detailed mapping (1:50, 1:250, 1:500, and 1:1000) and core logging, and geochemical and petrographic analysis of specific samples were completed to achieve the following specific objectives:

1) Establish the internal litho/chemostratigraphy of the Powderhouse formation

2) Through detailed lithofacies analysis determine if the Podwerhouse formation is a primary,

subaqueous pyroclastic deposit

3) Determine the emplacement mechanism(s) of the Powderhouse formation

4) Reconstruct the volcanic environment (including water depth) in which the Powderhouse

formation was erupted

5) Determine if the processes of VMS deposit formation can be linked to concomitant

subsidence, explosive volcanism and high-level magmatism.

Chapter 2 - Volcanic reconstruction of the ore-forming environment of the

Paleoproterozoic Chisel sequence VMS deposits: the Powderhouse formation,

Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada

2.1 Introduction

The Powderhouse formation (previously “Powderhouse dacite”) is part of the

Paleoproterozoic Snow Lake arc assemblage (SLA), located within the eastern extent of the

Glennie - Flin Flon complex of northern Manitoba. Eighteen volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)

deposits occur in the SLA (Bailes et al. 2016; Bailes and Galley, 2007). There have been numerous

studies on the tectonic setting, regional stratigraphy and structure, and geochemical and isotopic

variations of the volcanic, plutonic, and sedimentary rocks in the Snow Lake area as well as

stratigraphic and structural controls of VMS mineralization in the SLA (Martin, 1966; Frose and

Moore, 1980; Galley and Bailes, 1989; 2002; Bailes et al. 1991; Stern et al., 1992; 1995; Syme and Bailes, 1993; Galley, 1993; Bailes and Simms, 1994; Bailes and Galley, 1996; 1999; 2007;

Connors, 1996; David et al., 1996; Lucas et al. 1996; Syme et al. 1996; Tessier 1996; 2000; 2001;

Krause and Williams, 1998; 1999; Bailes and Schledewitz, 1998; Connors et al., 1999; Machado et al., 1999; Zwanzig, 1999; Galley, 2003; Bailes, 2008; 2009; 2011; 2012; Bailes et al., 2016,

Cate et al., 2016, Rubingh et al., 2017, Stewart et al., 2018 ). However, the majority of these

studies focus on regional setting and evolution of the Flin Flon – Glennie complex or VMS

mineralization on a deposit scale, and none have focused on the Powderhouse formation, which is

a voluminous succession of dominantly felsic to heterolithic volcaniclastic rocks that constitutes

the stratigraphic footwall to 6 producing/past-producing deposits in the Chisel sequence (Bailes

and Galley, 2007).

Bailes and Galley (2007) speculated that the Powderhouse formation was a pyroclastic

flow deposit linked with high-level magmatism, intra-arc rifting, and caldera formation. Recent studies by Bailes (2011, 2012) have aided our understanding of the stratigraphy, geochemistry, and distribution of the Powderhouse formation and suggested that there are two potential VMS ore forming horizons within, one at the base associated with a coarse breccia (hosting the Lost and

Ghost deposits), and one at the top associated with the Chisel rhyolite (hosting the Chisel deposit).

Bailes (2009, 2012) also speculated on the correlation between the Powderhouse formation in the

Accordingly, in this paper we: 1) define the lithofacies, stratigraphy and volcanic facies of the Powderhouse formation as well as their geochemical and isotopic attributes; 2) proposed new stratigraphic subdivision and nomenclature that reflects the volcanic history and petrogenesis of these rocks, and as a result propose the term Powderhouse formation replace “Powderhouse dacite”; and 3) present new information regarding the origin and emplacement mechanisms for this unit, including evidence for concomitant subsidence associated with pyroclastic eruptions, and a reconstruction of the volcanic environment prior to and during VMS ore formation.

2.1.1 Terminology

Volcaniclastic facies in this study are named using the granulometric terms tuff, lapilli tuff, lapillistone, and tuff breccia (Fisher, 1966). Bedding thickness and type is described using terminology from McPhie et al. (1993). The term “juvenile vitric clast” refers to clasts that have

an irregular shape and are dominantly composed of phyllosilicate minerals suggesting they were

volcanic glass and have been preferentially altered, they are often flattened and seldom cuspate

shaped. Lithic clasts consist of different volcanic rocks, they are typically angular to subangular

in form and are not typically flattened, but often elongate, defining a stretching lineation.

All rocks of the Powderhouse formation have undergone almandine-amphibolite facies

metamorphism and the original mineralogy has been replaced by variable proportions of quartz,

clino-amphibole, biotite, garnet, and oligoclase. However, primary volcanic textural and structural

features (e.g. hyaloclastite, amygdules, bedding, pillows) are well preserved and the “meta”-prefix

is omitted but is implied for all lithofacies herein.

2.2 Regional Geology

The Glennie - Flin Flon complex is a tectonic collage of ocean floor, island arc, and plateau

assemblages, ranging in age from 1.91-1.84 Ga, that accreted during the Trans-Hudson Orogeny

(Fig. 1; Hoffman, 1988; Syme and Bailes, 1993; Stern et al.,1995; Lucas et al.,1996). A majority

of VMS deposits in the Glennie - Flin Flon complex occur within the 1.92-1.87 Ga juvenile Flin

Flon and Snow Lake oceanic arc assemblages (Syme and Bailes, 1993; Syme et al., 1996). The

SLA assemblage is located at the eastern end of the Glennie – Flin Flon complex, which is

dominated by 1.84-1.81 Ga fold-thrust style tectonics that are characterized by southwest verging

allochthons of volcanic rocks bounded by thrust-faults, and sedimentary rocks of the Burntwood

and Missi groups (1.86- 1.84Ga; Zwanzig, 1990, 1999; Connors, 1996; David et al., 1996; Bailes

and Schledewitz, 1998; Krause and Willams, 1999). This tectonic regime is characterized by F1N-

NW-trending tight isoclinal folds and NW striking faults that pre-date the deposition of the

Burntwood and Missi group sedimentary rocks and may be related to an early intraoceanic

accretion or pre-1.86 Ga accretion of the Snow Lake allochton to the Amisk collage (Stewart et

al., 2018). A second deformation event post-dating the deposition of the Burntwood and Missi

group sedimentary rocks is characterized by F2 NW-NNW-trending isoclinal folds and S2 axial

planar cleavage and L2 NE-plunging stretching lineation (Kraus and Williams, 1998; Stewart et

al., 2018). Late granitic plutons (1.84-1.83 Ga) intrude the fold-thrust package that was later deformed by F3 NE-trending open to tight folds and S3 N-toNE- trending steeply E- to SE-dipping axial planar cleavage (Kraus and Williams, 1998; Stewart et al., 2018) and a regional metamorphic episode (1.82-1.81 Ga) that recrystallized the rocks to an almandine-amphibolite-facies mineral assemblage (Froese and Moore, 1980; David et al., 1996).

The SLA (Fig. 2) is a 20 km wide, >6 km thick, fault bounded allochthon. It is one of the best exposed VMS-hosting sequences in the Glennie – Flin Flon complex and is host to 9

producing or past producing mines (Syme et. al., 1996; Bailes et al., 2016). The SLA is divided

into the Anderson, Chisel and Snow Creek sequences, which are interpreted to represent a temporal

evolution from primitive arc, to mature arc, to arc rift tectonic environments (Bailes and Galley,

1996, 1999, 2007). Both the Anderson and Chisel sequences host VMS deposits.

The Chisel sequence is dominated by heterolithic volcaniclastic rocks, and mafic,

intermediate, and felsic lavas (Bailes and Galley, 2007). Mafic lavas of the Chisel sequence have

higher Th/Nb, Th/Yb, La/Yb ratios and lower ƐNd values (0 to +2.7) than mafic flows of the

Anderson sequence, and it has been suggested that Chisel magmas were either derived from a more fertile mantle source, affected by within-plate enrichment, and/or contaminated from older crustal fragments (Stern et al., 1992; Bailes and Galley, 1999). The presence of laterally discontinuous facies, voluminous volcaniclastic rocks, and abundant synvolcanic dykes in the Chisel sequence is

interpreted to be the product of intra-arc extension and rifting leading to caldera development

(Bailes and Simms, 1994; Bailes and Galley, 2007).

2.2.1 Previous subdivisions and nomenclature proposed for the Chisel sequence

Volcanic strata of the Chisel sequence have been subdivided into an upper and lower sequence, and further subdivided into informal units by Bailes and Galley (2007). Informal units

of the lower Chisel sequence, from oldest to youngest, include the Stroud felsic breccia, Snell

basalt, Edwards mafic volcaniclastic rocks, and a differentiated suite of volcanic rocks that consist

of the Caboose andesite, Moore basalt, “Powderhouse dacite”, Chisel-Ghost-Photo-Cook rhyolites, and Balloch basalt and basaltic-andesite (Fig. 3; Bailes and Galley, 2007). VMS deposits of the Chisel sequence occur at the contact between the lower and upper Chisel sequences and are associated with rhyolite flow-dome complexes (Chisel-Ghost-Photo-Cook) or are underlain directly by rhyolite-bearing volcaniclastic rocks of the “Powderhouse dacite” (Bailes and Galley,

2007, Stewart et al. 2018). Lithofacies historically referred to as the Threehouse mafic

volcaniclastic rocks and Threehouse mafic flows conformably overly the VMS deposits and/or the

rocks of the lower Chisel sequence in the Chisel basin area (Bailes and Galley, 2007; Stewart et

al. 2018). Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks are a distinct marker unit and are interpreted to

have been deposited in a basin and sourced from an adjacent shallow water to subaerial mafic

volcanic edifice (Bailes and Galley, 2002; 2007; Stewart et al. 2018). Hanging wall strata to the

Lalor VMS deposit consists of North Balloch rhyolite, Balloch basalt, Ghost-Photo rhyolites,

Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks and flows, the North Chisel dacite, and previously undivided heterolithic mafic volcanic breccia and rhyolite and rhyodacite units (Bailes and Galley,

2007; Bailes et al. 2013; Bailes, 2014). This package of rocks was previously interpreted as a younger homoclinal succession; however, a recent detailed structural study by Stewart et al. (2018)

has re-interpreted the package as a fold-thurst repetition of lower Chisel sequence, overlain by the

Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks and flows, which now remain the only unit in the upper

Chisel sequence. Intrusive rocks of the lower Chisel sequence include: 1) hornblende-phyric diorite that cross-cuts the Snell basalt and Edwards mafic volcaniclastic rocks, but are not found in the younger volcanic strata, 2) gabbro, diorite and quartz-diorite dykes that are geochemically similar to the Moore basalt, 3) a dacite dike complex that is geochemically similar to the

“Powderhouse dacite”, 4) quartz(-plagioclase) porphyry stocks and dykes which cross cut the dacite dyke complex and are cut by the Richard Lake tonalite, and 5) the Richard intrusive complex which transects the Anderson and Lower Chisel sequences and is geochemically similar to the

Richard tonalite and the ore-hosting Chisel and Ghost rhyolites (Bailes and Galley, 2007).

Intrusive rocks of the Upper Chisel sequence include large irregular bodies of pyroxenite, melagabbro and gabbro that cross cut rocks of the Lower Chisel sequence and are commonly found in the Threehouse formation mafic volcaniclastic rocks, and plagioclase(-pyroxene)-phyric gabbro and diorite intrusions that cross cut rocks of the Lower Chisel sequence as dykes and are typically found as large sill-like bodies in the mafic volcaniclastic rocks of the Threehouse formation (Bailes and Galley, 2007).

2.3 Geology of the South Chisel basin and Lalor areas

The definition and distribution of the “Powderhouse dacite” presented herein is based on detailed bedrock mapping (1:250 to 1:2000) and drill core logging of volcanic lithofacies of the

Powderhouse unit from ~0.5 km north of the Lalor mine to ~1 km south of the Chisel mine, including contacts with the bounding formations. Based on mapping and drill core logging, the first informal stratigraphic subdivision and nomenclature for the Powderhouse unit is proposed

10 that is mappable, clearly defines the internal stratigraphy, reflects the volcanic history and petrogenesis of these rocks, and allows correlation between stratigraphy of the structurally separate

Lalor and Chisel basins. As a result, we propose the “Powderhouse dacite’ be called the

Powderhouse formation, an informal formation, the characteristics of which are detailed below.

2.3.1 Distribution of the Powderhouse formation within the Lalor-Chisel basin

The Powderhouse formation is exposed 500 m north of the Lalor mine (the northernmost point of the study area), to 1 km south of the Chisel mine, and 700 m east of the Ghost mine where it is truncated against the Moore formation (Fig. 2). The Powderhouse formation, and underlying units of the lower Chisel sequence, occupy what has been informally referred to as the Lalor-Chisel basin. Heavily lichen covered outcrop and/or intense, pervasive VMS alteration and overprinting metamorphic assemblages has restricted detailed mapping to two areas, the South Chisel basin area and Lalor area as shown in Fig. 2. The extent and thickness of the Powderhouse formation is difficult to estimate because of intrusions, folding and faulting. The Chisel Lake gabbroic intrusion truncates the western extent of Powderhouse formation in the South Chisel basin area, dilates the

Powderhouse formation to the northeast, and marks the base of the formation west and north of the Lalor mine. Geologic maps for the Powderhouse formation in the South Chisel basin area and

Lalor area, which form the basis for the stratigraphic subdivision and subsequent volcanic reconstruction presented herein are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.

The structural features recognized in the Lalor and South Chisel basin areas are congruent with those identified by Stewart et al. (2018). Map scale features such as faults (D0-1) and tight- isoclinal folds (F1-2) largely control the distribution and thickness of lithofacies observed within the Powderhouse formation. Third generation folds create a fold interference pattern recognized

by steepening and shallowing of bedding over tens of meters, and also result in map-scale open

folds about the Threehouse Synform (Fig. 2).

In the Lalor area (Fig. 4) strata strike north, dip east to near vertical (67-88o), and reversals

in facing direction reflect tight north-trending F1 tight isoclinal folds. A steeply dipping N-toNW-

striking S2 foliation and a steeply dipping NNE-striking south dipping S3 foliation defined by the

alignment of amphibole and mica overprint the limbs of the F1 fold axis. Clast elongation defines

o an L2 lineation that trends to the N-NNE with a plunge of 20-30 . The tight isoclinal F1 folds are

interpreted to be parasitic to an anticline to the west and that the overall facing direction of the unit

is to the east.

In the South Chisel basin area (Fig. 5) strata strike NNW to WNW and dip 05–76o to the

north, with facing predominantly to the NE. Tight NNW trending F2 folds and S2 fabric defined by

mineral alignment and clast flattening is overprinted by an S3 crenulation cleavage striking N to

o NE. An L2 lineation, defined by clast elongation, trends NNW and plunges ~30 . The two north- striking faultsin the South Chisel basin area are defined by abrupt truncations and offset of map units of the Chisel member. Lithofacies of the Lost member do not truncate at these faults and are only moderately offset compared to lithofacies of the Chisel member (Fig. 5).

2.3.2 Powderhouse formation

The Powderhouse formation ranges in thickness, from ~40 to 320 m, across the Lalor-

Chisel basin (Fig. 6). However, due to tight folding and a lack of facing indicators within the

predominantly massive facies, coupled with metamorphic overprinting, the apparent thickness of

the unit can be upwards of 650 m. It is thickest in the South Chisel basin area and thins towards

the Ghost mine area to the east and the Lalor area to the NNW. The Powderhouse formation

consists of massive crystal- and crystal-vitric-tuffs and lapilli tuffs that are intercalated with coarse

heterolithic breccias. It is divisible into three members, which from oldest to youngest include the

Chisel, Lalor and Lost members, each named after type localities.

The Powderhouse formation conformably overlies Moore basalt breccias and lavas and is conformably overlain by Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks. At most localities the lower contact with Moore basalt breccias is gradational over 1-2 m and defined by the intercalation of

Moore mafic tuff and massive felsic crystal-tuffs of the Chisel member. Elsewhere, the lower contact is sharp or faulted with Moore pillowed basalt flows. Bedded volcaniclastic rocks of the

Lost member conformably overly Moore pillowed basalt in the Ghost area. The upper contact is a gradational transition and is defined by a compositional change from Powderhouse formation felsic volcaniclastic rocks to Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks. The base of the Threehouse formation is placed at the first appearance of juvenile basalt lapilli that are compositional and chemically identical to the Threehouse basalt (i.e. lower abundance of incompatible trace elements compared to the highly fractionated Moore basalt, Powderhouse formation, and Chisel-Ghost rhyolites; Bailes and Galley, 2007; this study).

Lithofacies of the Powderhouse formation are described in detail below and summarized in Table 1, photographs can be found in Fig. 7a-f and 8a-f.

Chisel member

The Chisel member consists of massive crystal- and crystal-vitric tuff and lapilli tuff intercalated with coarse breccias. It is divisible into eight distinct lithofacies, which define an ordered internal stratigraphy and are best exposed in the south Chisel basin (Fig. 5). North-striking faults in the South Chisel basin area are recognized by the abrupt lateral termination of massive crystal-vitric lapilli tuff lithofacies to the west and coarse heterolithic breccia lithofacies to the

east. The Chisel member is conformably overlain by stratified felsic heterolithic tuff breccia of the

Lost member. From oldest to youngest, the eight lithofacies are described below.

Lithofacies I: Massive crystal-vitric-rich lapilli tuff

Lithofacies I is located at the base of the Powderhouse formation in the western portion of

the South Chisel basin area. It is 90 m thick, strikes NNW-SSE for 800 m and ends abruptly against a north-striking fault. The contact with the underlying Moore basalt flows and basalt breccia is transitional over 1-2 m and marked by intercalated Moore mafic tuff and massive feldspar crystal-

rich lapilli tuff with juvenile, flattened, vitric lapilli and dacite lapilli of the Powderhouse

formation. The upper contact is gradational over 5-10 m and is defined by the absence of juvenile

vitric-lapilli, a decrease in abundance and size of dacite lapilli and feldspar crystals, and the presence of planar-and graded-bedding as the massive felsic lapilli-tuff fines upwards to a bedded felsic tuff (lithofacies II).

Lithofacies II: Bedded felsic tuff with minor heterolithic blocks

Located in the western portion of the South Chisel basin area, lithofacies II is a thinly bedded (2 – 50 mm) felsic tuff with <5% aphyric dacite lapilli and trace (<1%) blocks of quartz-

feldspar-phyric rhyolite, plagioclase-phyric basalt, and amphibole-garnet altered tuff. Locally this

lithofacies displays normal grading and scour structures (Fig. 7a). It ends abruptly against a north

striking fault, a minimum strike length of 660 m and an estimated true thickness of 20 m. This unit

is conformably overlain by the massive crystal-rich tuff of lithofacies VII, and the contact is sharp,

defined by an increase in feldspar crystals and a change from bedded to massive facies.

Lithofacies III: Coarse felsic breccia

A coarse, clast-supported, felsic breccia with quartz-feldspar-phyric (QFP) rhyolite clasts,

aphyric dacite clasts and a felsic tuff matrix (Fig. 7b) occurs at the base of the Powderhouse

formation in the central portion of the South Chisel basin area. It is bounded to the west and east

by north striking faults. It has a strike-length of 300 m and an estimated true thickness of 40 m.

The lower contact of this unit is with a plagioclase-pyroxene-phyric intrusion. The upper contact is with a coarse mafic breccia (lithofacies IV), gradational over 50 – 100 cm and is defined by a

distinct change in color and a decrease in quartz-feldspar-phyric clasts (from 35 to 5%) and the appearance of plagioclase-phyric basalt clasts (~20%) pyroxene-plagioclase phyric basalt clasts

(~15%) and vesicular aphyric basalt (<5%).

Lithofacies IV: Coarse mafic breccia

A coarse, clast-supported, mafic breccia with aphyric, vesicular, amygdaloidal,

plagioclase-phyric basalt, and pyroxene-plagioclase-phyric basalt clasts in a mafic tuff matrix (Fig.

7c), is located in the central portion of the South Chisel basin area. Its east-west extent is

constrained by two north striking faults. This unit occurs in the nose of a NNW-SSE striking F1-2

anticline that has been overprinted by a NE-SW striking F3 syncline. The clasts display a strong S2

flattening and an S3 crenulation fabric. It has a strike-length of 350 m and an estimated true

thickness of 40 m. The upper contact is conformable, sharp and defined by a decrease in clast size

and an abrupt change to the monolithic felsic lapilli tuff of lithofacies V (Fig. 7d).

Lithofacies V: Felsic lapilli tuff with mafic vitric-lapilli

A matrix-supported lapilli-tuff that is less than 5 m thick, and is defined by the presence of

40-45 % mafic vitric-lapilli occurs in the central portion of the South Chisel basin area where its

250 m strike length is constrained by two north striking faults. It is tightly folded about NNW

striking F1-2 folds, and further shortened by open F3 folds. The contacts with the underlying coarse

mafic breccia (lithofacies IV) and the overlying coarse heterolithic breccia (lithofacies VI) are

conformable, but sharp, and defined by an abrupt decrease in clast size as well as a change in clast types and population.

Lithofacies VI: Coarse heterolithic breccia (lower)

A coarse, clast-supported, heterolithic breccia, ~40 m thick, containing rhyolite (~20%),

dacite (~50%), and basalt (~30%) block- and lapilli-sized clasts occurs in the central portion of the

South Chisel basin area and its 220 m strike-length is constrained by two north striking faults. It

is tightly folded about a NNW-striking F1-2 fold axis. The lower and upper contacts (with lithofacies V and VII respectively) are sharp and conformable, with the upper contact defined by an abrupt decrease in blocks and lapilli.

Lithofacies VII: Massive crystal-rich tuff and lapilli-tuff with minor blocks

Lithofacies VII comprises massive to bedded felsic tuff with feldspar crystals, minor lithic

dacite lapilli (Fig. 7e), and sparse blocks of basalt, rhyolite, and tuff. This lithofacies also contains

juvenile mafic lapilli with delicate clast margins and cuspate textures (Fig. 7f). It occurs in the

western and central portions of the South Chisel basin area, has a minimum strike length of 800

m, and a thickness of ~80 – 120 m (Fig.5). It terminates against a north striking fault to the east

and the Chisel Lake gabbro to the west (Fig. 2). Lithofacies VII is folded about a NNW striking

F1-2 fold (Fig. 5). The lower contact is conformable and sharp, with the underlying bedded tuff

(lithofacies II) in the west, and the underlying heterolithic breccia (lithofacies VI) in the east. The

upper contact is sharp and conformable with coarse heterolithic breccias (lithofacies VIII), and locally is directly overlain by stratified tuff breccias (lithofacies XIII) of the Lost member.

Lithofacies VIII: Coarse heterolithic breccia (upper)

Lithofacies VIII is a coarse, clast-supported, heterolithic breccia containing rhyolite (~10

%), andesite-dacite (~30 %), and basalt (~25 %) block- to lapilli-size clasts (Fig. 8a). It is

characterized by minor (2 – 3 %) quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite blocks and 10% feldspar crystals.

It occurs in the central portion of the South Chisel basin area, has a strike-length of 200 m, is 10 –

20 m thick, and is laterally constrained by two north striking faults. Lithofacies VIII is tightly folded about NNW striking F1-2 folds. The lower contact of this unit is conformable and sharp

(with lithofacies VII) and the upper contact, with overlying bedded felsic heterolithic tuff breccia

(lithofacies XIII) of the Lost member, is conformable, sharp and defined by the occurrence of

bedding (1 – 50 cm thick) in the overlying unit.

Lalor member

The distinctive crystal-vitric-lapilli tuff (lithofacies IX) and crystal-tuff (lithofacies X)

lithofacies recognized in the Lalor area are identical to lithofacies I and VII, respectively, in the

South Chisel basin area. However, these lithofacies are better exposed in the Lalor mine area (Fig.

4), occur at different stratigraphic positions, and are therefore described as separate lithofacies.

The coarse breccias of the Chisel member recognized in the south Chisel basin area are notably

absent in the Lalor area where the base of the Powderhouse formation in the Lalor area is intruded

by the Chisel Gabbro (Fig. 2). Repetition of lithofacies in the Lalor area reflects tight, map-scale

isoclinal folding (F1) as shown in Fig. 4. The Lalor member is conformably overlain by stratified,

mafic-dominated heterolithic tuff breccia of the Lost member.

Lithofacies IX: Massive crystal-vitric-rich lapilli tuff

Lithofacies IX constitutes the lowermost unit of the Powderhouse formation in the Lalor

area. It is a massive, feldspar crystal-rich lapilli tuff with 5 – 15% black, elongate, juvenile, vitric

lapilli and lithic dacite lapilli in a tuff matrix containing 25 – 30% feldspar crystals and minor (5%)

garnet. It strikes north, has a minimum strike length of 1 km and a thickness of ~ 90 m and is repeated by F1 folds (Fig. 4). Although not exposed at surface, the lower contact is observed in

drill core to be conformable and sharp with altered Moore basalt flows and tuff-breccias. The upper

contact is conformable and gradational (over 1 -5 m) with a bedded, fine-grained crystal-tuff

lithofacies and is defined by the loss of both vitric and lithic lapilli and a decrease in feldspar

crystal size and abundance.

Lithofacies X: Bedded felsic crystal tuff

This light grey, massive, fine-grained felsic tuff with minor feldspar and quartz crystals

strikes north, has a minimum strike length of 1 km, a thickness of 5 – 10 m, and is repeated by a

tight F1 fold (Fig. 4). Its upper contact is conformable and sharp with green-grey, well-bedded,

feldspar crystal-rich lapilli tuff of the Lost member; scour structures in the overlying heterolithic

crystal-rich lapilli tuff extend into felsic tuff of lithofacies X.

Lost Member

The Lost member consists of stratified tuff, lapilli tuff, and tuff breccia, ranges in thickness

from 10 – 60 m and it conformably overlies the Chisel and Lalor members (Figs. 4 – 6). The unit

is thickest (60 m) in the South Chisel basin area where it has a felsic tuff matrix with heterolithic

clasts. In the Lalor area, the Lost member is thinner (10 m) and is a green-grey heterolithic feldspar-crystal-rich lapilli tuff to tuff-breccia. The Lost member is also recognized as intercalated felsic and mafic tuff or very fine-grained laminated tuff that stratigraphically overlies the massive felsic crystal-tuff of the Powderhouse formation and underlies Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks.

Lithofacies XI: Stratified heterolithic crystal-rich tuff breccia with intermediate matrix

Lithofacies XI comprises green-grey, stratified beds of feldspar crystal-rich tuff, lapilli tuff, and tuff breccia that contain 3 – 5% basalt and 1 – 2% rhyolite blocks (Fig. 8b). It is restricted to the Lalor area, where it strikes north, is repeated by an F1 fold, has a minimum strike length of 1.1

km, and is ~20 m thick. The lower contact with underlying light grey felsic tuff is conformable, sharp and is marked by a scour structure. The upper contact with the Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks, observed at the eastern extent of the Lalor area map (Fig. 4), is gradational from more felsic to mafic tuff matrix, and the base of the Threehouse volcaniclastic unit is marked by the first appearance of juvenile plagioclase-phyric basalt lapilli (Fig. 8c) that are compositionally and chemically identical to the Threehouse coherent basalt flows.

Lithofacies XII: Interbedded felsic and mafic tuff

Lithofacies XII comprises interbedded, coarse- to medium-grained felsic and mafic tuff that are locally very fine-grained and altered to a metamorphic assemblage of quartz, garnet, and staurolite. Depositional features observed in this unit include planar laminations in the very fine-

grained tuff, and planar and gradational bedding in the coarser tuff beds. This unit is 5-10 m thick

and is observed only in drill core south of the Lalor mine area and north of the Chisel mine area;

the lateral extent of this lithofacies is unknown. The upper and lower contacts are both conformable

and gradational over 1 – 5 m with overlying Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks and the

underlying massive felsic crystal-tuff (lithofacies X).

Lithofacies XIII: Stratified heterolithic tuff-breccia with felsic matrix

Lithofacies XIII consists of stratified beds (0.1 – 1 m) of felsic tuff, lapilli tuff, and tuff breccia that contain blocks of rhyolite (10%), dacite (10%), basalt (5%), and tuff/lapilli-tuff (5%;

Figs. 8d, e). Depositional features observed in this unit include planar laminated bedding, normal

and reverse graded bedding, channel structures, and scour marks. Localized alteration patches of amphibole-garnet-feldspar are observed around blocks and along bedding planes as well as along localized faults (Fig. 8f). Lithofacies XIII has a minimum strike length of 1 km, and a maximum

thickness of 60 m (southwest side of Lost Lake). In the west and central portions of the South

Chisel basin area it conformably overlies massive felsic crystal-rich tuff (lithofacies VII) and

coarse heterolithic breccia (lithofacies VIII), and the contact is defined by the by the appearance

of well-defined bedding. Lithofacies XIII fines and thins to the east where it is in contact with

Moore mafic breccia; the lower contact is sharp and marked by a fault, the upper contact is not

exposed.

2.3.3 Geochemistry

Rocks in the SLA have locally undergone extensive hydrothermal alteration related to the

VMS deposits and regional upper greenschist to amphibole grade metamorphism (Froese and

Moore, 1980; Galley and Bailes, 2002; Bailes et al., 2016). Under these conditions most major

elements and low field strength elements (LFSE) are mobile, but Al2O3, TiO2, P2O5, rare earth

elements (REE), high field strength elements (HFSE), and transition metals are usually immobile

(MacLean, 1990; Jenner 1996). Variability in ratios of immobile Zr (McLean 1990) to the major

elements suggests that, as expected, SiO2, Na2O, CaO, MgO and Fe2O3 are mobile, whereas, a lack of scatter in the Zr vs. P2O5, TiO2, Al2O3, Th, Nb, and Sm plots indicate they are largely immobile

(e.g. Figs. 9a-h). Immobility of these key elements were also verified using the geochemical indices and criteria listed in Table 2. Only samples that meet all these geochemical criteria are

considered as least altered and used to classify the rocks.

Geochemical methods

Samples were analyzed by x-ray fluorescence (XRF; major elements) and inductively

coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; trace elements) at Ontario Geoscience Laboratories

in Sudbury, Ontario. Sample preparation included crushing of whole rock samples by a steel jaw

crusher and powdering in an agate mill. Pulps were split, and samples being analyzed by XRF

were first run for loss on ignition (LOI: 105OC under nitrogen atmosphere, 1000OC under oxygen

atmosphere) and then fused with borate flux to produce a glass bead for analysis. Samples being

analyzed by ICP-MS were further prepared in solution by closed vessel multi-acid digest method.

Upper and lower detection limits for individual elements by each analytical method are listed in

the Ontario Geoscience Laboratories’ “Geoscience Laboratories 2016 Schedule of Fees and

Services”. Relative standard deviations (%RSD) for duplicate samples were <5% for XRF analyzes and <15% for ICP-MS analyzes.

Pulps prepared by the Ontario Geoscience Laboratories were then sent to the Pacific Center for Isotopic and Geochemical Research in Vancouver, British Columbia for radiogenic isotopic analyses. Eight samples were analyzed for neodymium, hafnium, and lead radiogenic isotopes by a Nu plasma 1700 multi-collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) and element concentrations were analyzed by Thermo Finnigan Element2 high resolution ICP-MS (HR-ICP-MS). Samples were

prepared in solution for analyzes using high-pressure Teflon vessels (bomb dissolution method).

Analyzes followed the methods of Weis. et. al. (2005, 2006, 2007). Values for the United States

Geological Survey (USGS) reference standard G3 yielded an average 143Nd/144Nd ratio 0.512233

with analytical uncertainty of 0.000012 (2SE), average 176Hf/177Hf ratio 0.282513 with analytical

uncertainty of 0.000003 (2SE), average 208Pb/204Pb ratio 38.8655 with analytical uncertainty of

0.0167 (2SD), average 207Pb/204Pb ratio 15.6353 with analytical uncertainty of 0.0037 (2SD), and

an average 206Pb/204Pb ratio 18.4119 with analytical uncertainty of 0.0636 (2SD).

Initial εNd values are reported relative to a chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) that yields

present day values of 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512638 (Goldstein et al., 1984) and 147Sm/144Nd =

0.1967 (Jacobsen and Wasserburg, 1980). Initial εHf values are reported relative to CHUR that

yields present day values of 176Hf/177Hf = 0.282785 (Bouvier et al., 2008) and 176Lu/177Hf =

0.0336 (Bouvier et al., 2008). Epsilon values were calculated at 1.89 Ga, the current accepted age

of the syn-volcanic Sneath Lake Pluton in SLA (Bailes et al., 1991; David et al., 1996).

Results

The Powderhouse formation is geochemically divisible into two distinct members, the Lalor and

Chisel members. This division is based on differences in the trace element and isotopic

composition of homogeneous, massive volcaniclastic lithofacies (I, II, VII, IX, X). Due to the

heterogenetic clast populations in many of the Powderhouse lithofacies, they could not be used for petrogenetic studies; however, individual clasts within the heterogeneous units were analyzed to determine potential source rocks, with implications for the volcanic reconstruction. Geochemical results for the homogeneous volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies of the Lalor and Chisel members are compared in Tables 3 – 4, and results for the lithic clast constituents are found in the Table 5.

Homogeneous massive volcaniclastic lithofacies of the Lalor member plot as andesitic and

those of the Chisel member plot as dacitic based on Zr/TiO2 and Nb/Y ratios (Table 4, Fig. 10a).

Indiviual clasts from the Chisel member plot from basalt to andesite (Fig. 10a). Unusually low Zr

concentrations in the felsic rocks of the Chisel sequence may cause the Lalor and Chisel members

to plot more mafic then the minerology suggests. Stern et al. (1995) interpreted that a Zr-depleted refractory mantle may have led to low Zr concentrations in the parental magma that formed the felsic units in the Chisel sequence. Despite low Zr concentration, the Zr/TiO2 and Nb/Y ratios

provide evidence for two distinct populations (Fig. 10a, b). The Lalor member can also be

distinguished from the Chisel member by distinctly lower abundances of Nb and Th, and a larger

negative Nb anomaly relative to Th and La (Tables 3, 4 and Fig. 10d). Primitive mantle-

normalized values (Sun and McDonough, 1989) and chondrite-normalized values (Sun and

McDonough, 1989) show that both the Chisel and Lalor members have flat HREE patterns;

however, the Chisel member shows a greater LREE enrichment (steeper slope) than the Lalor

member (Table 4, Figs. 9c, d). Isotopically, the Lalor member has higher εNd and εHf values and

lower Pb ratios compared to the Chisel member (Tables 6,7 and Figs. 11a, b).

Lalor member geochemistry

Homogeneous volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies (IX, X) have andesitic Zr/TiO2 and Nb/Y

ratios using the volcanic rock classification scheme of Winchester and Floyd (1977; Fig. 10a).

The Lalor member can be distinguished from the Chisel member by distinctly lower abundances

of Nb and Th, which is reflected in key element average ratios (Nb/Y =0.23, Nb/Yb= 2.17,

Th/Yb = 0.52, Nb/Zr = 0.05, and Nb/Th = 4.19), and a larger negative Nb anomaly relative to Th

and La for the Lalor member compared to the Chisel member (Table 4; Fig. 10d). Primitive

mantle-normalized values (Sun and McDonough, 1989) and chondrite-normalized values (Sun and McDonough, 1989) of the Lalor member show flat HREE patterns and moderate enrichment in LREEs (Nb/Lamn = 0.43, Nb/Thmn = 0.50, La/Smch = 2.20, and Sm/Ybch = 1.55), but to a lesser

degree when compared to the Chisel member (Table 4, Fig. 10b,c). Isotopically, the Lalor member has higher εNd (+2.5-+4.2) and εHf (+7.1-+9.3) values and lower Pb ratios (206/204Pb =

17.572–18.743, 207/204Pb = 15.410-15.560, 208/204Pb = 36.288-37.120) when compared to the

Chisel member (Tables 6, 7).

Chisel member geochemistry

Homogeneous volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies (I, II, VII) have dacitic Zr/TiO2 and Nb/Y

ratios using the volcanic rock classification scheme of Winchester and Floyd (1977; Fig. 10a).

Individual clasts within the Chisel member have Zr/TiO2 and Nb/Y ratios coincident with basalt,

23 basaltic andesite and andesite (Fig. 10a). The Chisel member has higher Nb and Th values then the Lalor member, which is reflected in key element average ratios (Nb/Y = 0.39, Nb/Yb= 3.72,

Th/Yb = 2.19, Nb/Zr = 0.08, and Nb/Th = 1.70; Table 4; Figs. 10a, d). Primitive mantle- normalized values (Sun and McDonough, 1989) and chondrite-normalized values (Sun and

McDonough, 1989) of the Chisel member show flat HREE patterns, more enriched LREEs

(moderate slope), and more pronounced negative Nb anomalies, relative to Th and La, in comparison with the Lalor member (Figs.10 c, d ; Nb/Lamn = 0.22, Nb/Thmn = 0.20, La/Smch =

3.35, and Sm/Ybch = 3.34). Isotopically the Chisel member has lower εNd (+2.2-+2.6) and εHf

(+5.8 -+8.1) values and higher Pb ratios (206/204Pb = 21.172–24.57, 207/204Pb = 15.829–16.150,

208/204Pb = 39.327-41.145) when compared to the Lalor member (Tables 6, 7).

2.4 Discussion

Though typically dominated by effusive lava flows, subaqueous eruptions may contain significant volcaniclastic material derived either from primary pyroclastic eruptions or from the remobilization or reworking of previously erupted volcanic material (Busby-Spera 1987; Cas and

Wright, 1991; Kokelaar and Busby, 1992; Wright and Gamble, 1999; Mueller et al., 2000; Cas et al., 2003; Clague et al., 2009; Rubingh et al., 2017). Interpreting a pyroclastic origin for ancient deposits is difficult, especially deposits such as those of the Powderhouse formation, which have been hydrothermally altered, polydeformed and metamorphosed to amphibolite facies. Volcanic components and textures (e.g. glass shards, pumice, welding and eutaxitic features) required to identify pyroclastic fragmentation are commonly destroyed or modified. There has been controversy in the terminology used to describe subaqueous volcanic deposits formed by fragmentation. For example, Cas and Wright (1991) suggest that for a deposit to be “a pyroclastic

24 flow deposit” it must display the following: 1) it must be comprised of pyroclastic debris; 2) the facies must be characteristic of a pyroclastic mass flow mode of deposition; and 3) it must display evidence for hot emplacement.

However, hot emplacement in a subaqueous environment is nearly impossible due to rapid cooling/quenching of pyroclastic material upon contact with cold seawater during eruption preventing the preservation of any evidence for hot emplacement. Furthermore, in hydrothermally active environments, primary mineralogy and textures are likely to be overprinted by seafloor and subseafloor hydrothermal alteration (Allen, 1988; Allen and Cas, 1990; Gifkins and Allen, 2001;

McPhie and Allen, 2003, Gifkins et al., 2005; Bull and McPhie, 2007) and by subsequent deformation and metamorphism. Thus, other researchers (e.g. Gibson et al., 1999, Kessel and

Busby, 2003; Hudak et al., 2003; Mueller et al., 2000; White, 2000; and Head and Wilson, 2003) have described various types of volcaniclastic deposits generated by subaqueous pyroclastic eruptions. White (2000) described in detail the products of subaqueous eruption-fed density currents, generated by pyroclastic eruptions, regardless of evidence for hot emplacement, and differentiated these pyroclastic deposits from those that have been genuinely reworked and redeposited by later post-eruption processes. The SLA is interpreted to represent a submarine arc

(Stern et al. 1992; Bailes and Schledewitz, 1998; Bailes and Galley, 1996,1999, 2007) and though there is no direct evidence of subaqueous emplacement for the Powderhouse formation it can be inferred as there is evidence for subaqueous emplacement of the conformably bounding lithological units. Pillowed flows and hyaloclastite within the underlying Snell and Moore basalts are indicative of a subaqueous environment (Bailes and Galley, 2007; this study) and the overlying

Threehouse volcaniclastic rocks show evidence for below storm wave base, shallow water and emergent environments (Bailes and Galley, 1996; 2007). The fact that the Powderhouse formation

forms the stratigraphic footwall to the VMS deposits of the Chisel sequence and includes alteration

and mineralization attributed to the VMS ore system is also consistent with a submarine volcanic

setting.

2.4.1 Origin and emplacement of the Chisel, and Lalor member lithofacies

Lithofacies I, II, IX & X

The basal lithofacies, I and II, of the Chisel member share common components, mineralogy, textures, structures, and bedforms with lithofacies IX and X of the Lalor member. They are the most distinctive and voluminous felsic volcaniclastic lithofacies within the Powderhouse formation and contain components consistent with pyroclastic fragmentation and display bedforms and organization consistent with primary submarine pyroclastic rocks.

They are composed of crystals (feldspar, sparse quartz), lithic (cognate) lapilli, are dominated by a fine, <2 mm ash-sized matrix, and contain black, wispy, clasts that contain phenocrysts of feldspar (sparse quartz). The wispy clasts are characteristically elongate-flat in

morphology and define a foliation. However, adjacent lithic clasts are not flattened which suggest

that the shape of the wispy clast cannot be attributed solely to deformation but may, in part, be due to early compaction, typical of juvenile glass or pumice that is preferentially susceptible to synvolcanic seafloor and subseafloor alteration (Allen, 1988; Allen and Cas, 1990; Gifkins and Allen,

2001; Kessel and Busby, 2003; McPhie and Allen, 2003, Gifkins et al., 2005; Bull and McPhie,

2007).

The internal organization of components and bedforms of lithofacies I, II, IX and X are consistent with those described for primary pyroclastic deposits produced by submarine, eruption- fed and water-supported pyroclastic flows (Fiske, 1963; Fiske and Matsunda, 1964, Bond, 1973;

Yamada, 1973; Niem, 1977; Morton and Nebel, 1984; Cas and Wright, 1991; Kano, 1996, Gibson et al., 1999; White, 2000; Head and Wilson, 2003; Hudak et al., 2003; Kessel and Busby, 2003).

The massive beds of lithofacies I and IX, and the lack of sedimentary structures are typical of the coarser grained, lithic- and crystal-rich base of submarine pyroclastic mass flow deposits. Sparse blocks of mafic and felsic lithic volcanic clasts, particularly in lithofacies IX, are likely derived from the substrate during emplacement and entrained in the high-energy mass flow. The finer, massive, to thin bedded tuff of lithofacies II and X also display normal grading, scour structures, and broken crystals. The angular and broken crystals in lithofacies X suggest explosive fragmentation (White 2000). The graded beds and scour structures indicate rapid deposition from high-density turbidity currents and the planar laminated beds indicate a decrease in energy and leading to suspension deposition from the water column (Mueller et al., 2000). Thus, lithofacies

I, II, IX, X are interpreted to be a product of subaqueous pyroclastic eruptions and subsequent eruption-fed density currents. Furthermore, these lithofacies are voluminous and uniform in composition and texture across the basin, suggesting one provenance and a primary pyroclastic origin.

The minimum volume of pyroclastic material erupted for the Chisel member (lithofacies

I,II,VII) is approximately 250 m3 based on a 210 m thickness and 1.2 km strike length, assuming that the basin in which these units were deposited is cylindrical. Using the same formula, the minimum volume of pyroclastic material erupted for the Lalor member (lithofacies IX, X) is approximately 2.2 km3 based on a 5 km strike length and 110 m thickness. The minimum volume of pyroclastic material erupted for the Powderhouse formation would then be approximately 2.5 km3. Although this volume is small compared to other documented subaqueous pyroclastic mass flow deposits (i.e. Sturgeon Lake Caldera Complex, up to 24 km3, Hudak et al. 2003) it does not

take into account the potential volume lost due to erosion and deformation, and thickness variations that were not documented in this study, in particular little is known about the internal structure and thickness of the Powderhouse formation west of the Chisel Lake gabbroic intrusion as previously mapped by Bailes and Galley (2007). Rubingh et al. 2017 suggests that if the pyroclastic flows in the McLeod Road –Birch Lake area are a thrust repetition of the Powderhouse formation then the total volume of pyroclastic material could be upwards of 10 km3. Moreover, recent studies of

modern submarine silicic eruptions suggest that eruption size and magma production is vastly

underestimated in the ancient rock record. Carey et al. 2018 estimated a loss of ~75% of the total

material erupted from the 2012 submarine silicic eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermedec arc, as this material was partitioned into a pumice raft that travelled far from the volcanic edifice from which it originated. If we applied this concept to the emplacement of the Powderhouse formation then the total volume of pyroclastic material could be upwards of 40 km3.

It was generally assumed that without unusually high volatile content pyroclastic eruptions were limited to less than 2000 m depth, the critical hydrostatic pressure for explosive fragmentation (McBirney, 1963; Pecover et al. 1973; Kokelarr 1986; Cas 1992; Gibson et al.

1999). However, more recent studies of modern submarine pyroclastic eruptions have provided new evidence suggesting explosive fragmentation can occur that depths upwards of 3000 m (Head and Wilson, 2003; Clague et al., 2009). A modern analog for the Powderhouse formation is the deep water (up to 1220 m) silicic eruptions during the 2012 submarine eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermadec arc, New Zealand (Carey et al. 2018). The eruption created a 400 km2 thick raft

of pumice as well as 35 km2 apron of tuff-breccia with pumice blocks as large at 9 m surrounding

the summit caldera. Deposits of felsic pyroclastic material including pumice clasts were also recorded at water depths upwards of 2100 m in the Woodlark and Manus extensional rift basins

off the coast of Papua New Guinea (Binns, 2003). Fouquet et al. (1998) documented extensive

volcaniclastic deposits along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) reaching water depths up in excess

of 2000 m within the “Lucky Strike” 15 km wide rift valley. The volcaniclastic lithofacies

described by Fouquet et al. (1998) are similar to those of the Powderhouse formation with both

massive crystal tuff units and well bedded sequences of fine tuff and coarse breccia deposits. Also documented were highly vesicular glass fragments that showed evidence of stretching and elongation prior to and during quenching, similar to the “flattened juvenile clasts” found in lithofacies (I and IX) of the Powderhouse formation, and although there are no welding textures observed, both Fouquet et al. (1998) and Head and Wilson (2003) have interpreted these MAR volcaniclastic deposits to be of pyroclastic origin. Thus, the qualitative maximum water depth during Powderhouse volcanism could be up to 3000 m if contemporaneous with basin subsidence, with a minimum water depth of >200m based on the lack of sedimentary structures such as hummocky crossbedding that indicate it was emplaced below storm wave base (Cas and Wright,

1991; Mueller and Wright, 1992; Kano et al. 1996; Hudak et al. 2003; Kessel and Busby 2003;

Cas et al. 2003; Busby, 2005; Allen and McPhie, 2009).

Lithofacies III

Two clast types (rhyolite and andesite) dominate this lithofacies. The andesite clasts are nearly identical to those in the pyroclastic mass flow lithofacies (I, II, VII) of the Chisel member (Fig.

10a), suggesting they were derived from the same parental magma. The rhyolite clasts display similar REE patterns to the differentiated rocks of the lower Chisel sequence and plot similar to the Chisel member pyroclastic mass flows on the volcanic rock discrimination diagram (Fig. 10a), suggesting that the rhyolite may also be related to Powderhouse volcanism. Channel structures and

29 the coarse, blocky nature of this breccia are consistent with transportation by high-concentration mass flows and deposition within basins. The rhyolite clasts are interpreted to have been derived from a rhyolite flow/dome. The block-size clasts and heterolithic character suggest that this lithofacies represents a syn-eruptive, resedimented deposit perhaps derived by collapse along nearby fault scarps.

Lithofacies IV, VI & VIII

Lithofacies IV, VI, and VIII are heterolithic, crudely bedded to poorly sorted and massive, and are laterally discontinuous, which suggests that they were emplaced as mass debris flows and deposited within topographic lows (sub-basins). These lithofacies contain plagioclase-phyric and aphyric, vesicular basalt clasts with geochemical signatures typical of Moore basalt, as well as andesite clasts with geochemical signatures typical of the Chisel member pyroclastic mass flows.

Felsic blocks and lapilli may have been derived from the underlying felsic breccia or could have been sourced from the same flow/dome as lithofacies II. Lithofacies VIII also contains plagioclase- phyric andesite, and quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite clasts with geochemical signatures typical of the Chisel member pyroclastic flows. Other clasts include a plagioclase-phyric, subalkaline basalt, and two types of aphyric andesitic basalt that have chemistry different from any Chisel sequence units for which there is data. The occurrence of basalt clasts derived from the older and underlying

Moore basalt suggests localized unroofing, perhaps related to ongoing subsidence, that exposed the Moore formation along faults scarps with clasts transported as debris into the basin from these fault scarps. The sharp, conformable contacts separating these units suggest that they each represent a distinct debris flow event.

Lithofacies V

The irregular and delicate shapes of mafic vitric lapilli in this unit suggest that the clasts were not

transported far from the source. Since this unit is laterally restricted and within a package of thick,

coarse breccias, it is interpreted to be the result of mass wasting generated by localized faulting,

sourcing glassy basalt fragments either from the margins of a basalt lava or already deposited

volcaniclastic debris, which mixed with felsic tuff in the basin originally deposited as a result of

Powderhouse volcanism.

Lithofacies VII

The massive, thick (0.1 - 5 m) beds and crystal-rich nature of this unit suggests that it was deposited as high concentration mass flows. The geochemical and isotopic signatures of this unit are nearly identical to lithofacies I and II suggesting derivation from the same parental magma; however, the

very fine-grained texture of the massive tuff and decrease in size and abundance of crystals lapilli

suggests that the eruption was more violent than the eruption of lithofacies I and II. Blocks of

plagioclase-phyric basalt that are geochemically similar to Moore basalt, and rhyolite blocks

similar to the Chisel rhyolite, suggest exposure of the older Moore basalt through faulting. Blocks

of laminated tuff are interpreted to have been entrained in the high concentration mass flow as it

moved downslope, potentially scouring and entraining ash-sized fragments of lithofacies II.

Comparison of the Lalor and Chisel member “Pyroclastic” mass flow geochemistry

Only the least altered homogeneous samples were used for comparison of the Chisel and Lalor

member pyroclastic mass flows to reduce any potential false indicators due to heterogeneity in

these volcaniclastic rock samples. Samples were taken from several exposures and were analyzed

using the methods outlined above (see Analytical Methods). Therefore, we are confident that the

geochemical variations between the two pyroclastic mass flows are intrinsic and provide useful

insight to the origin of these rocks.

Lithofacies I and II of the Chisel member and lithofacies IX and X of the Lalor member share similar geochemical characteristics, elevated LREEs relative to HREEs, negative Ti and V anomalies, and negative Nb relative to Th and La (Figs. 10 c, d; Table 4) all suggesting a volcanic arc setting. Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb isotopes and Nb-Th-Yb systematics indicate the magmas producing these pyroclastic flows originated from the mixing of a mantle derived magma contaminated by continental crust within a volcanic arc setting (Figs. 11a-c). Positive Eu anomalies are likely a result of the concentration of Eu in early formed plagioclase that accumulated at the top of the magma chamber and was then explosively and preferentially erupted as a pyroclastic mass flow thereby concentrating Eu in these deposits. The Chisel member and Lalor member pyroclastic mass flows were erupted by similar processes and share similar geochemical signatures related to the tectonic setting. Both members show evidence of crustal contamination of a mantle derived magma and have similar overall HFSE concentrations, suggesting they are derived from the same mantle source (Pearce and Peate, 1995). However, there are distinctive differences in the isotopic signatures and trace element ratios that suggest two different magma sources. The Chisel member shows a greater enrichment in the LREEs, LILEs, HFSEs with the exception of P, Ti, and V, which have lower abundances when compared to the Lalor member. The enrichment of LREE and LILE in the Chisel member suggests that the parental magma underwent a greater degree of mixing and/or crustal contamination (Pearce and Peate, 1995). Fig.11a compares the Lalor and Chisel members on a Nb/Yb vs. ƐNd diagram (after Stern et al. 1995), the Chisel member shows a greater degree of mixing of older crustal Nd, where the Lalor member requires limited mixing of older crustal Nd. The Chisel member also has lower ƐNd and ƐHf, and higher isotopic lead ratios than the Lalor member, suggesting the Chisel member magma was formed as a product of greater crustal contamination and mixing (Stern et al, 1992; Bailes and Galley, 1999; this study). Fig. 11b

shows the evolution of Pb along N-MORB and upper crust isochrons with the input from either

subducted slab metasomatism or the subduction of sediments. The Pb reference isochron is

between N-MORB and upper crust isochrons (Kramers and Tolstikin, 1997). Both the Chisel and

Lalor members have positive correlation with the upper crust isochron, with the Chisel member

having higher Pb ratios then the Lalor member, further evidence of greater crustal contamination

in the Chisel member parental magma. Increased Th/Yb ratios also indicate a degree of subduction

zone influence and/or crustal contamination for both the Lalor and Chisel members (Fig. 11c).

2.4.2 Origin and Emplacement of the Lost Member

Lithofacies XI, XII, & XIII

The Lost member represents a time stratigraphic interval, the “Ore Interval”, that marks contemporaneous rhyolite dome eruption, VMS formation, and a hiatus in explosive volcanism.

The composition of this member is dependent on its components. The heterolithic, block-rich

nature of some beds is consistent with deposition via high concentration mass flows. Channel

structures, cross-laminations, and graded bedding are interpreted to be the result of re-working by

bottom currents with mass wasting off fault scarps. Planar laminated tuffs in this unit are

interpreted to be the result of suspension sedimentation.

Lithofacies XI in the Lalor area contains clasts of rhyolite that are geochemically similar

to low-Ti rhyolite in the Photo area (Engelbert et al., 2014), suggesting that this unit either post- dates or is contemporaneous with the emplacement of Photo rhyolite, which hosts the Au-rich

Photo VMS deposit. The upper contact of this unit is conformable and is marked by an increase in

felspar crystal abundance and size, and the first appearance of plagioclase-phyric juvenile basalt

clasts (with geochemical signatures similar to Threehouse basalt flows characterized by relatively

flat REE patterns, sub-alkaline basalt Zr/TiO2 – Nb/Y ratios, slight negative Nb and Sm anomalies

and slight positive Al, V, and Sc anomalies), these features suggest the onset of mafic Threehouse

volcanism and the end of felsic Powderhouse volcanism. Meter-sized rhyolite and basalt blocks along with localized syn-volcanic faults (i.e. faults that do not persist into the conformable underlaying or overlying units and display rotation of clasts and beds opposed to sharp cross- cutting relationships) in this unit suggest derivation via mass wasting and or collapse along nearby fault scarps and deposition into a basin structure. These are features also seen in lithofacies XIII in the South Chisel basin area suggesting a dynamic environment where active subsidence is creating localized basins within the larger basin.

Lithofacies XII, as observed in drill core, conformably overlies the intermediate massive

crystal tuff of the Lalor member and conformably underlies Threehouse mafic tuff. The unit differs

from lithofacies XI and XIII as it lacks coarse clastic material and any evidence of syn-volcanic

faulting. However, the intercalated beds of fine-grained felsic tuff and medium-grained mafic tuff

form a gradational contact up to 10 m thick and represent the transition from felsic Powderhouse

volcanism to mafic Threehouse volcanism. Occasionally a very fine-grained, bedded, siliceous biotite-rich volcanic “mud” with minor garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts is found along this

contact. The unit was likely deposited distal to any active fault scarps because the tuff beds are

relatively undisturbed with the exception of the occasional channel or scour structure and the lack of large clasts. The massive tuff beds were likely deposited by high concentration mass flows and the very fine graded, bedded volcanic “mud” is interpreted as the product of suspension sedimentation.

Lithofacies XIII contains an abundance of heterolthic blocks and outcrop-scale synvolcanic faults, channel structures, scour marks, and normal and inverse graded bedding

suggesting this unit was deposited by high concentration mass flows and re-worked in a

tectonically active area. The clast types in this unit including rhyolite clasts that are geochemically

the same as the Chisel rhyolite (Chisel rhyolite geochemistry from Bailes, 2012; Stewart et al.

2018), and amygdaloidal andesite-basalt, and felsic lapilli-tuff and tuff blocks that are

geochemically similar to underlying Chisel member pyroclastic mass flows, suggest that this unit post-dates the pyroclastic mass flows of the Powderhouse and post-dates or is contemporaneous with the emplacement of the Chisel rhyolite, which hosts the Chisel VMS deposit. Furthermore,

the occurrence of blocks of re-sedimented pyroclastic material from the base of the Powderhouse formation in the upper most unit of the formation suggest subsidence was taking place during the emplacement of the Powderhouse formation.

The lithofacies of the Lost member are compositionally different but are stratigraphically equivalent based on conformable relationships observed in outcrop and drill core. Evidence for active subsidence is observed in both the Lalor and Chisel areas and clasts of Photo and Chisel rhyolite found within lithofacies of the Lost member suggest that rhyolite dome emplacement and

VMS formation was contemporaneous with the hiatus in explosive volcanism between the

Powderhouse and Threehouse volcanic events.

2.4.3 Volcanic reconstruction and evidence for subsidence during emplacement of the

Powderhouse formation

Methodology

In previous sections we provided evidence of a pyroclastic origin for lithofacies I, II, VII, IX and

X. Based on variations in thickness and distribution we also present evidence of synvolcanic

subsidence and argue that the Powderhouse formation is the product of explosive pyroclastic

35 eruptions that were accompanied by caldera-like subsidence during arc rifting. Documenting synvolcanic structures and subsidence in ancient, deformed terrains with limited outcrop is a challenge. To do this, we first had to define an internal stratigraphy for the Powderhouse formation, essentially an ordering of lithofacies so that their distribution, absence, thickness and extent could be recognized and mapped (Figs. 4-6). Second, we constructed a fence diagram using stratigraphic columns for the Powderhouse formation representative of lithofacies variations in the Lalor and

South Chisel basin areas as shown in Fig. 6. The Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks, a visually and compositionally distinctive marker unit, was used as the reference from which to hang the sections and define the top of the Powerhouse formation (Lost member).

Evidence of synvolcanic faulting

Gibson et al. (1999) present criteria for distinguishing synvolcanic structures in ancient volcanic successions including the following: 1) the presence of dikes or apophyses of synvolcanic intrusions; 2) the intensification of discordant hydrothermal alteration and/or abrupt changes in alteration type; 3) abrupt changes in a unit’s or units’ thickness(es); 4) the offset of a unit with subsequent units not offset; and 5) localized deposits of monolithic to heterolithic coarse breccia.

Detailed lithofacies mapping of the Powderhouse formation has provided evidence for most (2 –

5) of these criteria, most dramatically the abrupt lateral termination and offset of only some but not all units, and thick packages of coarse heterolithic volcanic breaccias observed in the South

Chisel basin area. From Fig. 6 and the South Chisel basin area map (Fig. 5) it is readily apparent that the lithofacies do not extend across map areas. Most, in fact, are restricted in their distribution, and abrupt changes in the thickness or the absence of lithofacies was used to define the north-south faults shown on the South Chisel basin area map and the “red” faults in Fig. 6, which separate the four stratigraphic columns. One might argue the offset of lithofacies could be, in part, a result of

subsequent deformation. However, the abrupt termination of 80+ m thick lithofacies at these faults,

while conformably bounding lithofacies continue across the faults indicates they are best

interpreted to be synvolcanic faults and that lithofacies distribution is the product of piece-meal subsidence during their emplacement. In addition, the presence of thick packages (80 to 100 m) of coarse, clast-supported, laterally restricted heterolithic breccias are found in proximity to these interpreted synvolcanic faults. The accumulation of such thick packages of breccia that contain clasts of the underlying Moore formation is best explained by fragmentation and transportation due to faulting.

Using the stratigraphy defined herein, the sequence of units within faults blocks, and

location of synvolcanic faults illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6, the geochemistry of individual units and,

in particular, clasts to reconstruct their provenance an interpretation for the volcanic and subsidence history of the Powderhouse formation in the Lalor and South Chisel basin areas is presented below.

Volcanic and Subsidence History

Geochemical and isotopic data show that the Lalor and Chisel members were the result of two

eruptive events and may have occupied separate nested basins within a larger subsidence structure

(Lalor-Chisel basin). Fig. 12a is a schematic diagram that shows the emplacement of the

subaqueous pyroclastic flows (lithofacies I, II, IX, and X) that define the first eruptive events of

the Powderhouse formation. The two eruptions occupy the same stratigraphic interval; therefore,

they must have been emplaced at approximately the same time. Based on lithogeochemistry from

drill core and structural mapping of the Lalor-Photo mine areas Stewart et al. (2018) suggested

that the Chisel member pyroclastic flows may sit stratigraphically above the Lalor member

pyroclastic flows in the Lalor mine area. Based on this new evidence the Lalor member pyroclastic

mass flows would have erupted prior to the Chisel member pyroclastic flows. Fig. 12b shows subsidence associated with the evacuation of the magma chamber(s) and the generation of debris flows (lithofacies III, IV, V and VI) from syn-volcanic faults. Fig. 12c depicts a second pyroclastic eruption (lithofacies VII) in the Chisel sub-basin. The massive, fine tuff of this lithofacies suggests higher explosivity then the eruption that produced lithofacies I and II. Fig. 12d depicts the formation of the “Ore Interval” during continued subsidence resulting in more debris flows followed by a hiatus in explosive volcanism during which time there was reworking of material within the basins stratified volcaniclastic units (lithofacies XI, XII and XIII) that are contemporaneous with rhyolite dome and VMS formation along strike. Commonly hydrothermal alteration (with metamorphic overprint) is observed along these faults and along bedding contacts in proximity to these faults, suggesting they were conduits for hydrothermal fluids. Fig. 10e represents the end of Powderhouse felsic volcanism and the onset of Threehouse mafic volcanism forming the hanging wall to the deposits. Fig. 13 is a schematic block diagram, at the time of ore- formation, showing the interpreted architecture of the volcanic subsidence structures that host the deposits and in which the Powderhouse formation was erupted and deposited. Based on mapping and drill core logging, the deposits are located primarily along the margins of the subsidence structures and are spatially associated with syn-volcanic faults that provided pathways for hydrothermal fluids.

Correlation of the Snow Lake arc assemblage with the McLeod Road – Birch Lake sequence

Correlation between the Snow Lake arc assemblage and the McLeod Road – Birch Lake sequence was first suggested by Bailes and Schledewitz (1998) based on geochemical attributes. More recently, Rubingh et al. (2017), has provided detailed lithostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy for

the volcanic rocks within the McLeod Road – Birch Lake sequence. Among the units described by

Rubingh et.al. (2017) is a felsic ash- and crystal-rich volcaniclastic unit with flattened vitric lapilli visually similar to the subaqueous pyroclastic mass flow facies found in the Chisel and Lalor members (I and IX lithofacies). A plagioclase-phyric rhyolite and a mafic volcaniclastic unit, which have been interpreted as being correlative to the Ghost-Photo rhyolite and the Threehouse mafic volcaniclastic rocks, respectively, overlie the felsic volcaniclastic unit within the McLeod

Road – Birch Lake sequence (Rubingh et al., 2017).

Geochemically the felsic volcaniclastic unit of the McLeod Road – Birch Lake has similar key element ratios to both the Chisel and the Lalor members, but is not identical to either (Table

4). The felsic volcaniclastic unit has Nb/La pm and La/Ybch ratios that fall in the same range as the

Lalor member; however, it has a Nb/Th mn ratio below that of the Lalor member and Zr/TiO2 ratios

higher than that of the Lalor member and more characteristic of the Chisel member. Variable Nb/Y

ratios in the felsic volcaniclastic unit span both fields and could be attributed to either member.

One explanation for the discrepancies in key element ratios described above could be that

the felsic volcaniclastic unit of the McLeod Road – Birch Lake sequence is not part of the

subaqueous pyroclastic eruptions that produced the Lalor or Chisel members instead constitutes

its own separate eruptive event with a slightly different composition of parental magma. It may have formed in a nested basin, separate from the Lalor or Chisel basins, within the larger

subsidence structure. This has been documented in other VMS camps including the Sturgeon Lake

Caldera Complex where five separate pyroclastic flows have been identified and are interpreted to

define nested calderas within a larger subsidence structure (Morton et al., 1991).

Based on stratigraphic position and the trace element trends that are similar to those of the

Powderhouse formation, we confirm the interpretation of Rubingh et al. (2017) that the felsic

39 volcaniclastic unit found in the McLeod Road – Birch Lake sequence is likely a thrust repeat of the Powderhouse formation, but that may have been erupted in a separate basin and from a slightly different parental magma.

2.5 Conclusions

The stratigraphic subdivision of the Powderhouse formation provided herein represents a clearly defined formation, that is subdivided into three mappable members, the Chisel, Lalor, and Lost members and allows, for the first time, correlation between the South Chisel basin and Lalor areas.

Detailed mapping has resulted in the definition of 13 different lithofacies within the Powderhouse formation with distinct lithologic and geochemical attributes, including definition of the lithofacies that define the “Ore Interval” for the Chisel, Lost, and Ghost VMS deposits. The Powderhouse formation defines a syn-volcanic subsidence structure that consists of nested basins that restricted the distribution of the Chisel and Lalor members. The Chisel and Lalor members contain lithofacies and bedforms that are characteristic of emplacement by subaqueous pyroclastic mass flows; however, these mass flows are geochemically and isotopically distinct, suggesting they are not derived from the same parental magma. These pyroclastic eruptions represent the onset of

Powderhouse formation volcanism, which was accompanied by concomitant subsidence. The

Chisel member also contains thick packages of coarse volcaniclastic breccia that are interpreted to have been emplaced by debris flows derived from movement along fault scarps after early pyroclastic eruptions, and during continued subsidence. The Lost member consists of lithofacies deposited by mass flows generated from faults scraps during continued subsidence, those interpreted to have been reworked by bottom currents, and those deposited by suspension sedimentation. Locally it consists of coherent rhyolite. The Chisel, Lost and Ghost VMS deposits are spatially associated with rhyolite domes and syn-volcanic faults, acting as hydrothermal fluid

pathways, recognized by thick succession of coarse volcaniclastic debris and rapid lateral facies

changes within the Lost member. The Lost member represents a time stratigraphic interval, the

“Ore Interval”, that marks contemporaneous rhyolite dome eruption, VMS formation, and a hiatus

in explosive volcanism.

Chisel sequence VMS deposits are spatially and temporally associated with the

development of the Chisel-Lalor basin subsidence structure. The Chisel-Lalor basin is a unique

environment within the Snow Lake arc assemblage as it represents a small-scale manifestation of tectonic-scale arc-rifting. Multiple voluminous pyroclastic eruptions combined with synvolcanic subsidence suggest a rifting environment with potential mantel upwelling creating a heat engine for enriched mantle fluids. We interpret these fluids to have moved along deep-penetrating structures into the Chisel-Lalor basin where they circulated, stripping metals from footwall rocks and depositing them in the permeable volcanic rocks of the Powderhouse formation. The evacuation of the magma chamber during Powderhouse volcanism led to ongoing subsidence, and during the recharge of magma between Powderhouse volcanism and Threehouse volcanism there was a period of quiescence in which VMS deposits were formed. The association between VMS formation and caldera development has been well documented in other VMS districts including the Archean Noranda and Sturgeon Lake VMS deposits. In Noranda the VMS deposits are preferentially located in space and time to the development of the Noranda Cauldron and are locally associated with dyke swarms and sills that are thought to define the syn-volcanic structures that controlled the volcanic centers, vents, and VMS deposits (Gibson and Galley, 2007, and references therin). At Sturgeon the Lake the VMS deposits are associated with the development of the Sturgeon Lake Caldera Complex and are hosted in felsic tuffs that are fault bounded and laterally restricted within the caldera (Hudak et al. 2003and references therin). Therefore,

41 identifying volcanic rock suites that are consistent with caldera formation is key for VMS exploration.

The Powderhouse formation is a metallogenically significant unit in the Snow Lake arc assemblage and its emplacement mechanisms are directly linked to VMS formation. Exploration efforts may be focused on identifying reactivated syn-volcanic faults by identifying displacement or abrupt lateral termination of lithofacies and thick packages of heterolithic volcanic breccia combined with increased hydrothermal alteration. A large subsidence structure like the Lalor-

Chisel basin can consist of many syn-volcanic faults that can be utalized as fluid pathways that allow for multiple VMS deposits to form along the same horizon. Identification of this ore forming horizon, the “Ore Interval”, is crucial for targeting potential VMS deposits. In the Chisel sequence identifying stratified volcaniclastic units of the Lost member and tracing those units along strike may aid in finding new deposits. On a regional scale, identifying distinct geochemical and isotopic changes between rock units may be useful for tareting VMS forming horizons; specifically the identification of key element ratios typical of arc rifting environments including elevated light

REE, higher Th/Nb, Th/Yb, and La/Yb ratios, and isotopical juvenile rock suites, as seen in the

Powderhouse formation and volcanic rocks of the lower Chisel sequence.

Rubingh et al. (2017) interpreted a felsic volcaniclastic unit found in the McLeod Lake –

Birch Lake sequence, which is in structural contact with the upper Chisel sequence, to be a thrust repeat of the Powderhouse formation. Based on stratigraphic position and the very similar trace element trends to the primary pyroclastic flows of the Powderhouse formation, we agreed that the felsic volcaniclastic unit found in the McLeod Lake – Birch Lake sequence is a thrust repeat of the

Powderhouse formation, but that was formed from a slightly different parental magma composition.

2.6 Acknowledgements

This project was funded through a Collaborative Research and Development Grant (CRD) with the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Hudbay Minerals

Inc., and the Manitoba Geological Survey (MGS). The authors would like to thank Margaret

Stewart, Kate Rubingh, Dr. Bruno Lafrance, Dr. Doug Tinkham, and Dr. Alan Bailes for their insightful discussions and collaborations in and out of the field. Special thanks to Mike Clark at

Mount Royal University for assisting with sample preparation and to field assistants who went

above and beyond to get the job done Logan Behuniak, Brett Ferguson, and Mary Kerr.

Appendices. Supplementary data

The appendices contain detailed sample list (Appendix I), lithofacies and clast descriptions

(Appendix II), detailed petrographic descriptions (Appendix III), geochemical analyses (Appendix

IV), and graphic logs of drill core (Appendix V).

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List of Figures:

Fig.1: Regional geology of the Flin Flon – Snow Lake belt of northern Saskatchewan and

Manitoba as noted by white rectangle on inset map of Manitoba (modified after Syme et al.,

1998). The study location within the Snow Lake arc assemblage in marked with a red star.

Fig. 2: Geology of the Snow Lake Arc assemblage (modified after Bailes et al., 2016). The areas of this study are outlined in white. VMS deposits: C –Chisel, CK – Cook, CN – Chisel North, G

– Ghost, JN – Joannie Zone, L – Lost, LA – Lalor, P- Photo; p-arc, primitive arc rocks (Anderson sequence); m-arc, mature arc rocks (Chisel sequence).

Fig. 3: Schematic cross-section through the Chisel sequence (modified after Bailes et al., 2013).

Fig. 4: Map of the Lalor basin study area (NAD83 UTM Zone 14). Map location is shown in

Fig. 2.

Fig. 5: Map of the South Chisel basin study area (NAD83 UTM Zone 14). Map location is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 6: Idealized stratigraphic sections of the Powderhouse formation across the study area, from the Lalor basin in the NW to the South Chisel basin in the SE.

Fig. 7: Field photographs of the Powderhouse formation. a) normal grading and channel scours in a fine ash-tuff (lithofacies II); b) Grey aphyric andesite clasts and white quartz-feldspar-phyric

clasts in a coarse felsic breccia (lithofacies III); c) basalt blocks in a coarse mafic breccia

(lithofacies IV); d) sharp conformable contact between coarse heterolithic breccia (lithofacies

VI) and heterolithic lapilli tuff with dark green juvenile mafic lapilli (lithofacies V); e) fine

grained massive crystal-tuff with grey aphyric dacite lapilli and white angular feldspar crystals

(lithofacies VII); f) juvenile mafic lapilli with delicate clast margins and cuspate textures in a

massive felsic crystal tuff (lithofacies VII)

Fig. 8: Field photographs of the Powderhouse formation. a) chaotic distribution of clasts in

coarse heterolithic breccia (lithofacies VIII); b) heterolithic lapilli tuff bed with juvenile mafic

lapilli in a mafic, feldspar crystal-rich matrix (lithofacies XI); c) flattened juvenile vitric lapilli

recrystallized to amphibole-garnet-quartz (lithofacies XI); d) laminated tuff clast in stratified

tuff and lapilli tuff beds (lithofacies XIII); e) felsic lapilli tuff clast in stratified tuff and lapilli

tuff beds (lithofacies XIII); f) outcrop scale syn-volcanic fault offsetting tuff breccia and tuff

beds (lithofacies XIII).

Fig. 9: Zr vs. selected elements to demonstrate the effects of post-magmatic alteration (a-d) and

the limited post-magmatic effects on P, Nb, Sm and Th shown by a lack of scatter and moderate

to strongly correlation for these elements (e-h).

Fig. 10: Discrimination plots for the Chisel and Lalor members’ massive volcaniclastic mass

flow lithofacies and individual clasts from the Chisel member. a) volcanic rock classification diagram (Winchester and Floyd, 1977); b) Zr-Y systematics showing tholeiitic to transitional geochemical affinities for rocks of the Powderhouse formation (symbols as in (a)), c) REE

chondrite normalized plot (Sun and McDonough, 1989) and d) Primitive mantle normalized

trace element plot (Sun and McDonough, 1989); fm, formation; mbr, member.

Fig. 11: a) Nb/Yb – εNd(1.89 Ga) diagram for whole rock samples for the Chisel and Lalor

members’ volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies. Lalor samples are more juvenile then the Chisel

samples, which show a greater degree of crustal contamination. Diagram and mixing

calculations from Stern et al. (1995a). The older crustal component was modeled with 50 ppm

Nd and εNd = -7 after the 2.5 Ga Beaverhouse Granodiorite. b) common Pb diagram for whole

rock samples of the Chisel and Lalor members’ volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies. This

diagram illustrates that the parental magmas were crustally contaminated, to a higher degree in

the Chisel member samples, because they fall just below the upper crust isochron. The normal

mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) isochron and upper crust isochron were calculated using

enriched mantle values for the evolution of Pb from Collerson and Kamber (2000). c) Th/Yb vs.

Nb/Yb diagram from Pearce (1983), Pearce and Peate (1995) and Pearce (2008). OIB, ocean

island basalt; N (normal)-MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt), E (enriched)-MORB from Sun and

McDonough (1989); fm, formation; mbr, member.

Fig. 12: Schematic diagram depicting the emplacement of the Powderhouse formation. A)

eruption of the Lalor and Chisel member’s high-concentration pyroclastic mass flows from two chemically distinct parental magmas; B) debris mass flows along fault scarps accompanying

subsidence; C) secondary eruption of high-concentration pyroclastic mass flows in the Chisel sub-basin; D) hiatus in explosive volcanism contemporaneous with subsidence, rhyolite dome formation, and VMS formation, refered to as the “ore interval”, the approximate location of the

Lalor, Chisel, Chisel North, Lost and Ghost deposits are labeled on this figure; and E) emplacement of mafic volcaniclastic rocks of the Threehouse formation in the hanging wall to the Lalor-Chisel basin VMS deposits. Color of units correspond with lithofacies in Fig. 6.

Fig. 13: Interpreted Lalor-Chisel basin architecture during ore formation.

Table 1. Volcaniclastic lithofacies of the Powderhouse formation

Lithofacies Thickness Lithology Bedforms Feldspar crystal-rich (10–20%, 0.25– I. Massive crystal– 2 mm) lapilli tuff with juvenile, vitric– rich lapilli ≤90 m flattened vitric lapilli (5–15%, 2– 10 Massive beds (10s m) tuff cm long) and lithic dacite lapilli (5– 10%, 5–50 mm subangular) Felsic tuff with minor heterolithic blocks (<1%, quartz– feldspar– II. Bedded felsic phyric (QFP) rhyolite, plagioclase- Thinly bedded (0.1– 5 cm), tuff with minor 5–0 m phyric basalt, and altered tuff blocks, graded to planar laminated heterolithic blocks 0.3 – 1 m) and lithic dacite lapilli (1– bedding 5% 2–10 mm, subangular) and feldspar crystals (5%, 0.25–2 mm) Coarse, tightly packed felsic breccia Channel structures, normal and with quartz– feldspar– phyric (QFP) reverse grading, beds (cm to m III. Coarse felsic rhyolite clasts (35%, 0.5–50 cm, ≤0 m scale) alternate from lapilli- to breccia subangular) and aphyric dacite clasts block-rich and from QFP to (50%, subround/elongate, 0.2–38 dacite clast dominated cm) in a felsic tuff matrix Coarse, densely packed (>80% blocks and lapilli), heterolithic mafic Poorly defined beds (1–5 m) breccia with aphyric, vesicular, IV. Coarse mafic recognized by a change is clast ≤40 m amygdaloidal, plagioclase-phyric, breccia size from dominantly blocks to and pyroxene- plagioclase-phyric lapilli basalt clasts in a black, mafic tuff matrix V. Felsic lapilli tuff Monolithic juvenile mafic lapilli-tuff Massive, randomly oriented with mafic vitric– <5 m (40–45% lapilli) in felsic tuff matrix clasts lapilli

Coarse heterolithic breccia (>80% Poorly defined beds (0.25–3 VI. Coarse blocks and lapilli) with rhyolite m) recognized by a change is heterolithic breccia ≤40 m (20%), dacite (50%), and basalt clast size from dominantly (lower) (30%) blocks and lapilli. blocks to lapilli

Felsic tuff with feldspar crystals (5%, 0.5– 1 mm) and minor lithic dacite VII. Massive lapilli (5%, 5–50 mm, subangular) crystal– rich tuff and rare heterolithic blocks (<1%, Massive to bedded (0.25–3 m 80–120 m and lapilli– tuff aphyric rhyolite, plagioclase– phyric thick) with minor blocks basalt, amygdaloidal aphyric basalt, and felsic laminated tuff blocks, 0.8– 2 m)

Coarse heterolithic breccia (>70% blocks and lapilli) with rhyolite Poorly defined beds (m-scale) VIII. Coarse (10%), dacite (30%), and basalt recognized by a change is clast heterolithic breccia 10–20 m (25%) lapilli and blocks, and minor size from dominantly blocks to (upper) quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite clasts lapilli (2–3%) and feldspar crystals (10%) in the matrix Feldspar crystal– rich (10–20%, 2–4 IX. Massive mm) lapilli tuff with juvenile, crystal– vitric– rich ≤90 m flattened, vitric lapilli (5– 15%, 2– Massive lapilli tuff 10 cm long) and lithic dacite lapilli (5– 10%, 2 – 50 mm, subangular) Light grey, fine grained, felsic tuff Massive (m-scale) to planar X. Bedded felsic with minor feldspar (1– 2%, 2– 3 ≤10 m ash laminated (mm scale) crystal tuff mm) and quartz crystals (1– 2%, 1– 2 bedding, top contact is scoured mm). Locally iron stained XI. Stratified Feldspar crystal– rich mafic tuff, heterolithic crystal– lapilli tuff, and tuff breccia that Planar bedded (cm to m) and rich tuff breccia ≤20 m contain lithic rhyolite and basalt channel structures with intermediate blocks, and juvenile mafic lapilli matrix Felsic tuff and mafic tuff with up to XII. Interbedded 10% felsic lapilli, where very fine Planar ash laminations (mm- felsic and mafic 5–10 m grained and altered tuff is scale), planar and graded tuff argillaceous with garnet and bedding (cm to m) staurolite porphyroblasts Felsic tuff, lapilli tuff, and tuff XIII. Stratified Planar bedding (cm to m) and breccia that contain blocks of heterolithic tuff ash laminations (mm-scale), ≤60 m rhyolite, dacite, basalt, felsic breccia with felsic normal and reverse grading, laminated tuff, and dacitic lapilli– matrix channel structures tuff

Table 2. Criteria used for identifying least altered samples.

Alteration test Criteria (reject if) LOI > 4.5%

Na2O <1%

Al2O3/Na2O (Spitz and Darling index) >10

Al2O3/TiO2 outlier CCPI (chl-carb-pyrite index) <15 or >85 AI (Ishikawa/Hashimoto index) <20 or >65

K2O/K2O+Na2O (sericite index) >0.70 Normative corundum >1%

Table 3: Average major and trace element compositins for the least altered samples of the

Powderhouse formation volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies.

Lalor (n=8) Chisel (n=7) mean min max mean min max SiO2 (wt.%) 60.06 44.74 72.17 67.45 63.48 69.76 TiO2 0.52 0.34 0.71 0.44 0.33 0.5 Al2O3 14.85 11.23 18.74 13.42 11.73 14.64 Fe2O3 9.91 5.21 16.26 7.42 5.84 9.35 MnO 0.2 0.08 0.35 0.2 0.166 0.166 MgO 2.79 1.48 3.4 1.2 0.6 2.09 CaO 6.78 3.88 10.7 4.4 3.223 5.614 Na2O 2.22 1.54 3 2.45 1.61 4.18 K2O 1.29 0.52 2.14 1.8 1.12 2.4 P2O5 0.16 0.08 0.26 0.12 0.064 0.169 LOI 1.54 0.46 2.82 1.58 0.53 2.67 Ba (ppm) 478.98 89 1561.4 571.79 287.8 1133.5 Sc 31.44 20 44.3 26.33 21.1 29.6 Co 17.26 7.46 27.09 6.03 2.3 10.72 Cs 0.54 0.54 0.06 0.45 0.133 0.972 Ga 14.95 11.45 11.45 15.74 12.17 17.91 Hf 2.1 1.52 2.47 2.95 2.37 3.35 Nb 5.35 4.4 6.29 10.61 8.786 11.83 Rb 18.33 3.01 37.77 39.3 15.12 91.66 Sn 1.26 0.69 0.69 0.98 0.83 1.11 Sr 194.41 116 116 207.44 130 265.4 Ta 0.3 0.22 0.35 0.48 0.383 0.544 Th 1.37 1.13 1.68 6.24 5.387 7.174 U 0.55 0.43 0.68 2.22 1.904 2.536 V 108.71 32.9 163.9 44.87 8.4 94.2 W 0.3 0.17 0.62 0.51 0.26 0.85 Zr 112 77 149 128.43 104 145 Y 24.93 19.91 28.89 27.13 23.12 29.79 La 13.14 9.62 16.04 46.76 42.07 52.24 Ce 29.14 23.15 34.4 99.84 89.96 108.61 Pr 3.81 3.16 4.29 12.45 11.011 13.883 Nd 16.4 13.86 18.5 49.14 43.6 55.08 Sm 3.75 3.21 4.19 8.73 7.841 9.645 Eu 1.1 0.93 1.32 2.28 1.9638 2.678 Gd 3.91 3.28 4.48 6.48 5.745 7.157 Tb 0.63 0.5 0.74 0.86 0.7653 0.9562 Dy 4.17 3.34 4.93 4.94 4.217 5.44 Ho 0.88 0.71 1.03 0.97 0.8283 1.0621 Er 2.7 2.17 3.22 2.85 2.387 3.173

Tm 0.4 0.32 0.46 0.42 0.3601 0.4696 Yb 2.64 2.11 3.08 2.85 2.416 3.213 Lu 0.41 0.33 0.48 0.45 0.3728 0.499 Mo 0.92 0.57 1.46 1.68 1.11 2.27 Cu 56.11 18.6 79.1 24.08 7.1 56.5 Pb 4.54 3.2 5.8 6.5 2.9 8.2 Zn 112 77 149 125 65 151 Ni 4.33 1.6 7.3 2.01 1.3 3.2 Cd 0.12 0.08 0.21 0.14 0.047 0.187 Sb 0.17 0.09 0.3 0.19 0.07 0.4 Tl 0.05 0.01 0.1 0.15 0.086 0.236

Table 4: Average values for key element ratios for the Powderhouse formation.

Lalor (n=8) Chisel (n=7) mean min max mean min max Zr/TiO2 218.66 185.25 275.68 294.78 132.65 378.79 Zr/Y 4.48 3.06 5.19 4.74 4.13 5 Nb/Y 0.23 0.18 0.26 0.39 0.36 0.42 Nb/Yb 2.17 1.81 2.51 3.722 3.64 3.64 Nb/Zr 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 Nb/Th 4.19 3.67 4.8 1.7 1.63 1.83 Th/Yb 0.52 0.42 0.67 2.19 2.05 2.31 La/Yb 5.05 3.66 6.47 16.44 15.38 18.25 Nb/La(pm) 0.43 0.32 0.59 0.22 0.2 0.23 Nb/Th(pm) 0.5 0.44 0.57 0.2 0.19 0.22 La/Sm(ch) 2.2 1.76 2.72 3.35 3.18 3.61 La/Yb(ch) 3.43 2.48 4.39 11.17 10.45 12.4 Sm/Yb(ch) 1.55 1.37 1.66 3.34 3.18 3.53 Eu/Eu* 0.87 0.82 0.93 0.88 0.82 0.96

Note: (pm) primitive mantle normalized ratios using values of Sun and McDonough (1989); (ch) chondrite normalized ratios using values of Sun and McDonough (1995).

Table 5. Individual clast chemistry from the Chisel member Sample PD-14-038 PD-14-071 PD-14-066 PD-14-039 PD-14-048 PD-14-047 Member Chisel mbr Chisel mbr Chisel mbr Chisel mbr Chisel mbr Chisel mbr Clast type QFP rhyolite Andesite Andesite Andesite Basalt Basalt SiO2 76.44 67.76 64.94 58.79 67.59 69.71 Al2O3 11.14 13.72 13.17 14.46 13.85 15.44 Fe2O3 3.23 6.42 9.51 12.81 7.51 2.65 MgO 0.6 0.79 1.17 2.9 1.53 0.91 CaO 3.488 4.894 7.346 4.659 3.92 5.175 Na2O 3.3 2.95 1.88 3.06 1.91 1.91 K2O 0.57 1.15 0.11 0.72 2.08 1.73 TiO2 0.72 0.59 0.61 0.92 0.42 0.61 P2O5 0.5 0.464 0.446 0.567 0.097 0.317 MnO 0.077 0.234 0.241 0.235 0.207 0.136 Cr2O3 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.001 Ba 211.6 97.5 56.1 101.9 631.5 490.3 Ni 2.6 3.9 1.6 1.6 17.5 4.1 Sc 27.3 28.5 33.8 35.7 33.4 28.5 Co 17.91 17.49 17.39 23.63 20.47 18.03 Cs 0.235 0.172 0.0065 0.194 0.339 0.167 Ga 7.59 12.82 13.65 15.24 12.7 13.77 Hf 2.73 3.28 2.63 2.76 0.54 1.35 Nb 9.085 10.749 10.105 8.91 2.655 5.56 Rb 7.12 18.07 0.8 6.69 46.7 32.3 Sn 0.81 0.63 0.8 0.82 0.52 0.87 Sr 210 397.4 1037.8 224.1 169.1 304.2 Ta 0.419 0.458 0.456 0.408 0.063 0.222 Th 5.706 5.761 6.97 6.118 0.395 4.065 U 2.185 2.26 2.424 2.221 0.228 1.363 V 89.9 49.4 40.7 107.1 176.7 111 W 0.58 0.44 0.28 0.4 0.37 0.74 Zr 118 143 121 121 19 61 Y 24.29 29.45 23.56 29.12 10.33 21.83 La 40.67 38.17 52.75 44.37 45.08 29.41 Ce 94.51 91.38 114.62 97.64 58.05 70.77 Pr 11.71 11.883 14.057 12.148 5.573 9.517 Nd 46.81 49.1 56.08 49.73 20.02 40.53 Sm 8.465 8.944 9.788 9.105 2.737 7.633 Eu 1.8012 2.3026 2.4744 2.3876 1.5732 2.1654 Gd 6.584 7.01 7.043 7.223 2.276 5.829 Tb 0.8446 0.9383 0.8652 0.9591 0.3053 0.6994 Dy 4.665 5.601 4.648 5.581 1.922 3.922 Ho 0.8841 1.1051 0.8668 1.0622 0.3921 0.7427 Er 2.548 3.273 2.451 3.046 1.163 2.097 Tm 0.3587 0.4812 0.3604 0.4482 0.1672 0.2847 Yb 2.294 3.268 2.397 2.987 1.114 1.768 Lu 0.3399 0.5069 0.3734 0.4651 0.172 0.2647 Mo 2.97 1.99 5.36 0.96 1.41 2.05 Cu 79.4 65.7 144 265 8.8 9.5 Pb 6.5 6.5 8.1 4.9 5.2 9.8 Zn 52 114 86 160 155 78 Ni 2.6 3.9 1.6 1.6 17.5 4.1 Cd 0.08 0.107 0.106 0.206 0.551 0.265 Sb 0.14 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.56 Bi 0.235 0.235 0.235 0.235 0.235 0.235 Tl 0.044 0.074 0.009 0.033 0.188 0.269

Table 6: εNd and εHf values for the Powderhouse formation volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies. Sampl Membe Facie 143Nd/144N 147Sm/144N 176Hf/177H 176Lu/177H εNd(1.89) εHf(1.89) e r s d d f f 13-005 Lalor x 0.511954 0.1256 3.9 0.282706 0.02417 9.3 13-015 Lalor ix 0.512180 0.1495 2.5 0.282700 0.02460 8.5 13-018 Lalor ix 0.512178 0.1426 4.2 0.282784 0.02801 7.1 16-001 Lalor ix 0.512176 0.1441 3.8 0.282708 0.02485 8.5 16-002 Lalor ix 0.512097 0.1412 2.9 0.282815 0.02721 9.2 14-006 Chisel vii 0.511690 0.1098 2.6 0.282520 0.02166 5.8 14-023 Chisel i 0.511686 0.1110 2.2 0.282574 0.02142 8.1 14-026 Chisel i 0.511707 0.1124 2.3 0.282538 0.02164 6.5

Table 7: Pb isotopic data for the Powderhouse formation volcaniclastic mass flow lithofacies.

Sample Member Facies 206Pb/204Pb 207Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb 13-005 Lalor x 17.572 15.410 36.321 13-015 Lalor ix 18.743 15.560 37.120 13-018 Lalor ix 17.707 15.432 36.288 16-001 Lalor ix 18.755 15.562 37.147 16-002 Lalor ix 17.143 15.360 35.959 14-006 Chisel vii 21.172 15.829 39.327 14-023 Chisel i 24.457 16.150 41.145 14-026 Chisel i 22.548 15.992 40.749

Appendices

Appendix I Sample List Northing/F Easting/ Rock Sample Area Comments rom (m) To (m) Type PD-13- Lalor 6081413 426252 VOLC Plagioclase Lapilli-Tuff 001 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081413 426252 VOLC Silicified basalt clast in lapilli-tuff 002 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081413 426252 VOLC Dacitic and "wispy' basalt clasts in LPT 003 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081431 426239 VOLC Dacite lapilli in LPT with fsp- and qtz-rich matrix 004 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081434 426234 VOLC Massive tuff w white lapilli 005 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081434 426234 VOLC Patchy alt. - coarse amphibole and quartz/fsp 006 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081480 426223 VOLC Bedded tuff with iron staining 007 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081462 426221 VOLC Massive LPT (G) and LPT with bedded tuff clast (TS) 008 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081462 426221 VOLC Massive tuff 009 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081462 426221 VOLC LPT with white lapilli and fsp xtls 010 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081462 426221 VOLC Lapillistone with 'rimmed' clasts 011 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081445 426211 VOLC Massive mafic tuff 012 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081445 426211 VOLC Coarser LPT w dacite and 'wispy' basalt clasts 013 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081441 426195 VOLC Light grey LPT with 'wispy' basalt clasts 014 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081531 426162 VOLC Light grey LPT with 'wispy' basalt clasts 015 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081531 426162 VOLC Dark grey LPT with 'wispy' basalt clasts 016 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081559 426145 VOLC Light grey massive tuff; w dacite clasts for TS only 017 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081558 426139 VOLC LPT with 'wispy' clasts and garnet 018 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081556 426127 VOLC Dark green/grey LPT w 'wispy' clasts and garnet-amp. alt. 019 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081556 426127 VOLC Strongly alt. LPT - abundant garnet and amphibole 020 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081540 426247 VOLC Fsp xtl-rich breccia w dacite and juvenile basalt clasts 021a Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081540 426247 VOLC Fsp xtl-rich breccia w dacite and juvenile basalt clasts 021b Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081540 426247 VOLC Fsp xtl-rich breccia w dacite and basalt clasts 022a Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081540 426247 VOLC Fsp xtl-rich breccia w dacite and basalt clasts w amygdules 022b Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081540 426247 VOLC Fsp-porphyritic basalt clast from fsp xtl-rich bx 023 Shaft

PD-13- Lalor 6081540 426247 VOLC Rhyolite clast from fsp xtl-rich bx 024 Shaft PD-13- Lalor 6081540 426247 VOLC Fsp xtl-rich LPT along strike to south of fsp xtl-rich bx 025 Shaft PD-13- LALSFT0 1119.35 1120.80 INT Mafic intrusion 026 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 1118.80 1118.93 INT Mafic intrusion 027 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 1109.37 1109.46 VOLC Heterolitic breccia with QFP clasts 028 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 1043.66 1043.82 VOLC Heterolitic breccia with QFP clasts 029 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 950.35 950.52 VOLC Tuff 030 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 922.78 922.92 VOLC LPT 031 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 BASA 872.85 873.19 Flow top breccia? 032 1 LT PD-13- LALSFT0 BASA 844.74 844.88 Massive and amygdaloidal 033 1 LT PD-13- LALSFT0 836.27 836.45 VOLC Tuff with round, grey dacite lapilli 034 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 834.18 834.33 VOLC Altered LPST 035 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 828.61 828.79 VOLC Amphibolitic tuff? 036 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 825.61 825.82 VOLC LPT 037 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 821.43 821.60 VOLC Tuff 039 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 812.93 813.17 VOLC Altered LPT/Tuff 040 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 793.27 793.50 VOLC Sericite-chlorite schist (tuff? argillite?) 041 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 716.75 716.88 VOLC Massive tuff 042 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 680.11 680.36 VOLC Massive tuff w minor dacite lapilli 043 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 673.20 673.54 VOLC Sericite schist (tuff? Argillite?) 044 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 640.08 640.26 VOLC Fsp xtl-rich, massive, dacitic tuff 046 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 623.02 623.27 VOLC Interbedded ash- and tuff-sized beds (argillite?) 047 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 606.16 606.37 VOLC LPT with 'wispy' basalt clasts, dacite lapill, and fsp xtls 048 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 595.09 595.28 VOLC Fsp xtl-rich LPT with dacite lapilli 049 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 533.58 533.85 VOLC LPT with dacite lapilli; mod. alt. garnet and amphibole 050 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 475.85 476.10 VOLC Massive, dark green rock with, garnet and staurolite? 051 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 439.00 439.25 VOLC Massive, dark green rock with, garnet 052 1

PD-13- LALSFT0 424.04 424.19 VOLC Massive tuff with fsp xtls 053 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 214.08 214.32 VOLC Massive tuff w garnet and minor dacite lapilli 054 1 PD-13- LALSFT0 19.05 19.19 VOLC Massive, dark green rock with, garnet and staurolite? 055 1 PD-13- DUB 178 287.71 287.99 VOLC mafic tuff with feld 056 PD-13- DUB 178 299.60 299.86 VOLC mafic to felsic tuff in transition zone 057 PD-13- DUB 178 307.98 308.21 VOLC same but with felsic clasts? 058 PD-13- DUB 178 322.35 322.64 VOLC dacitic tuff with garnet 059 PD-13- DUB 178 336.66 336.87 VOLC dacitic LPT with felsic clasts (transition DH {fining DH?}) 060 PD-13- DUB 178 339.63 339.79 VOLC dacitic coarse tuff with feld xtls? (transition DH {fining DH?}) 061 PD-13- DUB 178 347.12 347.42 VOLC finer dacitic tuff (transition DH {fining DH?}) 062 PD-13- DUB 178 360.92 361.04 VOLC contact between ‘volcanic mud’ bed and tuff 063 PD-13- DUB 178 361.09 361.32 VOLC 'volcanic mud’ 064 PD-13- DUB 178 367.10 367.39 VOLC dacitic tuff with wispy mafic clasts 065 PD-13- DUB 178 379.00 379.28 VOLC LPT with amp-rich matrix 066 PD-13- DUB 178 406.04 406.36 VOLC more mafic looking coarse tuff with feld 067 PD-13- DUB 178 421.67 421.94 VOLC banded dacitic tuff 068 PD-13- DUB 178 455.56 455.84 VOLC mafic tuff with epidote alteration 069 PD-13- DUB 178 456.34 456.57 VOLC contact between mafic tuff bed and dacitic tuff with bt +grt 070 PD-13- DUB 178 464.74 464.93 VOLC dacitic LPT 071 PD-13- DUB 178 483.59 483.90 VOLC coarse tuff with v.f. tuff bed with irregular margins 072 PD-13- DUB 178 506.77 596.84 VOLC silicified dacite tuff 073 PD-13- DUB 178 516.81 517.00 ALT carbonate / epidote alteration 074 PD-13- DUB 178 525.50 525.78 VOLC mafic tuff with epidote alteration 075 PD-13- DUB 178 526.59 526.95 VOLC bedded tuff + ‘volcanic mud’? 076 PD-13- DUB 178 548.70 548.98 VOLC mafic? or dacitic? tuff with feld xtls 077 PD-13- DUB 178 580.27 580.50 VOLC silicified tuff with clasts? 078 PD-13- DUB 178 617.29 617.52 VOLC LPT altered by mafic intrusion ? 079

PD-13- DUB 178 623.29 623.56 VOLC dacitic tuff with feld and dacitic clasts 080 PD-13- DUB 178 655.38 655.68 VOLC dacitic tuff with garnet and felsic lapilli in bt-rich matrix 081 PD-13- DUB 178 681.37 681.66 VOLC fine dacitic tuff 082 PD-13- DUB 178 686.11 686.43 VOLC fine dacitic tuff 083 PD-13- DUB 178 703.44 703.78 INT mafic intrusion 084 PD-13- DUB 178 707.40 707.69 VOLC dacitic tuff (before transition into mafic unit) 085 PD-13- DUB 178 725.60 725.96 VOLC fine dacitic tuff in transition zone 086 PD-13- DUB 178 733.25 733.55 ALT carbonate alteration in transition zone 087 PD-13- DUB 178 740.13 740.38 VOLC mafic tuff (unit below PD) 088 PD-13- DUB 178 748.25 748.56 VOLC silicified mafic unit (or does it look like PD continuing?) 089 PD-13- DUB 178 909.29 909.50 VOLC silicified felsic volcanic 090 DPN PD-13- DUB 178 966.43 966.59 VOLC coherent felsic flow? with amp / grt in clvg 091 DPN PD-13- DUB 178 1108.52 1108.72 VOLC felsic fragmental 092 DPN PD-13- DUB 178 1116.82 1117.03 VOLC dark grey tuff below fragmental 093 DPN PD-13- DUB 178 1207.16 1207.42 VOLC coherent + felsic with grt / amp alteration 094 DPN PD-13- DUB 236 659.26 659.45 VOLC mafic tuff above ‘dacitic interval’ 095 PD-13- DUB 236 678.59 678.81 VOLC coherent felsic flow? 096 PD-13- DUB 236 719.47 719.62 VOLC banded flow or volcanic clastic 097 PD-13- DUB 236 727.51 727.74 VOLC contact between felsic flow and amp / grt alteration band 098 PD-13- DUB 236 758.11 758.29 VOLC mafic LPT below felsic unit 099 PD-13- DUB 236 1164.51 1164.94 VOLC dirty dacite’ at bottom of hole 100 PD-13- DUB 178 dacitic looking tuff with 5-8% grt <1mm (just below sulphide 874.80 875.07 VOLC 101 DPN zone) PD-13- DUB 178 dacitic or mafic volcanic clastic with pl-phyric clasts and black 884.41 884.63 VOLC 102 DPN mafic clasts PD-13- DUB 178 894.25 894.42 VOLC siliceous volcanic clastic with pl-phyric clasts 103 DPN PD-13- DUB 192 40.70 40.78 VOLC rhyolite at top of hole 105 PD-13- DUB 192 97.37 97.60 VOLC bedded tuff btwn rhyolite and mafic volcanic clastic (three house) 106 PD-13- DUB 192 156.09 156.20 VOLC aphanitic mafic tuff (three house) 107

PD-13- dacitic lapilli tuff in the transition btwn threehouse and DUB 192 585.03 585.25 VOLC 108 powderhouse DP-13- DUB 192 598.85 599.00 VOLC bedded tuff btwn threehouse and powderhouse 109 PD-13- DUB 192 615.83 616.00 VOLC dacitic LPT with dacitic clasts (2 types) and grt porphyroblasts 110 PD-13- DUB 192 659.69 659.85 VOLC fine dacitic tuff 111 PD-13- DUB 192 684.88 685.08 INT aphanitic mafic dyke 112 PD-13- DUB 192 689.68 689.87 VOLC dacitic LPT with dacitic clasts , wispy clasts and feld xtls 113 PD-13- epidote/carbonate alteration at transition from powderhouse DUB 192 759.85 759.95 ALT 114 dacite to mineralized volcanic mud horizon PD-13- mineralized volcanic mud horizon (btw PD and underlying mafic DUB 192 781.47 781.68 VOLC 115 unit) PD-13- banded felsic to mafic transition from volcanic mud to underlying DUB 192 794.08 794.29 VOLC 116 mafic flow (powderhouse above volcanic mud) PD-13- DUB 192 804.00 804.17 VOLC peperite? top of mafic flow 117 PD-13- BASA DUB 192 845.00 845.09 mafic flow 118 LT PD-13- bedded tuff in transition btwn mafic flow and coherent DUB 192 892.37 892.53 VOLC 119 (rhy/dacite) PD-13- DUB 192 1000.61 1000.81 VOLC coherent (rhy/dacite) 120 PD-13- Lalor Drill 6080941 426535 RHY Massive Coherent Rhyolite (HS has amphibole bands) 121 Road PD-13- Lalor Drill BASA 6080927 426445 pl-phyric mafic flow (TH?) 122 Road LT PD-13- Lalor Drill pl-phyric mafic flow with alteration bands (epidote?) “tuff 6080927 426439 ALT 123 Road infiltration” PD-13- Lalor Drill 6080921 426401 ALT alteration zone with light grey tuff bands 124 Road PD-13- Lalor Drill 6080951 426373 ALT altered rhyolite or mafic at contact 125 Road PD-13- Lalor Drill RHY/ relatively unaltered rhyolite that is in contact with H. alteration 6080951 426373 126 Road ALT zones at contact PD-13- Lalor Drill 6080943 426378 ALT moddled texture alteration of a lpt 127 Road PD-13- Lalor Drill powderhouse lpt with rhyolite clast at contact (base of PD 6080952 426365 VOLC 128 Road moving up section) PD-13- Lalor Drill 6080953 426331 VOLC (HS) v.f. felsic tuff just below (G) mafic interval of PD 129 Road PD-13- Lalor Drill 6080964 426322 VOLC mafic tuff (LPT) with feld xtls and possible wispy clasts 130 Road PD-13- Lalor Drill felsic LPT with wispy clasts and feld xtls above mafic PD on 6080967 426309 VOLC 131 Road section PD-13- Lalor Drill 6080980 426257 VOLC felsic tuff v.f.g. or possibly a coherent rhyolite ? 132 Road PD-13- Lalor Drill 6080976 426216 VOLC qtz-rich felsic LPT with possible wispy clasts 133 Road PD-13- Lalor Drill RHY/ 6080951 426373 contact between rhyolite and alteration zone (amphibolite LPT) 134 Road ALT

PD-14- LALVNT0 557.16 557.36 VOLC Massive Mafic Tuff (Threehouse?) 001 1 PD-14- LALVNT0 568.09 568.25 META Mineralized Sericite Schist 002 1 PD-14- LALVNT0 581.32 581.46 META Coarse Grained Amphibolite (amp, bt, grt, +/- feld/qtz) 003 1 PD-14- Aphantic mafic intrusion, green-brown weathered surface, 3-5% Chisel 428583 6075913 INT 004 grt PD-14- Chisel 428589 6075923 INT Pyx-Pl-gabbro intrusion 005 PD-14- massive fesic tuff at start of traverse, corresponds with Chisel 428363 6076510 VOLC 006 GEOCHRON002 PD-14- Chisel 428346 6076504 VOLC lapilli tuff below stratified unit and above massive tuff 007 PD-14- Chisel 428327 6076505 VOLC massive felsic tuff 008 PD-14- Chisel 428203 6076427 VOLC massive felsic tuff 009 PD-14- LALSFT0 BASA 682.09 682.5 Massive basalt 010 1 LT PD-14- Ghost 428888 6076171 VOLC Intermediate/Felsic tuff (Powderhouse?) 011 PD-14- Ghost 428888 6076171 VOLC Basalt Clasts in mafic BX (moore?) 012 PD-14- Ghost 428888 6076171 VOLC thinly bedded mafic tuff (moore?) 013 PD-14- mafic flow (moore?)[in contact with intermediate Ghost 428888 6076171 VOLC 014 tuff(Powderhouse?)] PD-14- Chisel 428400 6076283 VOLC massive felsic tuff 015 PD-14- massive felsic LPT[ HS has felsic clasts, GC is more massive Chisel 428399 6076288 VOLC 016 with int. clasts tat dominate matrix] PD-14- Chisel 428325 6076287 VOLC massive felsic tuff 017 PD-14- Chisel 428205 6076337 VOLC intermediate v.finely bedded tuff 018 PD-14- Coarse-grained gabbro, massive, dark green, (>90%amp/pyx, Chisel 428257 6076294 INT 019 +interstital ab) PD-14- Chisel 428180 6076260 VOLC Bluish-grey massive felsic tuff 021 PD-14- Chisel 428164 6076106 INT Mafic aphantic intrusion 022 PD-14- Chisel 428175 6076115 VOLC massive felsic tuff with mafic lapili 023 PD-14- altered felsic tuff (20%grt, 15%amp, 65%felsic Chisel 428394 6075910 VOLC 024 mins(qtz/feld))[Powderhouse] PD-14- Chisel 428528 6076257 INT aphanitic mafic intrusion 025 PD-14- Powderhouse dacite by acid pond. Wispy clasts, feld xtls, felsic Chisel 428120 6076034 VOLC 026 lithic lapilli PD-14- Chisel 428459 6076378 VOLC pl-phyric basalt block 027 PD-14- Chisel 428463 6076381 VOLC aphanitic intermediate clast (crude pilloe shape) 028

PD-14- Chisel 428465 6076376 VOLC pl-phyric intermediate clast 029 PD-14- Chisel 428456 6076773 VOLC Massive felsic tuff w/feldspar xtls and minor felsic lapilli 031 PD-14- Chisel 428483 6076323 VOLC altered felsic tuff with grt porphyroblasts 032 PD-14- Chisel 428470 6076388 VOLC massive tuff with elongate mafic lapilli 033 PD-14- Chisel 428471 6076385 VOLC juvenile mafic fragments in massive tuff 034 PD-14- Chisel 428610 6076385 VOLC Thinly Bedded tuff in stratified unit 035 PD-14- Chisel 428600 6076381 VOLC LPT in stratified unit 036 PD-14- Chisel 428578 6076363 VOLC Altered LPT at beginning of section 037 PD-14- Chisel 428468 6076374 VOLC QFP rhyolite clast 038 PD-14- Chisel 428467 6076377 VOLC Aphanitic intermediate clast with alteration in core 039 PD-14- Chisel 428467 6076377 VOLC pl-phyric basalt block 041 PD-14- Chisel 428477 6076506 VOLC Light grey lapilli tuff clast (PD Clast) 042 PD-14- Chisel 428477 6076509 VOLC Tuff clast on E side of o/c 043 PD-14- Chisel 428478 6076514 VOLC Thinly Bedded felsic tuff 044 PD-14- Chisel 428476 6076512 VOLC LPT beds with weathered clasts 045 PD-14- Chisel 428476 6076515 VOLC Rhyolite Clast in Channel on NE side of o/c (weathered) 046 PD-14- Chisel 428463 6076518 VOLC Qtz amygduloidalbasalt clast (weathered) 047 PD-14- Chisel 428453 6076331 VOLC altered clast of pl-phyric basalt 048 PD-14- Chisel 428456 6076327 VOLC v.silicified, vesicular block (weathered) 049 PD-14- Chisel 428737 6076153 VOLC threehouse mafic beccia at end of section 050 PD-14- Chisel 428453 6076330 VOLC thinly bedded felsic tuff 051 PD-14- Chisel 428614 6076380 VOLC white felsic lapilli tuff 052 PD-14- Chisel 428588 6076368 VOLC Pl-pxy-phyric basalt block 053 PD-14- Chisel 428584 6076373 VOLC Finer beds of heterolithic breccia 054 PD-14- Chisel 428681 6076272 VOLC int. to mafic looking bedded tuff by lake 055 PD-14- Chisel 428681 6076270 VOLC felsic tuff by lake 056 PD-14- Chisel 428678 6076177 VOLC intermediate thinly bedded tuff 057

PD-14- Chisel 427648 6076291 VOLC felsic LPT by start of section 058 PD-14- Chisel 428156 6075986 VOLC massive dacitic tuff, slightly altered by road 059 PD-14- Chisel 428694 6076076 VOLC pl-phyric basalt 061 PD-14- Chisel 428647 6076050 VOLC juvenile mafic clasts in LPT 062 PD-14- Chisel 428565 6076004 VOLC mafic bx matrix with juvenile clasts 063 PD-14- Chisel 428563 6075999 VOLC aphanitic amygduloidal basalt 064 PD-14- Chisel 428562 6076001 VOLC scoriaceous mafic block 065 PD-14- Chisel 428567 6076001 VOLC aphanitic intermediate block 066 PD-14- Chisel 428582 6075972 VOLC unaltered tuff in stratified felsic unit 067 PD-14- Chisel 428582 6075974 VOLC altered tuff (grt/amp) 068 PD-14- Chisel 428582 6075974 VOLC felsic breccia w/tighly packed intermediate clasts 069 PD-14- Chisel 428601 6075958 VOLC intermediate blocks in felsic breccia 071 PD-14- Chisel 428583 6075943 VOLC felsic "rhyolite" blocks in felsic breccia 072 PD-14- Chisel 428585 6075927 VOLC massive altered tuff in contact with felsic breccia 073 PD-14- Lalor Drill RHYO 426526 6081038 coherent rhyolite 074 Road LITE PD-14- Chisel 428374 6075897 VOLC mafic looking tuff at contact with powderhouse felsic tuff 075 PD-14- Chisel 428354 6075878 VOLC large pillow shaped intermediate aphanitic block 076 PD-14- Chisel 428353 6075874 VOLC dark green mafic matix in mafic breccia 077 PD-14- Chisel 428351 6075870 VOLC pl-phyric basalt clast 078 PD-14- Lalor Drill 426531 6081046 INT pl-phyric intrusion 079 Road PD-14- Chisel 428191 6076422 VOLC felsic thinly bedded tuff, white, v.siliceous 080 PD-14- Chisel 428207 6076336 VOLC felsic bedded tuff 081 PD-14- Chisel 428169 6076436 VOLC bluish-grey, felsic LPT 082 PD-14- Chisel 428244 6076277 VOLC pl-phyric basalt clast 083 PD-14- Chisel 427723 6076264 VOLC heavily altered powderhouse with large grts 084 PD-14- Chisel 428182 6076207 VOLC bluish-grey felsic tuff with minor felsic lapilli and feld xlts 087 PD-14- Chisel 428238 6076278 VOLC altered LPT with felsic lapilli 088

PD-14- Chisel 428213 6076331 VOLC altered black tuff (amp+ab), intercollated with felsic tuff 090 PD-14- Chisel 427656 6076422 VOLC felsic fragmental at end fo section 091 PD-14- Chisel 428238 6076278 VOLC felsic rhyolite clast in tuff breccia 092 PD-15- Chisel 428543 6076213 VOLC Juvenile mafic blocks in felsic tuff 001 PD-15- CH-86-01 149.2m 149.4m VOLC Mafic Tuff with Mafic/Int lapilli (Moore??) 002 Lalor PD-15- Headfra 426247 6081540 VOLC pl-phyric basalt clasts (Threehouse) 003 me Lalor PD-15- Headfra 426247 6081540 VOLC pl-phyric basalt clasts (Threehouse) 004a/b me Lalor PD-15- Headfra 426247 6081540 VOLC pl-phyric basalt clasts (Threehouse) 005 me

Appendix II

Lithofacies and Clast Descriptions

Lithofacies (Table 1) and clast (Table 2) descriptions of the Powderhouse formation are documented in this appendix and include details that were omitted from the body of the thesis for brevity. The tables included in this appendix are based on field observations and include the lithofacies name, clast composition, percentage, shape, sizes, crystal content, matrix composition, and the bedforms, structures, thickness, and distribution of these units. These tables are to be used in conjunction with outcrop maps of the Chisel basin area and Lalor mine area that can be found in the main body of the thesis.

Table 1: Lithofacies descriptions

I. Massive crystal-vitric-rich lapilli tuff Color: light grey to blue-grey weathered surface and medium blue-grey fresh surface

% Component Description 10-25% Lapilli (2-64mm) 5-15% juvenile vitric lapilli black flattened vitric lapilli, recrystallized to amphibole (+/- biotite & garnet), recessive on weathered surface, elongate, 2-10cm by 2-15mm, some larger clasts contain 1-2% 1mm plagioclase phenocrysts

5-10% dacitic lapilli white to light grey, aphanitic, subangular to subrounded, 5-50mm

75-90% Tuff (<2mm) 35% quartz (+/-feldspar) recrystallized, interstitital, <1mm

30% amphibole (+/-biotite) black acicular needles, 1mm

10-20% feldspar crystals chalky white, angular, 0.25-2mm

5% garnet pink-red porphyroblasts, 1-2mm average, up to 2cm in highly altered zones

Depositional features: massive bedforms tens of meters thick

Additional comments: locally the unit contains beds with aphyric dacite blocks, subangular to subrounded, 10-20cm

II. Bedded felsic tuff with minor heterolithic blocks Color: white to grey weathered surface and grey fresh surface % Component Description

<1% Blocks (>64mm) rare quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite light grey-white, 1-2% feldspar phenocrysts 1-2mm, 1-2% quartz phenocrysts 1-2mm, subangular, 30cm rare plagioclase-phyric basalt dark green, 40% white plagioclase phenocrysts 1-5mm, irregular shape, 0.5-1m rare heavily altered tuff clasts 90% coarse black amphibole 2-3mm, 10% garnet porphyroblasts 1- 4mm, subangular blocks, reccessive on weathered surface, 7-20cm 1-5% Lapilli (2-64mm) 1-5% aphyric dacite light grey, aphanitic, subangular, 2-10mm >95% Ash <2mm 70% quartz (+/-feldspar) recrystallized, interstitital, <1mm

20% amphibole (+/-biotite) black acicular needles, 1mm

5% feldspar crystals chalky white, angular, 0.25-2mm

1-2% garnet pink-red porphyroblasts, 1-2mm

Depositional features: graded bedding, planar laminated bedding

Additional comments: The upper portion of this unit becomes very fine grained with 5cm thick graded beds of grey ash and 1-2mm dacite lapilli at the base of each bed. The unit then fines into a half meter thick thinly laminated white siliceous tuff.

III. Coarse felsic breccia Color: light grey weathered surface and grey fresh surface

% Component Description 45% Blocks (>64mm) 25% quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite white, 1-2% quartz phenocrysts 1mm, 1-2% feldspar phenocrysts 1mm, subangular, 64mm – 50cm 20% aphyric dacite grey, aphanitic, 1-2% amphibole needles, subrounded and elongate, 64mm-38cm 40% Lapilli (2-64mm) 30% aphyric dacite same as above, subrounded-elongate, 2-64mm 10% quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite same as above, subangular, 5-64mm 15% Tuff (<2mm) 8-10% quartz (+/-feldspar) rerystallized, interstital, <1mm 3-5% amphibole (+/-biotite) black, acicular needles, 0.5-3mm 2-3% garnet pinkish-red porphyroblasts, 0.5-5mm Depositional features: channel structures, normal and reverse graded bedding, fining upwards sequence

Additional comments: block and lapilli-rich beds are 10cm to 2m thick and alternate from rhyolite clast dominated to dacite clast dominated.

IV. Coarse mafic breccia Color: brown-black weathered and fresh surface

% Component Description 50-60% Blocks (>64mm)

15-20% plagioclase-phyric basalt dark grey-green, 20-30% white plagioclase phenocrysts 1-3mm, subrounded, 64mm-50cm 15-20% aphyric dacite grey, aphanitic, 1-2% amphibole needles <1mm, subrounded and elongate, 64mm-50cm

10-15% pyroxene-plagioclase-phyric basalt dark grey, 15-20% lath shaped pyroxene (recrystallized to amphibole) 2-5mm, 1-2% plagioclase phenocrysts 2-5mm, subrounded and elongate, 64mm-35cm

3-5% amygduloidal basalt dark grey-green, aphanitic with ghosty margins, 3-5% quartz amygdules 1-2mm, subrounded and elongate, 7-10cm

1-2% vesicular basalt dark grey, 30-35% vesicles 2-5mm, subrounded and elongate, 64mm- 40cm rare feldspar-phyric rhyolite white, 1-2% feldspar phenocrysts 1-2mm, subangular, 7-10cm

30-35% Lapilli (2-64mm)

20-25% aphyric dacite same as above,subrounded to subangular, 2-64mm

10-15% pl-phyric and aphyric basalt same as above, subrounded, 10-64mm

3-5% feldspar-phyric rhyolite same as above, angular to subrounded, 1-3cm

10-20% Tuff (<2mm) 7-15% amphibole black, acicular needles, 1-3mm

2-3% feldspar white, interstitial, <1mm

1-2% garnet pinkish-red prophyroblasts, 1-3mm

Depositional features: crude bedding

Additional comments: locally there are beds (<1m) that contain less blocks and lapilli (30%) and more matrix (70%).

V. Juvenile mafic lapilli tuff with felsic matrix Color: light grey matrix with dark green lapilli on weather surface and grey and dark green fresh surface

% Component Description 45-50% Lapilli (2-64mm) 40-45% juvenile mafic lapilli dark green, aphyric, angular and irregular with delicate clast margins, 1- 5cm 55-60% Tuff (<2mm) 40-50% quartz (+/-feldspar) recrystallized, <1mm 10-15% amphibole black, acicular needles, 1mm Depositonal features: massive, chaotic orientation of clasts Additional comments: visibly distinct marker horizon between coarse breccia units

VI. Heterolithic breccia (lower) Color: medium grey with various coloured blocks on weathered surface and grey-black on fresh surface

% Component Description 40% Blocks (>64mm) 20% aphyric dacite light-medium grey, aphanitic, amphibole needles <1mm, subangular to subrounded and elongate, 64mm-30cm

5% amygduloidal basalt grey, aphanitic, 5-20% quartz amygdules 1-5mm, subrounded to subangular, 64mm-25cm 5% vesicular basalt grey, aphanitic, 5-20% vesicles 1mm-2cm, subrounded to irregular, 64mm-35cm 5% plagioclase-phyric basalt green-grey, 10-30% white plagioclase phenocrysts 1-5mm, some core of blocks are heavily altered to amphibole and have a fine grained cooling margin 1-2cm, subrounded, 64-55cm

5% aphyric rhyolite white, aphanitic, subangular, 64mm-10cm

50% Lapilli (2mm-64mm)

25-30% aphyric dacite same as above, angular to subrounded, 2mm-64mm avg. 5mm

5-10% aphyric rhyolite same as above, subangular to subrounded, 10-64mm 5% amygduloidal and vesicular basalt same as above, 20mm-64mm, subrounded 2-3% plagioclase-phyric basalt same as above, subrounded, 10-64mm 5% feldspar crystals chalky white, angular, 2-3mm

10% Tuff (<2mm) 5-6% amphibole black, acicular needles, 0.5-2mm 3-4% quartz (+/-feldspar) recrystallized, interstitial, <1mm 0-2% garnet pinkish-red porphyroblasts, 1-2mm

Depositional features: crudely bedded (0.25-3m) Additional comments: Tighly packed beds are 70% blocks, 25% lapilli, 5% tuff matrix. Clast poor beds are 5% blocks, 50% lapilli, and 45% tuff. Same clast types and matrix throughtout unit.

VII. Massive crystal-rich tuff with minor blocks and lapilli Color: light grey weathered surface, blue-grey fresh surface % Component Description Rare Blocks (>64mm) rare felsic laminated tuff clasts white-light grey, fine grained laminated tuff, rectangular, 0.5x2m rare plagioclase-phyric basalt dark grey-green, 20-30% white plagioclase phenocrysts 1-3mm, subrounded, ~50cm rare aphyric rhyolite white, aphanitic, subangular, ~30cm rare amygduloidal basalt dark-grey, recessive on weathered surface, 10-20% quartz amygdules 2-10mm, angular and irregular, 8-30cm Lapilli (2-64mm)

5 aphyric dacite light grey, aphanitic, subangular to subrounded, 2-5mm rare scoriaceous lapilli white, 30-40% vesicles 1-2mm, round and elongate, 1-3cm

>95% Tuff(<2mm)

70% quartz (+/-feldspar) recrystallized, interstital, <1mm 10-20% amphibole (+/- biotite) black, acicular needles, 0.25-1mm 5% feldspar crystals chalky white, angular, 0.5-1mm 2-3% garnet pinkish-red porphyroblasts, 1-2mm

Depositional features: massive bedforms centimeter to meter scale

Additional comments: Beds are recognized by the addition of forgein material which is found in minor abundance throughout the unit. Localized beds of lapilli tuff can contain up to 35-40% felsic dacite lapilli and are centimeters thick.

VIII. Heterolithic breccia (upper)

Color: dark grey with various coloured clasts on weathered surface and black on fresh surface

% Component Description

30-35% Blocks (64mm-45cm)

15% aphyric dacite light-medium grey, aphanitic, some clasts with cooling margins 1-2cm, subangular to irregular, 64mm-45cm

10% plagioclase-phyric basalt green-grey, 20-35% white plagioclase phenocrysts 1-5mm, 0-10% quartz amygdules 2-3mm, irregular, 64mm-45cm

2-3% aphyric rhyolite white-light grey, aphanitic, angular, 64-20cm

2-3% quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite white-light grey, 2-3% quartz phenocrysts 1-2mm, 1% feldspar phenocrysts 1mm, subrounded to subangular, 64mm-15cm

1% amygduloidal basalt green-grey, aphanitic, 5% quartz (+/-calcite) amygdules 3-5mm, pillow fragments, 10-15cm

40-45% Lapilli (2-64mm)

15% aphyric dacite same as above, subrounded to subangular, 5-64mm

10% plagioclase-phyric basalt same as above, angular, 10-64mm

5% aphyric rhyolite same as above, subrounded to subangular, 5-64mm

5% aphyric basalt green-grey, aphanitic, subrounded, 5-15mm

5% feldspar crystals chalky white, angular, 2-4mm

20-30% Tuff (<2mm)

15% amphibole black acicular needles, 0.5-2mm

5-10% quartz (+/-feldspar) recrystallized, interstital, <1mm

5% feldspar crystals chalky white, angular, 0.5-2mm

2-3% garnet pinkish-red porphyroblasts, 1-2mm

Depositional features: chaotic, poorly sorted, crude bedding (meter scale)

Additional comments: some beds consist of densely packed lapilli and <5% block size fragments.

I.Massive crystal-vitric-rich lapilli tuff (Lalor)

Color: light grey weathered surface and medium blue-grey fresh surface

% Component Description

30-35% Lapilli (2-64mm)

10-20% feldspar crystals white, angular, 2-4mm

5-15% juvenile vitric lapilli black flattened vitric lapilli recrystallized to amphibole (+/-biotite, garnet), recessive on weathered surface, elongate, 2cm x2mm to 10cm x15mm 5-10% aphyric dacite white- light grey, aphanitic, subangular to subrounded, 2mm-5cm

65-70% Tuff (<2mm)

30% quartz (+/-feldspar) recrystallized, interstitial, <1mm

20% amphibole (+/-biotite) black acicular needles, 1-2mm, up to 4mm in highly altered zones

10-15% feldspar crystals white, angular, 0.25-2mm

5% garnet pinkish-red porphyroblasts, 1-2mm, up to 5mm in highly altered zones

Depositional features: massive bedforms tens of meters

Additional comments: locally the unit contains basalt and dacite blocks (subangular to subrounded, 7-15cm)

II. Bedded felsic crystal tuff (Lalor)

Color: light grey on weathered surface and blue-grey on fresh surface

% Component Description

100% Tuff (<2mm)

70-75% quartz (+/-feldspar) recrystallized, <1mm

25-30% amphibole (+/- biotite) black acicular needles, <1mm

1-2% feldspar crystals chalky white, angular, 2-3mm

1-2% quartz crystals grey, round, 1-2mm

Depositional features: planar laminations, scour marks

Additional comments: The top of this unit is planar laminated and very siliceous with red/brown iron staining.

I. Stratified heterolithic tuff-breccia with felsic matrix

Color: light grey matrix with various coloured clasts on weathered surface and grey-blue on fresh surface % Component Description

25% Blocks (64mm-1m)

8-10% aphyric dacite light-medium grey, aphanitic, 1-2% amphibole needles <1mm, subangular to subrounded, 64mm-10cm

3-5% heavily altered tuff(?) clasts dark grey-black, 60-65% black acicular amphibole 1-4mm, 15-20% garnet porphyroblasts 1-3mm, 5-10% white feldspar 0.5-1mm, 10-15% recrystallized interstitial quartz <1mm, irregular shape, 10-50cm

3-5% quartz-felspar-phyric rhyolite white-light grey, 3-5% quartz phenocrysts 1-2mm, 1-2% feldspar phenocrysts 1mm, 0-5% amphibole needles <1mm, 0-5% garnet porphyroblasts 1mm, subangular, 64mm-20cm

3-5% aphyric rhyolite white-light grey, aphanitic, 0-2% amphibole <1mm, 0-2% garnet porphyroblasts <1mm, angular to subangular, 64mm-15cm

2-3% vesicular aphyric basalt dark grey, aphanitic, 20-30% vesicles 3-8mm, some silicified blocks, subrounded, 64mm-30cm

1-2% plagioclase-phyric basalt dark grey, 20-25% white plagioclase phenocrysts 1-5mm, 0-10% quartz amygdules 3-8mm, 0-3% vesicles 2-5mm, subrounded to elongate, some silicified blocks, 15-50cm

1-2% tuff clasts fine grained grey tuff, massive to thinly bedded/laminated (5-20mm, dark grey), subangular-elongate, 30-100cm.

<1% lapilli-tuff clasts light grey, 20-30% felsic aphyric lapilli 5-20mm, 15-20% white feldspar crystals 1-2mm, 10% black amphibole 1mm, 5% garnet porphyroblasts 1-2mm, 50-65% recrystallized interstitial quartz/feldspar <1mm

35% Lapilli (2-64mm)

10-15% aphyric dacite same as above, subangular to subrounded, 5-64mm avg.10mm

5-10% feldspar crystals chalky white, angular, 2-5mm

5-10% quartz-feldspar-phyric and aphyric same as above, angular to subangular, 10-64mm avg.10-30mm rhyolite

5% vesicular and aphyric basalt same as above, subrounded, 2-5cm

40% Tuff (<2mm)

20% felsic minerals (quartz/feldspar) white-light grey, recrystallized, interstital, <1mm

10-12% amphibole black acicular needles, 0.5-2mm, up to 4mm in heavily altered zones

3-5% felspar crystals chalky white, angular, 0.5-2mm

2-3% garnet pinkish-red round porphyroblasts, 1-2mm, up to 5mm in heavily altered zones

Depositional features: planar laminated bedding, normal and reverse grading, channels, scour marks

Additional comments: alternating beds of tuff, lapilli-tuff, and tuff-breccia that are centimeters to meters thick. Localized patches of alteration around blocks and along bed with 65% coarse amphibole 3-5mm, 20% white feldspar 2-5mm, and 15% garnet porphyroblasts 2-4mm.

II. Interbedded felsic and mafic tuff

Color: dark green-grey to light grey, purplish-grey on weathered and fresh surface

% Component Description

0-10% Lapilli(2-64mm)

0-10% apyric felsic lapilli light-grey and white, aphanitic, trace amphibole and garnet, subrounded to angular, 3-70mm avg.5-30mm

100

90- Tuff (<2mm) 100% 10-90% felsic tuff light grey ,massive, recrystallized quartz, feldspar, amphibole, biotite and garnet

10-90% mafic tuff dark grey-green, massive, recrystallized amphibole, chlorite, feldspar, garnet, and quartz

0-90% volcanic mud (argillite?) light-medium grey very fine grained with biotite rich laminations/bands up to 2cm (avg. 1mm) the bands make up about 10% of the unit, the rest is light purple grey very fine grained volcanic mud, siliceous looking, with 1-2% irregular shaped garnet(+/-staurolite) porphyroblasts.

Depositional features: channel structures, scour marks

Additional comments: This unit is transitional from felsic tuff (lower) to mafic tuff (upper) over 3-10m.

III. Stratified heterolthic tuff-breccia with mafic matrix Color: dark green-grey with various coloured clasts on weathered and fresh surface

% Component Description

15-20% Blocks (64mm-45cm)

10-15% aphyric dacite medium grey, aphanitic, 1% amphibole needles <1mm, subangular to subrounded and elongate, 64mm-30cm

3-5% aphyric and plagioclase-phyric dark grey, aphanitic or porphyritic with 40% white plagioclase basalt phenocrysts 1-2mm, 0-5% garnet 1-2mm, subrounded and pillow shaped, 64mm-45cm 1-2% quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite white-light grey, 2-3% quartz phenocrysts 1-2mm, 1% feldspar phenocrysts 1mm, subrounded to subangular, 64mm-15cm

20-25% Lapilli (2-64mm)

15% aphyric dacite same as above, subangular to subrounded, 2-64mm

5-8% juvenile mafic lapilli aphanitic and plagioclase-phyric with 5% feldspar crystals 2-3mm, irregular shaped, 2-64mm

1-2 % quartz-feldspar-phyric rhyolite same as above, subangular to subrounded, 2-64mm

55-65% Tuff (<2mm)

35-40% amphibole (+chlorite) dark-grey green, recrystallized, <1mm

10-15% feldspar chalky white, angular, 1-3mm

5% garnet pinkish-red porphyroblasts, 1-2mm

5% quartz recrystallized, interstital, <1mm

Depositional features: planar bedding, scour marks

Additional comments:along strike the unit can become rich in feldspar crystals up to 25%, 2-5mm

101

Table 2: Description of lithic fragments found within the Powderhouse formation Clast Type Description Geochem Sample aphyric dacite light grey, aphanitic, subangular to subrounded, PD-14-066, PD-14-071, PD-14- 4mm-30cm 028, PD-14-039, PD-14-048 plagioclase-phyric andesite dark green, porphyritic, 10-40% white feldspar PD-14-061, PD-14-027, PD-14- phenocrysts 1-4mm, subrounded, 1cm-100cm 049 quartz-feldsapar-phyric rhyolite white, porphyritic, 1-2% feldspar phenocrysts 1-2mm, 1-2% quartz phenocrysts 1-2mm, subangular, 5mm- 50cm aphyric rhyolite white, aphanitic, angular-subangular, 1cm-10cm PD-14-046 aphyric basalt dark green, aphanitic, subrounded or elongate or irregular, 1cm-10cm PD-14-065 vesicular basalt dark grey, aphanitic, 5-35% vesicles 1-5mm, subrounded or elongate or irregular, 2cm-40cm amygduloidal basalt grey, aphanitic, 5-20% quartz amygdules 1-5mm, PD-14-047 subrounded or irregular, 2cm-55cm pyroxene plagioclase phyric basalt dark grey, 15-20% pyroxene phenocrysts 2-5mm, 1- 2% plagioclase phenocrysts 2-5mm, subrounded or elongate, 1cm-35cm thinly bedded felsic tuff thinly laminated felsic to intermediatevery fine PD-14-043 grained tuff (qtz/feld/amp/bt) felsic lapilli-tuff massive felsic lapilli tuff with 10-15% aphyric dacitic PD-14-042 lapilli subangular 2-4cm

102

Appendix III

Petrographic Descriptions

Detailed petrographic descriptions of the Powderhouse formation, that were omitted from the main body of the thesis for brevity, are documented in this appendix.

103

PD-13- 001

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR lapilli tuff plagioclase crystal lapilli tuff HEADFRAME 6081413 426525 Outcrop PD-13-01 55

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 10-15%: 0.5-2 mm, larger crystals or clasts, recrystallized, grain boundaries not well defined, matrix 65-70% quartz 50-55%: <1/5 mm recrystallized with granoblastic texture suhedral laths, usually associated with amp + chl that are weakly defining a foliation, but ~10% biotite .25- .50 mm also xtls with random orientation. 1-2% in matrix overprinting qtz+pl, subhedral laths <1/16mm anhedral to subhedral, patchy with irregular xtl margins, pale-yellow to ~10% clino-amphibole (actinolite) .25- 1 mm dark green-blue pleochroism euhedral (square) relict xtls, sericite alteration, some xtls show simple twinning, many ~5% plagioclase (albite) .50- 3 mm show "myrmekitic" type texture with qtz blobs overprinting relict xtls, ~1% interstital with qtz in matrix suhedral to anhedral porphyroblasts, with sieve texture, 2-3% garnet .50- 2 mm irregular xtl margins euhedral (prismatic), and fewer poorly formed interstital xtls, high relief, 2nd order 1-2% epidote < 1/5 mm birefringence (yellow, pink, blue) anhedral and associated with 1-2% chlorite < 0.5 mm biotite suhedral to anhedral, dark red staining around rims, some <1% opaques (py>mag,cpy) < 0.25 mm needles associated with chlorite interstital in matrix and in fractures in <1% calcite < 0.25 mm plagioclase cleavage planes

PD-13- 002

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.#

104

LALOR clast silicified basalt clast in lapilli tuff HEADFRAME 6081413 426525 Outcrop PD-13-01 55

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, recrystallized, interlocked/polygonal 90% quartz < 1/8 mm contacts subhedral to anhedral, yellow to dark blue-green pleochroism, interstitial and 5% clino-amphibole <1/8 mm overprinting interlocked quartz ground mass subhedral to 2-3% biotite < 1/8 mm anhedral 1-2% calcite < 1/8 mm anhedral, blobs <1% chlorite <1/8 mm anhedral, alteration of biotite

PD-13- 003

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# lapilli tuff with dacite lapilli and dark whispy LALOR lapilli tuff vitric lapilli HEADFRAME 6081413 426252 Outcrop PD-13-01 55

Comment 35% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape s 35% (of 3-5% larger quartz contact with matrix is not sharp, but is slide) subangular, 2 cm phenocrysts .5 - 3 mm euhedral, subrounded defined by an increase in amp/bt/grt in >95% recrystallized < 1/16 mm euhedral matrix quartz groundmass 65% Mineralogy Size Shape 75-80% quartz < .25 mm anhedral, recrystallized, granoblastic texture < 1/16 - 3 mm, avg. suhedral to anhedral with sieve 5-10% clino-amphibole (actinolite) .5mm texture 3-8% biotite < .25 mm subhedral to euhedral laths

105

0.5 -1 mm , <1/16 relict xtls and interstital with 2-3% plagioclase (albite) mm quartz subhedral to euhedral porphyroblasts, sieve ~1% garnet 1/8 - 0.25 mm texture rounded and needles, <1% opaques (mag/py) < 1/16 mm associated with chl platy, associated with bt and <1% chlorite < .25 mm amp <1% epidote < 1/16 mm prismatic, only a few xtls seen

Descript ion typical tuff composition of the Lalor member typical tuff composition of the Lalor member

PD-13- 004

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR lapilli tuff dacite lapilli and a qtz-rich tuff matrix HEADFRAME 6081431 426239 Outcrop PD-13-01 55

10% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, recrystallized, 4-7mm; rounded 85% quartz <1/16mm polygonal euhedral to subhedral 15% biotite <1/16 mm laths

90% Mineralogy Size Shape 1 mm crystals; <1/16 round crystals, anhedral, recrystallized, 75% quartz - 1/8 mm matrix polygonal in matrix 15% biotite <1/16- 1mm suhbedral to euhedral laths, overprinting qtz 106

suhedral to anhedral needles and crystals, 5% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1/2 mm overprinting qtz anhedral, relict feldspar xtl recrystallized to albite and 2-3% quartz-feldspar intergrowth 1/4 mm - 1 mm quartz, reminance of simple twinning 1-2% garnet 1/8 mm subhedral, overprinting qtz <1% epidote < 1/16 mm euhedral prisms suhedral to anhedral, alteration <1% chlorite < 1/8 mm of bt anhedral, associated with grt <1% opaques (py) <1/8 mm and bt

PD-13- 005

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR tuff massive felsic tuff with white felsic lapilli HEADFRAME 6081434 426234 Outcrop PD-13-01 56

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 1/2 -2 mm crystals; 80-85% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, round crystals, polygonal in matrix anhedral to subhedral, associated with amp, 5% biotite <1/16 - 1 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral, seive texture, 8% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 2mm overprinting qtz, associated with bt anhedral, relict feldspar xtl recrysllized to 2-3% quartz feldspar intergrowth 1/8 -1/2 mm albite and quartz, simple twinning euhedral, 1% epidote < 1/16 mm prismatic <1% calcite <1/8 mm anhedral <1% chlorite < 1/8 mm anhedral, associated with bt <1% opaques (py) <1/16 mm anhedral

107

Descript ion recrystallized quartz crystal with primary shape preserved recrystallized quartz crystal with primary shape preserved

PD-13- 007

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# bedded LALOR tuff planar bedded felsic tuff with iron staining HEADFRAME 6081480 426223 Outcrop PD-13-01 56

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, 85-90% quartz < 1/16 mm - 1mm recrystallized subhedral to euhedral laths, defines bedding 5-8% biotite 1/16 - 1/8 mm with iron-rich opaques ~1% muscovite 1/16 - 1/4 mm subhedral laths/plates, random orientation irregular shaped; mostly 2-3% opaques (py,cpy, mag, +/-sph) 1/16 - 1/8 mm rimming grains <1% chlorite 1/16 - 1/4 mm platy, associated with bt and ms interstitial along qtz xtl <1% sericite (or calcite) <<1/16 mm boundaries

Descript ion thinly bedded felsic tuff, biotite defining bedding, layers alternate from quartz to biotite rich

108 thinly bedded felsic tuff, biotite defining bedding, layers alternate from quartz to biotite rich

PD-13- 008

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR lapilli tuff lapilli tuff with dacite and bedded tuff clasts HEADFRAME 6081462 426221 Outcrop PD-13-01 57

5% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, recrystallized, 1/2 mm -1.5 cm quartz <1/8 mm polygonal andehral to subhedral biotite < 1/16 mm laths anhedral phenocrysts, somewhat rectangular, feldspar 1/2 - 2 mm recrystallized with quartz clino-amphibole < 1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral

95% Mineralogy Size Shape 60% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized, polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, associated with grt and 25% clino-amphibole 1/2 mm to 3 mm bt, overprinting qtz subhedral; associated with amp; 10-13% biotite 1/8 - 1/4 mm glomerocrysts; overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, associated with grt and 2-3% garnet 1/2 mm to 2 mm bt, overpritning qtz <1% opaques (mag,py) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral, rectangular, relict feldspar xtl, spotty <1% quartz-feldpsar intergrowth 1/2 - 1mm texture, twinning <1% calcite 1/16 - 1/4 mm anhedral, overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral, associated with bt and <1% chlorite < 1/8 mm amp, radial growth pattern

109

PD-13- 009

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR tuff massive tuff HEADFRAME 6081462 426221 Outcrop PD-13-01 57

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 1/4 mm xtls; <1/8 anhedral, rounded xtls, recrystallized matrix 75% quartz mm matrix with polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral, seive texture, 15% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 2 mm overprinting qtz, associated with bt anhedral to subhedral, associated with 10% biotite < 1/8 mm amphibole, overprinting qtz <1% opaques (py>cpy,mag) < 1/16 mm anhedral <1% calcite < 1/8 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral, radial growth pattern, associated <1% chlorite < 1/8 mm with amphibole and biotite anhedral, rectangular, spotty <1% quatrz-feldspar intergrowth 1/4 mm texture

PD-13- 010

110

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# lapilli tuff with white felsic lapilli and feldspar LALOR lapilli tuff crystals HEADFRAME 6081462 426221 Outcrop PD-13-01 57

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 1/4 mm xlts, <1/16 anhedral, round crystals, polygonal contacts 80-85% quartz mm matrix in matrix anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, 10-15% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1.5 mm assocaited with bt, overprinting qtz subhedral, associated with amp 5% biotite < 1/8 mm and grt anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, assocaited with amp 1-2% garnet 1/4 - 2 mm and bt, overprinting qtz <1 % quartz-feldspar intergrowth 1/4 - 1/2 mm anhedral, spotty texture <1% calcite < 1/16 mm anhedral <1% opaques (mag,py) < 1/16 mm anhedral, needles anhedral to subhedral, radial growth patterns <1% chlorite < 1/8 mm and alteration of bt

PD-13- 011

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# lapilli- LALOR stone lapilli-stone with rimmed clasts HEADFRAME 6081462 426221 Outcrop PD-13-01 57

55%(of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, polygonal > 4 cm, round >95 % quartz < 1/16 mm contacts 1% calcite < 1/16 mm anhedral 1-2% amphibole, anhedral to subhedral, overprinting and biotite, chlorite < 1/16 mm interstitial to qtz 111

subhedral, sieve texture, 1% garnet 1/4 mm overprinting qtz

45% (of slide) Mineralogy Size Shape 85% quartz <1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized, polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, 5-8% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1/4 mm overprinting qtz subhedral, associated with amp, overprinting 2-3% biotite < 1/8 mm and also interstital to qtz anhedral to subhedral, associated with amp <1% chlorite < 1/8 mm and bt 1% calcite < 1/8 mm anhedral <1% opaques (mag) < 1/16 mm anhedral subhedral, sieve texture, asocaited with bt 1-2% garnet 1/4 mm and amp, overpritning qtz

PD-13- 012

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR tuff massive mafic tuff HEADFRAME 6081445 426211 Outcrop PD-13-01 58

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 1/2 - 1 mm xtls; anhedral, round crystals, recrystallized matrix 60-65% quartz <1/16 mm matrix with polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, defining 25-30% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 3mm a strong foliation with biotite anhedral to subhedral, defining folaition with amphibole, intergrown with 10% biotite 1/16 - 2 mm amphibole and chlorite anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, 1-2% garnet 1/2 - 1 mm overprinting qtz 112

anhedral; associated with biotite, garnet and < 1% opaques (py) < 1/16 mm amphibole anhedral, associated with biotite and < 1% chlorite < 1/8 mm amphibole

PD-13- 013

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# coarse lapilli tuff with dacite and dark whispy LALOR lapilli tuff vitirc lapilli HEADFRAME 6081445 426211 Outcrop PD-13-01 58

5% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 5% ~5mm, oval shaped ~90% quartz < 1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized < 1/16mm in gm 10% feldspar to 2 mm anhedral, phenocrysts are spotty looking and intergrown with qtz, phenocrysts albite in matrix is cleaner looking and has defined simple twinning 1-2% amphibole- anhedral, overprinting and interstital to biotite-chlorite < 1/16 mm qtz grain boundaries <1% calcite < 1/16 mm anhedral

95% Mineralogy Size Shape 75-80% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, 15-20% clino-amphibole 1/16 - 3 mm overgrowing qtz anhedral to subhedral, associated with amp 3-5% biotite <1/8 mm and chl anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, 1-2% garnet 1/8 - 2 mm associated with amp and bt <1% calcite <1/8 mm anhedral anhedral, associated with amp <1% chlorite < 1/8 mm and bt

113

<1% opaques (mag,py) < 1/16 mm anhedral

Descript ion recrystallized feldspar crystal with primary xtl shape preserved recrystallized feldspar crystal with primary xtl shape preserved PD-13- 014

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR lapilli tuff light grey lapilli tuff with dark whispy vitric lapilli HEADFRAME 6081441 426195 Outcrop PD-13-01 58

100% Mineralogy Size Shape ~80% quartz < 1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized, polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, 5-10% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 2 mm overgrowing qtz, associated with bt-chl anhedral to subhedral, overgrowing qtz, 3-5% biotite <1/8 mm assicated with amp and chl subhedral, sieve texture, 1-2% garnet 1/2 - 1.5 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral, associated with amp < 1% chlorite < 1/8 mm and bt 2-3% v.fine grained calcite (or maybe sericite?) 1/8 - 2 mm 'blobs' anhedral anhedral to subhedral, spotty intergrowths, relict feldspar xtls and defined xtls 1% albite (and qtz-feld intergrowth) < 1/8 mm interlocked with qtz in matrix with simple twining <1% opaques (mag,py) <1/16 mm anhedral

114

PD-13- 015

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR lapilli tuff light grey lapilli tuff with dark whispy vitric lapilli HEADFRAME 6081531 426192 Outcrop PD-13-01 59

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 80-85% quartz < 1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized, polygonal contacts anhedral, sieve texture, associated with bt 5-10% clino-amphibole < 1/8 mm and chl, overpritning qtz anhedral to subhedral, associated with amp 5% biotite < 1/8 mm and chl, overprinting qtz subhedral, sieve texture; 1-2% garnet 1/4 - 1 mm overprinting qtz <1% opaques (mag,py) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral; associated with grt, 1-2% chlorite < 1/8 mm bt, and amp anhedral, interlocking with qtz in matrix, <1% albite < 1/16 mm simple twinning

PD-13- 016

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR lapilli tuff dark grey lapilli tuff with dark whispy vitirc lapilli HEADFRAME 6081531 426162 Outcrop PD-13-01 59

100% Mineralogy Size Shape < 1/16 mm; 1 mm anhedral, round xtls, recrystallized matrix, 65% quartz xtls polygonal contacts

115

anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, overprinting qtz, 20% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 3 mm associated with grt and bt anhedral to subhedral, associated with amp 10% biotite < 1/16 - 1/4 mm and chlorite, overprinting qtz subhedral, sieve texture, overprinting qtz, 2-3% garnet 1/2 - 1 mm associated with amp and bt anhedral, spotty texture, simple <1% qtz-feldspar intergrowth 1/8 - 1 mm twinning <1% calcite < 1/8 mm anhedral anhedral, associated with amp <1% chlorite < 1/8 mm and bt <1% opaques (mag,py,cpy +- ill) < 1/16 mm anhedral

PD-13- 017

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR tuff light grey massive tuff with dacite clasts HEADFRAME 6081559 426145 Outcrop PD-13-01 59

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 65% quartz < 1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized, polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, closely associated with 20% clino-amphibole 1/16 - 4 mm biotitie, defining a foliation anhedral to 10% biotite 1/16 - 1/4 mm subhedral subhedral to euhedral, sieve 5% garnet 1/4 - 1mm texture <1% opaques (mag,py) <1/8 mm anhedral

116

PD-13- 018

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# lapilli tuff with dark whispy vitric lapilli and LALOR lapilli tuff garnet porpyroblasts HEADFRAME 6081558 426139 Outcrop PD-13-01 59

15% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 1cm x 4 cm, elongate 65% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized 35% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 3 mm anhedral <1% garnet 1/4 mm anhedral to subhedral <1% opaques (mag) < 1/16 mm anhedral

85% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, 75-80% quartz <1/16 mm recrystallized 15% clino-amphibole <1/8 mm anhedral 3-5% garnet 1/8 - 1/4 mm subhedral, sieve texture 1-2% biotite < 1/16 mm anhedral, associated with amp <1% opaques (mag,py) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-13- 019

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# dark grey-green lapillli tuff with dacite lapilli, dark whispy vitric lapilli, and abundant LALOR lapilli tuff amphibole and garnet porphyroblasts HEADFRAME 6081556 426127 Outcrop PD-13-01 60

117

10% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 85- 90% quartz (+/- anhedral, spotty 10% ~5mm, oval feld) <1/16 mm appearance 10% v.f.g dirty calcite or sericite anhedral, alteration <<1/16mm dirty 2-3% garnet 1/4 mm subhedral to euhedral < 1% chlorite 1/8 mm anhedral

90% Mineralogy Size Shape 65% quartz <1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized, polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, 25% clino-amphibole 1/16 - 4 mm overpritning qtz, associated with bt anhedral to subhedral, sieve texture, 5% garnet 1/4 - 2 mm overpritning qtz 5% biotite 1/16 - 1 mm anhedral to subhedral, asociated with amp. <1% opaques (mag,py,cpy) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral, assocaited with amp <1% chlorite <1/8 mm and bt <1% calcite 1/8 - 1/2 mm anhedral to subhedral crystals "dirty" altered (sericite?) <1% feldspar 1 mm rectangular xtl

PD-13- 020

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# strongly altered lapilli tuff, abundant amphibole LALOR lapilli tuff and garnet porphyroblasts HEADFRAME 6081556 426127 Outcrop PD-13-01 60

100% Mineralogy Size Shape

118

anhedral, recrystallized, overprinted by amp 50-55% quartz 1/16 - 1/4 mm and grt anhedral xtls, sieve texture with irregular 35-40% clino-amphibole (actinolite) 1- 5 mm margins subhedral to anhedral porphyroblasts, sieve 5-10% garnet 1- 5 mm texture 2-3% calcite 1/8 - 1 mm anhedral, interstital to amp anhedral, usually interlocked 2-3% plagioclase 1/16 - 1/4 mm with qtz 1-2% epidote 1/16 - 1/8 mm prismatic <1% opaques (mag>>cpy,py) ~ 1/8 mm anhedral with irregular margins <1% biotite ~ 1/8 mm platy xtls associated with amp

PD-13- 021b

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# tuff feldspar crystal-rich breccia with dacite lapilli LALOR breccia and juvenile basalt clasts HEADFRAME 6081540 426247 Outcrop PD-13-01 72

1-2 % (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape >95 % clino- recrystallized into parallel laths of amphibole, distict from 1-2% 3mm, irregular shaped amphibole matrix surrounding it <5% quartz spotty grains in amphibole 98-99% Mineralogy Size Shape 1/16 mm matrix, 1 70-75% quartz mm xtls anhedral, rounded xtls (5% xtls) subhedral laths/needles, 15-20% clino-amphibole (actinolite) <1/8 mm defining foliation subhedral to euhedral, sieve 2-3% garnet 1/8 - 1 mm texture

119

anhedral, dirty alteration blebs of calcite, associated with 5% calcite blebs 1/2 - 3mm garnet porphyroblasts 1% opaques (mag>>py,cpy) 1/16 mm anhedral

Descript ion juvenile mafic lapilli recrystallized to amphibole juvenile mafic lapilli recrystallized to amphibole PD-13- 022b

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# tuff feldspar crystal-rich breccia with dacite and LALOR breccia amygduloidal basalt clasts HEADFRAME 6081540 426247 Outcrop PD-13-01 72

40% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 2mm to >2cm 90% quartz <<1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized 1-2% feldspar anhedral, recrystallized with qtz (spotty looking) and altered to phenocrysts 1/2 -1 mm sericite or calcite, twinning 1-2% clino- amphibole and anhedral, overpritning qtz, sometimes biotite <1/16 mm rimming relict feldspar xtls

60% Mineralogy Size Shape 45-50% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized, polygonal contacts subhedral to euhedral, some with seive 40% clino-amphibole (actinolite) 1/2 - 2 mm texture subhedral to 1-2% garnet 1/8 - 1 mm euhedral 120

1/8 mm matrix; 4 anhedral, relict xtls(5%) are intergrown with qtz, albite in matrix shows 10% feldspar (albite) mm xtls twinning and is 'cleaner' looking <1% opaques (mag>py>>cpy) <1/8 mm anhedral

PD-13- 023

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# plagioclase-phyric basalt clast from feldspar xtl- LALOR clast rich breccia HEADFRAME 6081540 426247 Outcrop PD-13-01 72

Comment 50% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape s > 2 x 2 cm 80% quartz <1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized subhedral 10% clino-amphibole 1/8 mm needles 5% feldspar anhedral, recrystallized with qtz, phenocrysts 1/2 - 2 mm 'spotty', reminant twinning 5% biotite <1/16 mm anhedral

50% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, interlocking with albite ~55% quartz 1/8 - 1/4 mm in matrix subhedral to euhedral, 25% clino-amphibole (actinolite) 1/8 - 2 mm overprinting quartz anhedral to subhedral, 10% biotite 1/8 - 1/4 mm overprinting quartz subhedral to 2-3% garnet 1/4 - 1 mm euhedral 1% opaques(py>cpy>mag) 1/16 mm anhedral, rimming quartz xtls anhedral, interlocking with qtz in matrix, 5% feldpsar (albite) 1/8 mm simple twinning

121

PD-13- 024

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR clast rhyolite clast from feldspar-rich breccia HEADFRAME 6081540 426247 Outcrop PD-13-01 72

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 90% quartz <1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized, polygonal contacts relict phenocrysts, angular and anhedral, altered to garnet 5% feldspar 1/8 mm - 2mm and calcite (+/-ser) and quartz subhedral to euedral, associated with patches 1-2% garnet 1/8 -1/4 mm of altered feldspar v.f.g around garnet and feldspar, interstital in 1% calcite <1/16 mm matrix between qtz grains subhedral 1-2% biotite <1/16mm needles <1% opaques (py>cpy>mag) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral, associated with bt <1% chlorite <1/16 mm and opaques

PD-13- 025

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# feldspar xtl-rich lapilli tuff along strike of LALOR lapilli tuff feldspar xtl-rich breccia HEADFRAME 6081540 426247 Outcrop PD-13-01 73

122

5% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 1/2 mm round xtls, anhedral, phenocrysts 1 cm; oval ~95% quartz recrystallized (5%), 1/16 mm groundmass gm 3-5% clino- amphibole and anhedral to subhedral biotite 1/16 mm needles

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 1/16 mm in matrix, round xtls, anheral 65-70% quartz 1/2 -1 mm xtls recrystallized in matrix anhedral to subhedral, sieve 20% clino-amphibole (actinolite) 1/8 -2 mm texture anhedral to subhedral needles; associated 5-8% biotite <1/8 mm with amp, chl, and cal subhedral to euhedral; sieve 1-2% garnet 1/4 mm texture anhedral, relict xtls, intergrown with quartz, spotty, also in 2-3% feldspar 1/8 - 1/4 mm matrix interlocking with quartz anhedral, associated with bt <1% chlorite <1/8 mm and amp anhedral, assocaited with bt <1% calcite 1/8 mm and amp <1% opaques(mag>py) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-13- 046

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID meters meters Type Notebook pg.# CORE Tuff feldspar xtl-rich massive dacitic tuff LALSFT01 640.26 m 640.08 m Core NOTES

100% Mineralogy Size Shape

123

1/16 mm, 1/2- 1mm anhedral, round xtl, 70-75% quartz xtls recrystallized matrix 5-10% biotite 1/8-1/4 mm anhedral to subhedral needles subhedral to euhedral porphyroblasts, sieve 1-2% garnet 1/4 -1/2 mm texture anhedral, relict xtls intergrown with quartz, interlocked with 5-10% felspar 1/8 - 1 mm quartz in matrix, twinning 3-5% clino-amphibole 1/8 mm anhedral, assocaited with bt anhedral to subhedral, 1-2% chlorite 1/8 mm assocaited with bt <1% opaques (py>>cpy) <1/16 mm anhedral <1% calcite <1/8 mm anhedral

PD-13- 047

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID meters meters Type Notebook pg.# bedded CORE tuff interbedded ash and tuff LALSFT01 623.27 m 623.02 m Core NOTES

50% Mineralogy Size Shape 85% quartz <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral lath,; defining bedding 5% biotie 1/16 - 1/4 mm plane anhedral to subhedral laths, defining bedding 5% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1/4 mm plane anhedral, 5% opaques (py>>cpy) <1/16 mm rounded 1% garnet 1/4 mm anhedral

~50% quartz 1/16 -1/4 mm anhedral

124

30% biotite 1/16 - 2 mm anhedral to subhedral laths, defining bedding subhedral to euhedral, porphyroblasts rimmed 5-10% garnet 1/4 - 2mm by bt-chl 5% opaques (py>>cpy) 1/16 - 1 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral, 2-3% chlorite 1/8-1/2 mm assocaited with bt

Descript ion Coarse biotite and opaque rich tuff bed Coarse biotite and opaque rich tuff bed Coarse pyrite along bedding plane Fine quartz rich layer with biotite and opaques defining bedding Fine quartz rich layer with biotite and opaques defining bedding Fine pyrite along bedding plane

PD-13- 048

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID meters meters Type Notebook pg.# Lapilli LPT with whispy basalt clasts, dacite lapilli, and CORE Tuff fsp xtls LALSFT01 606.37 m 606.16 m Core NOTES

25% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape subheral; sieve texture; 15% 5mm x >5cm; elongate 30% clino-amphibole 1/2 - 5 mm overprinting qtz anhedral; recrystallized, 50-55% quartz <1/8 mm polygonal contacts

125

anhedral to subhedral; 10% biotite 1/8 - 3 mm assocated with amp anhedral to subhedral; radial growth pattern; 2-3% chlorite 1/8-1/4 mm associated with amp and bt ahedral; simple twinning; interlocked 2-3% albite 1/8 mm with qtz usually anhedral; often interstital 2-3% calcite <1/8 mm to other xtls

anhedral; recrystallized, 10% 4mm - 1 cm; oval 75% quartz <1/16 mm polygonal contacts <<1/16 mm dirty alteration; 1-2 anhedral dirty v.fine grained alteration 20% calcite mm xtls (after feld?) to subhedral xtls anhedral to subhedral; radial growth pattern; 2% chlorite 1/8 -1 mm assocaited with calcite xtls subhedral to euhedral; 2% garnet 1/4 mm prismatic 1% opaques (py) <1/8 mm

75% Mineralogy Size Shape ~65% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral; recrystallized, polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral; sieve texure; 10% clino-amphibole <1/16 - 2 mm associated with biotite; overpritning qtz anhedral to subhedral; assocaited with amp; 10% biotite <1/16 - 1/2 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral; radial growth pattern; 2-3% chlorite <1/16 - 1/2 mm associated with bt and amp anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture; 1-2% garnet 1/8 - 2 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral; interlocking with qtz 1-2% albite (feldspar) <1/8 mm usually; simple twinning 5% calcite <1/8 - 1/2 mm anhedral; interstital to other xtls <1% opaques (mag, cpy, py) 1/16 mm anhedral

126

Descript ion Recrystallized whispy vitric lapilli Recrystallized whispy vitric lapilli

PD-13- 127

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# Lapilli Tuff Altered LPT with moddled texture (amp+ab?) LALOR DRILL RD 6080943 426378 Outcrop PD-13-01 115

20% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized, 2 x 2 cm; oval ~90% quartz <1/8 mm polygonal contacts 1-2% opaques (mag>>py) <1/16 mm anhedral 2-3% clino- amphibole and biotite <1/8 mm anhedral anhedral; interstital to 5% calcite <1/8 mm quartz xtls anhedral; higher refief and lower <1% cordierite (?) <1/8 mm birefringence then qtz

100% Mineralogy Size Shape ~55% quartz <1/8mm anhedral; recrystallized, polygonal contacts. anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture, overptining qtz; some 'zoning' 30% clino-amphibole 1/2 - 5 mm around xtls with bt or cpx 'rims' anhedral; altereation rims of 5% biotite <1/8 mm amphibole

127

anhedral; altered rims around 2-3% clino-pyroxene 1/8 mm amphibole subhedral; sieve texture; 1-2% garnet 1/2-3 mm overpritning qtz 2-3% opaques (mag>>py) 1/16 mm anhedral anherdal; dirty alteration in qtz 1-2% calcite <<1/16 mm matrix

PD-13- 128

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# Lapilli Tuff Felsic LPT with rhyolite clast at contact LALOR DRILL RD 6080952 426365 Outcrop PD-13-01 115

Comment 30% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape s 1/2-1mm 20% (of 95% quartz (5% phenocrysts; <1/8 slide) >> 1 x 3 cm phenocrysts) mm ground mass anhedral; round xtls anhedral, rectangular, 2-3% feldspar xtls 1/2 - 1 mm altered (calcite and bt) 1-2% biotite/amphibole/chl orite <1/16 mm anhedral subhedral; sieve texture; <1% garnet 1/2 -2 mm overprinting qtz and feld <1% opaques (mag, py, cpy) <1/16 mm anhedral

10% 3-10mm 85% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral 10% biotite <1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral

128

anhedral, rectangular, 2-3% feldspar 1/8 - 1/4 mm altered 'dirty' with calcite 2-3% clino- amphibole 1/4 mm anhedral <1% opaques (mag,py) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral, alterating <1% calcite <1/16 mm feldspar xtls

70% Mineralogy Size Shape <1/18 mm matrix; 1 anhedral; round 65-70% quartz mm xtls xtls anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture; 15% clino-amphibole 1/2 - 3 mm assocaited with bt; overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral laths, assocaited with 10% biotite 1/8 - 2 mm amp; overpritning qtz anhedral; interlocked with qtz in matrix; simple 3-5% feldspar <1/8 mm twinning subhedral; sieve texture; 2-3% garnet 1/2 - 1 mm overprinting qtz <1% opaques (mag,cpy,py) <1/16 mm anhedral

Descript ion Recrystallized QFP-rhyolite clast Recrystallized QFP-rhyolite clast

PD-13- 134

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.#

129

Lapilli Tuff/ contact btwn rhyolite and alteration zone (amp Rhyolite LPT) LALOR DRILL RD 6080951 426373 Outcrop PD-13-01 116

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; 95% quartz <<1/16 mm recrystallized 5% clino-amphibole and biotite 1/16 mm anhedral to subhedral needles <1% opaques (mag,cpy,py) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral; assocaited with bt <1% calcite <1/16 mm and amp

anhedral, 40% quartz 1/16-1/4 mm recrystallized 20% biotite 1/16 - 2 mm anhedral to subhedral laths 35% clino-amphibole 1/2 - 4 mm subhedral, sieve texture subhedral to 5% garnet 1/2 -3 mm euhedral <1% opaques (mag, cpy, py) 1/8 mm anhedral; assocaited with grt

PD-14- 005

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO intrusive pxy-pl-gabbro intrusion CHISEL SECTION D 6075923 428589 P PD-14-01 85

100% Mineralogy Size Shape ~60% quartz <1/16mm anhedral; recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral laths; alteration of primary pyx- 20% biotite <1/8 mm phenocrysts; and also in matrix

130

1- 2 mm (xtls); <1/8 anhedral, rectangular, altered with dirty calcie 5% feldspar mm in groundmass or sericite flecks euhedral; needles; appears clear in ppl,mod. 10% mica (muscovite?) <<1/16 mm Relief, 2nd order birefingence. subhedral; sieve texture; 1% garnet 1/2- 1 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral; 2-3% chlorite <1/8 mm assocaited with bt 1-2% clino-amphibole <1/8 mm anhedral; assocaited with bt

PD-14- 006

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO Tuff massive dacite tuff CHISEL SECTION C 6076510 428363 P PD-14-01 103

1-2% Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized, 2-3 mm ~80% quartz <1/8 mm polygonal contacts 10% feldspar 1/2 mm anhedral 10%biotite 1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral

98-99% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recyrstallized; round ~65% quartz <1/16mm; 1mm xtls xtls 15% biotite 1/16 -1 mm anhedral to subhedral laths;overprinting qtz 1/2- 2 mm (xtls); <1/8 mm in anhedral, rectangular, altered with dirty calcie or sericite flecks,'relict' crystals are 10% feldspar groundmass intergrown with qtz, clean and nice twinning in matrix anhedral to 1-2% muscovite 1/8 mm subhedral

131

subhedral; sieve texture; 3-5% garnet 1/8-2 mm overprinting qtz subhedral, 5% epidote <1/16 mm prismatic <1% opaques (py,mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

Descript ion Typically tuff composition in the Chisel member. Typically tuff composition in the Chisel member.

PD-14- 007

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO LPT massive dacite lapili-tuff CHISEL SECTION C 6076504 428346 P PD-14-01 103

98-99% Mineralogy Size Shape 45-50% quartz <1/8mm anhedral; recyrstallized 15% biotite 1/16 -1/2 mm anhedral to subhedral laths;overprinting qtz 1/2- 2 mm (xtls); <1/8 mm in anhedral, rectangular, altered with dirty calcie or sericite flecks,'relict' crystals are 10% feldspar groundmass intergrown with qtz, clean and nice twinning in matrix anhedral to subhedral; 3-5% muscovite 1/8 mm assocaited with bt anhedral to subhedral; 1-2% chlorite 1/8 mm associated with bt

132

subhedral; sieve texture; 1-2% garnet 1/8-2 mm overprinting qtz subhedral, prismatic; blue to yellow 2nd order birefringence; appear to be an alteration of a primary crystal or clast as well as in matrix; also commonly associated with grt 5-10% epidote <1/16 mm porphyroblasts as inclusions <1% opaques (py,mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

Descript ion Lapilli altered to epidote Lapilli altered to epidote

PD-14- 010

Rock METERS Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID METERS FROM TO Type Notebook pg.# VOLC basalt LALSFT01 682.09 682.5 CORE PD-14-01 105

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 1/16 - 5 mm avg.1- subhedral to euhedral; defining 50% clino-amphibole (actinolite) 2mm a foliation 35% quartz <1/8mm anhedral; recyrstallized 1/2 mm (xtls); <1/8 anhedral to subhedral; rectangular xtls; 'relict' phenocrysts are intergrown with qtz; clean 15% feldspar mm in groundmass and nice twinning in matrix subhedral, <1% epidote <1/16 mm prismatic

133

<1% opaques (cpy,mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

Descript ion Aphyric basalt recrystallized to amphibole + quartz/feldspar Aphyric basalt recrystallized to amphibole + quartz/feldspar

PD-14- 011

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO tuff intermediate/felsic tuff GHOST 6076171 428888 P PD-14-01 113

100% Mineralogy Size Shape ~65% quartz <1/8mm anhedral; recyrstallized 15% biotite 1/16 -1/2 mm anhedral to subhedral laths;overprinting qtz anhedral, rectangular, altered with dirty calcie or sericite flecks,'relict' 10% feldspar crystals are intergrown with 1/4- 1 mm (xtls); qtz, clean and <1/8 mm in nice twinning in groundmass matrix anhedral to 1-2% muscovite 1/8 mm subhedral

134

anhedral to subhedral; 1-2% chlorite 1/8 mm associated with bt subhedral; sieve texture; 2-3% garnet 1/4-3 mm overprinting qtz subhedral, 5% epidote <1/16 mm prismatic <1% opaques (py>cpy,mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 013

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO tuff bedded mafic tuff GHOST 6076171 428888 P PD-14-01 113

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture, 45% clino-amphibole (actinolite) 1/8 - 4 mm overprinting qtz 35% quartz <1/16mm anhedral; recyrstallized anhedral; asscoaited with 2-3% biotite <1/8mm amphibole anhedral, rectangular, altered with dirty calcie or sericite flecks,'relict' 10% feldspar crystals are intergrown with 1/4- 1 mm (xtls); qtz, clean and <1/8 mm in nice twinning in groundmass matrix 1-2% calcite <<1/16 mm anhedral, dirty specks of alteration in blebs

135

subhedral, 1% epidote <1/16 mm prismatic <1% opaques (py,cpy>mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 014

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO Volcanic basalt GHOST 6076171 428888 P PD-14-01 113

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture, 15% clino-amphibole (actinolite) 1/8 - 2mm overprinting qtz ~75% quartz <1/16mm anhedral; recyrstallized anhedra to subhedral lathsl; most small laths 5% biotite <1/8mm in matrix anhedral, rectangular; intergrown with qtz, 2-3% feldspar 1/2 mm (xtls) spotty texture subhedral; sieve texture, 2-3% garnet 1/8 -1mm overpritning qtz <1% opaques (py,cpy,mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 016

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO Tuff massive dacite tuff with felsic lpt CHISEL SECTION E 6076288 428399 P PD-14-01 116

136

30% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape <1/16 mm in matrix, 1/2 mm anhedral; recrystallized, polygonal > 1 x 4 cm; oval 90% quartz phenos contacts; round phenos 10% clino-amphibole <1/16 - 1/2 mm anhedral to subhedral; (actinolite) needles overprinting qtz <1% opaques (mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

70% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; ~65% quartz <1/8mm recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral needles; overprinting qtz; assocaited 20% clino-amphibole <1/8 - 2 mm with bt; defining folaition anhedral to subhedral laths;overprinting qtz; 5-10% biotite 1/16 -1/4 mm assocaited with amp anhedral, rectangular, altered with dirty calcie or sericite flecks,'relict' 5% feldspar crystals are intergrown with qtz, clean and 1/2-1 mm (xtls); <1/8 nice twinning in mm in groundmass matrix anhedral xtls, assocaited with <1% calcite 1/8 mm amp subhedral; sieve texture; 2-3% garnet 1/8-1 mm overprinting qtz subhedral, prismatic; ascoaited with grt as <1% epidote <1/16 mm inclusions <1% opaques (mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 018

137

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO Tuff Intermediate thinly bedded tuff CHISEL SECTION E 6076337 428205 P PD-14-01 119

90% Mineralogy Size Shape 60-65% quartz <1/16mm anhedral; recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral lathsl; defining 25% biotite <1/8mm bedding/foliaton(?) anhedral to subhedral, associated with bt as alteration; also oritented at 5-10% chlorite <1/8 mm an obliques angle to bt foliation subhedral; sieve texture, 5% garnet 1/2 - 2 mm overpritning qtz <1% clino-amphibole 1/8 mm subhedral <1% opaques (py,mag) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral xtls assocaited with grt; v.fine grained in matrix 1% calcite <1/16mm, 1/8 mm interstital to qtz xtls

10% anhedral, 65-70% quartz <1/8 mm recrystallized anhedral to subhedral and defining a folaiton; 15-20% chlorite <1/8 mm likely alteration of bt subhedral; sieve texture, 10% garnet 1/2 - 2 mm overpritning qtz <1/16 mm, 1/8 mm anhedral xtls asscoaited with grt; v.fine grained alteration in 5% calcite xtls matrix between qtz xtls

PD-14- 019

138

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# INTRUSI coarse-grained gabbro, massive, dark green, OUTCRO VE (>90%amp/pyx, +interstital ab) CHISEL SECTION E 6076294 428257 P PD-14-01 120

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral to subhedral; some sieve texture, 35-40% clino-amphibole (actinolite) 1/8 - 3 mm overprinting qtz 15% biotite 1/8 - 1 mm subhedral 5% chlorite 1/8 - 1/2 mm subhedral anhedra to subhedral lathsl; most small laths 40% quartz <1/8mm in matrix 1/2 mm xtls; <1/8 anhedral, rectangular; xtls intergrown with qtz, spotty 1-2% feldspar mm matrix texture; albite twinning in matrix xtls <1% opaques (mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 021

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO tuff silicified massive felsic tuff CHISEL SECTION F 6076247 428198 P PD-14-01 125

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 65-70% quartz <1/8mm anhedral; recyrstallized 15% biotite <1/8mm subhedral needles and laths 5% chlorite <1/8 mm subhedral needles and laths; alteration of bt 5-10% garnet 1/4 - 5 mm subhedral anhedral to 3-5% opaques (py,cpy,mag+/-sph) 1/16 - 1 mm euhedral

139

PD-14- 022

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# INTRUSI OUTCRO VE mafic aphantic intrusion CHISEL SECTION F 6076106 428164 P PD-14-01 126

70% Mineralogy Size Shape ~65% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral; recrystallized; polygonal contacts 15% biotite 1/8-1/4 mm subhedral; defining a foliation <1/8 mm in gm(5%); 1-3 mm phenocrysts anhedral to subhedral; dirty/spotty 15% feldspar (10%) appearance; twinning 2-3% garnet 2-4 mm subhedral; sieve texture 5% muscovite 1/8-1/4 mm subhedral

PD-14- 023

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO Tuff masive felsic tuff with mafic lapilli CHISEL SECTION F 6076115 428175 P PD-14-01 127

30% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 30% 1 cm x 3 cm; round with a delicateelongate tail 55-60% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized anhedral to subhedral; associated with biotite and 10% clino-amphibole <1/8 - 1/2 mm amp; overpritnign qtz subhedral laths, assocaited with amp 15% biotite <1/8 - 1/2 mm and chlorite; overprinting qtz subhedral; associated 5% chlorite 1/4 -1/2 mm with bt and amp

140

subhedral, rectangualr; simple 5% feldspar 1/2 -2 mm xtls twinning; dirty looking 5-10% garnet 1/8- 2mm subhedral

70% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, ~70% quartz <1/16 mm recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral; small laths in matrix; sieve texture in 5% clino-amphibole <1/16 - 1/8 mm larger porphyroblasts 10% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral; small needles in matrix 1% garnet 1/2 mm subhedral anhedral to subhedral, rectangular; simple 10% feldspar 1/2 - 3 m xtls twinning, dirty looking. anhedral to subhedral; associated with bt and 5% chlorite <1/16 - 1/8 mm amp

PD-14- 024

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# altered felsic tuff (20%grt, 15%amp, OUTCRO tuff 65%(qtz/feld)) CHISEL SECTION F 6075910 428394 P PD-14-01 129

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 70-75% quartz <1/8mm anhedral; recyrstallized 20% biotite <1/16 - 1/4 mm anhedral to subhedral laths 3-5% feldspar <1/4 mm anhedral; intergrown with quartz subhedral; sieve texture; 2-3% garnet 4 mm overpritning qtz subhedral; assocaited with 1-2% muscoivte 1/8 mm biotite

141

<1% opaques (py>cpy,mag) 1/16mm anhedral

PD-14- 026

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# dacitic LPT with wispy clasts, feld xtls, felsic CHISEL SECTION OUTCRO LPT lithic lapilli G 6076034 428120 P PD-14-01 131

70% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, ~50% quartz <1/16 mm recyrstallized 15-20% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral; small needles in matrix subhedral; sieve texture; 5-10% garnet 1/2- 4 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral, rectangular; simple 10-15% feldspar 1/2 - 3 mm xtls twinning, dirty looking. anhedral to subhedral; 2-3% chlorite 1/8 mm associated with bt anhedral; asscoaited with feldspar xtls and 5-10% calcite 1/8-1/2 mm gart porphyroblasts 5-10% muscovite /18-1/4 mm anhedral to subhedral; assocaited with garnet

PD-14- 028

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO CLAST intermediate aphyric clast CHISEL SECTION B 6076381 428463 P PD-14-03 15

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 142

anhedral, recyrstallized; lenses of courser ~75% quartz <1/16 - 1/4 mm quartz (possibly phenocrysts?) 10% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral; small needles in matrix anhedral to 5-10% clino-amphibole <1/16-1/4 mm subhedral subhedral; sieve texture; 5% garnet 1/8-1/2 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral; 2-3% chlorite 1/8 mm associated with bt

PD-14- 031

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# massive felsic tuff w/feldspar xtls and minor OUTCRO tuff felsic lapilli CHISEL SECTION B 6076773 428456 P PD-14-03 15

50% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 50% 2 - 12 mm; oval 60% quartz <1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized anhedral to subhedral; associated with 10% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1/4 mm biotite; overpritnign qtz subhedral laths, assocaited with amp; 5% biotite <1/8 mm overprinting qtz subhedral to euhedral, 20% epidote <1/8 mm prismatic 5% calcite 1/2 -2 mm xtls anhedral

50% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, 65-70% quartz <1/16 mm recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral; small laths in matrix; sieve texture in 10% clino-amphibole <1/16 - 1/8 mm larger porphyroblasts 143

15% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral; small needles in matrix 2-3% garnet 1/2- 3 mm subhedral; sieve texture anhedral to subhedral, rectangular; simple twinning, dirty looking; some 2-3% feldspar 1/2 - 1 mm xtls overgrown by qtz=spotty anhedral to subhedral; associated with bt and 1% chlorite 1/8 -1/4 mm amp 1-2% opaques (py>cpy,mag) <1/8 mm anhedral

PD-14- 033

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO lpt massive tuff with elongate mafic lapilli CHISEL SECTION B 6076388 428470 P PD-14-03 17

20% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 20% 5mm x >4cm 60-65% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized anhedral to subhedral; associated with 1% muscovite <1/8 mm biotite and chl anhedral to subhedral 20% biotite <1/8 - 1/2 mm laths, assocaited chlorite subhedral; associated 1-2% chlorite 1/8 - 1/4 mm with bt 15% feldspar (10% phenocrysts, 5% gm 1/2 -2 mm xtls; subhedral, rectangualr; simple with qtz) 1/8 mm gm twinning; dirty looking

80% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, ~60% quartz <1/16 mm recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral; laths; defining foliation 15% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/8 mm in matrix

144

1/2 -2 mm xtls; 1/8 anhedral to subhedral, rectangular; simple 15% feldspar (10% phenocrysts, 5% gm with qtz) mm gm twinning, dirty looking. anhedral to subhedral; 1-2% chlorite <1/16 - 1/8 mm associated with bt

PD-14- 035

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO tuff thinly bedded tuff in stratified unit CHISEL SECTION A 6076385 428610 P PD-14-03 12

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, ~55% quartz <1/16 mm recyrstallized 30% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/4 mm anhedral to subhedral; aligned with bedding anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture; 3-5% garnet 1/2- 1 mm overprinting qtz 10% muscovite <1/16 - 1/8 mm subhedral, randomly oriented 2-3% opaques (py) <1/8 mm anhedral;aligned with bedding

PD-14- 038

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO CLAST QFP rhyolite clast CHISEL SECTION B 6076374 428468 P PD-14-03 16

100% Mineralogy Size Shape

145

<1/16 mm, 1/2-3mm anhedral, recyrstallized; round to elongate ~85% quartz phenocrysts phenos 5% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/4 mm anhedral to subhedral; aligned with bedding anhedral to subhedral; overpritnignqtz, 5% clino-amphibole <1/16-1/4 mm assocaited with biotite anhedral to subhedral, rectangular, simple twinning, dirty 3-5% feldspar 1/4-2 mm looking, some intergrown with qtz anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture; 1% garnet 1/8- 1/2 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral; asscoaited with bt and 1% chlorite <1/16 - 1/8 mm amp <1% opaques (py,cpy,mag) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 041

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO CLAST Pl-Phyric Basalt CHISEL SECTION B 6076377 428467 P PD-14-03 17

100% Mineralogy Size Shape <1/16 mm, 1/2-3mm anhedral, recyrstallized; round to elongate 45-50% quartz phenocrysts phenos anhedral to subhedral; overpritnign qtz, 15% clino-amphibole <1/16-1/4 mm assocaited with chlorite anhedral to subhedral, rectangular, simple twinning, dirty looking; 25% feldspar <1/8 mm in matrix; 1 interlocked with qtz in matrix - 5 mm phenocrysts anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture; 1% garnet 1/8- 1/2 mm overprinting qtz 5% chlorite <1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral; asscoaited with amp <1% opaques (mag) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral, associated with grt 1-2% calcite <1/8 mm and feld

146

PD-14- 042

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CHISEL LOST LAKE OUTCRO CLAST light grey lapilli tuff clast OUTCROP 6076506 428477 P PD-14-03 4

100% Mineralogy Size Shape <1/16 mm, 1/2-3mm anhedral, 55-60% quartz phenocrysts recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral; overpritnign qtz, 10% biotite <1/16 -1/4 mm assocaited with chlorite <1/8 mm in matrix; anhedral to subhedral, rectangular, simple twinning, dirty looking; 15% feldspar 1/2 -2 mm xtls interlocked with qtz in matrix subhedral; sieve texture; 5% garnet 1/2 - 4 mm overprinting qtz 5% chlorite <1/16 - 1 mm anhedral to subhedral; asscoaited with biotite <1% opaques (mag>py,cpy) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral, associated with grt 1% calcite <1/8 mm and feld 3-5% muscovite 1/16 -1/4 mm subhedral

PD-14- 043

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CHISEL LOST LAKE OUTCRO CLAST tuff clast OUCROP 6076509 428477 P PD-14-03 4

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 147

<1/16 mm, 1/2-3mm anhedral, ~85% quartz phenocrysts recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral; needles 5-10% biotite <1/16 mm in matrix anhedral to subhedral, rectangular, dirty 1-2% feldspar 1/2 -1 mm xtls looking anhedral; sieve texture; 1-2% garnet 1/4-2 mm overprinting qtz 2-3% chlorite <1/16 mm anhedra; needles in matrix <1% opaques (py>cpy,mag) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral to 1% muscovite <1/16 mm subhedral

PD-14- 044

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CHISEL LOST LAKE OUTCRO Tuff thinly bedded felsic tuff OUTCROP 6076514 428478 P PD-14-03 3

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, 60-65% quartz <1/16 mm recyrstallized 10-15% biotite <1/8 mm subhedral anhedral to subhedral, rectangular, dirty looking; overgrown 2-3% feldspar 1/2 -1 mm xtls by qtz, spotty texture subhedral; sieve texture; 1-2% garnet 1/4 - 3 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to 3-5% chlorite <1/8 mm subhedral <1% opaques (py) <1/16 mm anhedral subhedral; defining a foliation; mineral trails 10-15% muscovite <1/8 mm rimming grt porphyroblasts 148

Descript ion Garnet porphyroblast rimmed by muscovite defining a folaition. Garnet porphyroblast rimmed by muscovite defining a foliation.

PD-14- 045

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CHISEL LOST LAKE OUTCRO LPT LPT beds with weathered clasts OUTCROP 6076512 428476 P PD-14-03 3

5% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 5% 3mm x 3cm 5% quartz 1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized 15% garnet 1-4 mm anhedral to subhedral 65% calcite 1/2 - 4 mm anhedral 5% biotite 1/8 - 1/4 mm subhedral anhedral to subhedral, rectangualr; simple 10% feldspar 1/8 -1/2 mm twinning 1% muscovite 1/4 mm subhedral

80% Mineralogy Size Shape <1/16 mm (intergrown with feld in matrix); 1/8-1/4 anhedral, ~50% quartz mm recyrstallized

149

15% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral; laths 1/2 -2 mm xtls; 1/8 anhedral to subhedral, rectangular; simple 25% feldspar (10% phenocrysts, 15% gm with qtz) mm gm twinning, dirty looking. anhedral to subhedral; 1-2% chlorite <1/16 - 1/8 mm associated with bt 2-3% garnet 1/2 - 3 mm subhedral; sieve texture 1% muscovite 1/8-1/4 mm subhedral

PD-14- 046

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CHISEL LOST LAKE OUTCRO CLAST rhyolite clast OUTCROP 6076515 428476 P PD-14-03 3

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, recyrstallized; some 'phenocrysts' of very fine qtz ~90% quartz <1/16 mm - 1/8 mm (1/2-2 mm; round) subhedral needles and anhedral flakes in gm 5% muscovite <1/8 mm with qtz anhedral to subhedral, rectangular, dirty 1-2% feldspar phenocrysts 1/2 -2 mm xtls looking anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture; 1-2% garnet 1/4 - 1 mm overprinting qtz <1% opaques (py, mag) <1/16 mm anhedral 1% calcite <1/8 mm anhedral anhedral to <1% biotite <1/8 mm subhedral anhedral to <1% chlorite <1/8 mm subhedral

150

PD-14- 047

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CHISEL LOST LAKE OUTCRO CLAST Qtz amygduloidal basalt clast OUTCROP 6076518 428463 P PD-14-03 4

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, recyrstallized; dirty and spotty 75% quartz-feld groundmass <<1/16 mm looking oval, irregular, 1/4-1 mm anhedral xtls of 10% qtz-calcite amygdules 1-4 mm quartz and calcite anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture; 5% garnet 2-4 mm overprinting qtz anhedral to subhedral; associated with grt and 2-3% muscovite <1/8 mm calcite anhedral to subhedral; in matrix and around 3-5% biotite <1/8 mm qtz-calcite amygdales anhedral to 1% opaques (mag) <1/8 mm subhedral 2-3% feldspar phenocrysts 1-3 mm anhedral to subhedral; dirty/spotty looking

PD-14- 050

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO LPT mafic tuff breccia CHISEL SECTION D 6076153 428737 P PD-14-03 39

60% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 50% 2mm - 3cm; irregular, juvenile ~55% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized

151

subhedral to euhedral, 20% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1/4 mm needles and prisms subhedral to euhedral 25% biotite 1/8 - 1/4 mm laths <1% calciite <1/8 mm anhedral 1% opaques (mag,cpy,py) <1/8 mm anhedral

10% 5 mm x 3 cm; oval ~70% quartz 1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized 1-2% opaques (py, mag,cpy) <1/8 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral, rectangualr; simple 2-3% feldspar 1/8 -1/2 mm twinning subhedral to euhedral 25% clino-amphibole <1/8 mm needles and prsms subhedral to euhedral; 2-3% epidote 1/8 mm prismatic

40% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, ~75% quartz 1/16 -1/8 mm recyrstallized 15% biotite 1/16 mm - 1/4 mm subhedral to euhedral laths <1% opaques (py.mag,cpy) <1/8 mm anhedral subhedral to euhedral needles 10% clino-amphibole 1/16-1/4 mm and prisms 1% epidote <1/8 mm euhedral prisms

Descript ion Juvenile mafic lapilli recrystallized to amphibole Juvenile mafic lapilli recrystallized to amphibole Dacite lapilli recrystallized to quartz + feldspar/amphibole

152

Dacite lapilli recrystallized to quartz + feldspar/amphibole

PD-14- 053

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO CLAST Pl-pxy-phyric basalt block CHISEL SECTION A 6076368 428588 P PD-14-03 11

100% Mineralogy Size Shape ~45% quartz <1/8mm anhedral; recrystallized, polygonal contacts <1/16 - 1mm; coarser in recrystallized pyx- anhedral to euhedral; 15-20% clino-amphibole phenos associated with bt anhedral to 1-2% muscovite <1/8 mm subhedral anhedral to subhedral; asociated with amp 10-15% biotite <1/8 mm and chl anhedral to subhedral; assocaited with bt and 1-2% chlorite <1/8 mm amp anhedral to subhedral; dirty/spotty looking, 15% feldspar phenocrysts 1-5 mm some recrystallized with qtz euhedral 1-2% epidote <1/8mm prismatic

Descript ion Pyroxene phenocrysts recrystallized to amphibole + biotite/quartz Pyroxene phenocrysts recrystallized to amphibole + biotite/quartz

153

PD-14- 054

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO LPT fine bed of heterolithic breccia CHISEL SECTION A 6076373 428584 P PD-14-03 11

35% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape <1/8 mm (gm); ~90% quartz (2-3% 1/2 -2 mm anhedral, recrystallized; 35% 4mm - 2cm; oval phenocrysts) phenos round phenos 5% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1/4 mm anhedral to subhedral 1% opaques (mag) <1/8 mm anhedral

65% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, ~75% quartz 1/16 -1/8 mm recyrstallized 20% clino-amphibole 1/8 mm - 1/2 mm subhedral 1-2% opaques (py.mag,cpy) <1/8 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral; twinning; spotty/dirty 5% feldspar 1/8-1/2 mm texture

PD-14- 058

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO LPT felsic lapilli-tuff CHISEL PIT AREA 6076291 428648 P PD-14-03 44

154

40% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 1-3 cm; oval 65% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized 30% feldspar anhedral to subhedral; dirty/spotty phenocrysts 1-3 mm looking; simple twinning subhedral laths overprinting qtz and feldspar and 5% biotite <1/8mm also in matrix interlocking with qtz

60% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, 80-85% quartz <1/16 mm recyrstallized 10-15% biotite <1/16 mm - 1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral; small needles in matrix anhedral to subhedral; dirty/spotty looking; 3-5% feldspar 1/2 - 3 m xtls simple twinning

PD-14- 061

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CLAST OUTCRO (?) vesicular, Pl-phyric basalt CHISEL SECTION D 6076076 428694 P PD-14-03 39

100% Mineralogy Size Shape ~50% quartz <1/8mm anhedral; recrystallized, polygonal contacts 15% calcite (+/-qtz) amygdules 2 - 6 mm oval, elongate, irregular anhedral to 15% calcite in matrix 1/8 - 1/4 mm subhedral anhedral to 15% biotite 1/8 - 1/4 mm subhedral anhedral to subhedral; 1-2% chlorite <1/8 mm assocaited with bt anhedral to subhedral; dirty/spotty looking, 5% feldspar phenocrysts 1-3 mm some recrystallized with qtz

155

PD-14- 063

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# TUFF- OUTCRO BX mafic tuff breccia matrix with juvenile clasts CHISEL SECTION D 6076004 428565 P PD-14-03 35

40% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 20% 5mm x 3cm 5-10% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized 90% clino- amphibole 1/4 - 2 mm subhedral to euhedral 2-3% opaques (py,cpy,mag) <1/8 - 1/2 mm anhedral

85-90% quartz (20% <1/16mm gm; anheral; round 20% 5mm - 1cm; oval phenos+gm) 1/4- 2mm phenos phenocrysts 10% calcite 1/16-1/8 mm anhedral 3-5% clino- amphibole 1/16 -1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral

60% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral, ~65% quartz <1/16 mm recyrstallized anhedral to subhedral; sieve texture; 30% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1/4 mm overprinting qtz 5% feldspar 1/8 mm anhedral; simple twinning; in matrix with qtz 1% opaques (mag,py) 1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 064 156

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CLAST OUTCRO (?) aphanitic amygdaloidal basalt CHISEL SECTION D 6075999 428563 P PD-14-03 35

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with ~30% quartz <1/8mm feld, polygonal contacts subhedral to 40% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 2 mm euhedral 1/8mm gm; 1/2 - 2 mm phenocrysts anhedral to subhedral; in matrix with qtz and 15-20% feldspar (albite) (10%) also as phenocrysts 10% quartz amygdules 2-4 mm oval; elongate; irregular 1% opaques (mag,py,cpy) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 065

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO CLAST scoriaceous mafic block CHISEL SECTION D 6076001 428562 P PD-14-03 35

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with ~50% quartz <1/8mm feld, polygonal contacts subhedral to euhedral; coarser when 40% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 2 mm recytsallizing pyx-phenos then in gm anhedral to subhedral; in matrix 5% feldspar (albite) <1/8mm gm with qtz <1% opaques (mag,py,cpy) <1/16 mm anhedral

157

5-10% calcite and qtz vesicles 1 - 6 mm oval; elongate; irregular

PD-14- 066

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO CLAST aphyric-intermediate block CHISEL SECTION D 6075972 428567 P PD-14-03 35

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with ~70% quartz <1/8mm feld, polygonal contacts anhedral to subhedral; sieve text overprinting 15-20% clino-amphibole 1/8 - 1/4 mm qtz 1/2 - 1 mm 5% feldspar (albite) phenocrysts anhedral to subhedral; twinning <1% opaques (mag) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral; assocated with feld 5% calcite 1/8-1/2 mm and grt anhedral to subhedral; sieve 1-2% garnet 1/4-1 mm texture

PD-14- 067

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO tuff unaltered tuff in stratified felsic unit CHISEL SECTION D 6075974 428582 P PD-14-03 34

100% Mineralogy Size Shape

158

anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with ~60% quartz <1/8mm feld, polygonal contacts anhedral to 10-15% biotite 1/8 - 1/4 mm subhedral <1/8mm, groundmas; 1/2 - 1 mm phenocrysts 10% feldspar (albite) (5%) anhedral to subhedral; twinning 1-2% chlorite <1/16 mm anhedral 2-3% muscovite 1/8 mm subhedral anhedral to subhedral; sieve 10% garnet 1-4 mm texture <1% calcite 1/8-1/4 mm anhedral; associated with grt anhedral to subhedral; sieve <1% clino-amphibole 1/8 mm texture

PD-14- 068

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO tuff altered tuff (grt/amp) CHISEL SECTION D 6075974 428582 P PD-14-03 34

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with 45% quartz 1/8 - 1/2 mm feld, polygonal contacts anhedral to 10% biotite 1/4-2 mm subhedral <1% chlorite <1/8 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral; sieve 25% clino-amphibole 1/2 - 5 mm texture anhedral to subhedral; sieve 20% garnet 2-5 mm texture 159

1% calcite <1/16 mm anhedral; associated with grt

PD-14- 069

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# felsic breccia w/tighly packed intermediate OUTCRO LPST clasts CHISEL SECTION D 6075974 428582 P PD-14-03 34

70% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 70% 5 mm to 5 cm; oval and elongate 85% quartz <1/16 mm anhedral, recrystallized 5-10% biotite (+/-chl) <1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral anhedral to subhedral, rectangualr; simple 5% feldspar 1/8 -1/2 mm twinning

30%(of slide) Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with 70-75% quartz 1/8 - 1/2 mm feld, polygonal contacts anhedral to 10-15% biotite (+/- chl) 1/8 -1 mm subhedral anhedral to subhedral; rectangular, twinning, 5-10% feldspar 1/4 - 2 mm dirty/spott text 1-2% garnet 1/2-2 mm subhedral; sieve texture 1-2% opaques (mag,py) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 072

160

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO CLAST dacite block in felsic bx CHISEL SECTION D 6075943 428583 P PD-14-03 33

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 1/16 - 1 mm (3-5% anhedral; recrystallized, polygonal contacts; 80-85% quartz phenos?) round 'phenocrysts' anhedral to 3-5% biotite 1/4-2 mm subhedral <1% chlorite <1/8 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral; sieve 2-3% clino-amphibole 1/4 -1 mm texture anhedral to subhedral; sieve 5% garnet 1-3 mm texture 3-5% muscovite 1/8 - 1/4 mm subhedral 1-2% opaques (mag,py) <1/16 mm anhedral anhedral to subhedral rectangular phenos; dirty/spotty 1-2% felspar 1/8 - 2mm looking, overgrown with qtz PD-14- 074

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# LALOR DRILL OUTCRO Flow Aphyric Rhyolite ROAD 6081038 426526 P PD-14-03 23

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with 80-85% quartz <1/8mm feld, polygonal contacts 2-3% chlorite <1/16 -1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral, assocaited with bt anhedral to subhedral laths; defining a 10% biotite <1/16 -1/8 mm foliation anhedral to 2-3% muscovite 1/16 - 1/4 mm subhedral 161

1% calcite <1/8mm anhedral; associated with grt anhedral to subhedral; sieve 1-2% garnet 1/4-2 mm text

PD-14- 075

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# CHISEL POWDER OUTCRO tuff mafic tuff MAG 6075897 428374 P PD-14-03 42

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 65-70% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral; recrystallized, polygonal contacts 20% biotite 1/8-1 mm subhedral 2-3% chlorite 1/8 - 1/4 mm anhedral anhedral; assocaited with grt 2-3% calcite 1/8 - 1/4 mm and opaques anhedral to subhedral; sieve 1-2% garnet 3-5 mm texture 5% muscovite 1/8 - 1/4 mm subhedral 2-3% opaques (py>mag) 1/16 - 1mm anhedral ~5% feldspar <1/4 mm anhedral in matrix with qtz

PD-14- 079

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.#

162

INTRUSI LALOR DRILL OUTCRO ON pl-phyric intrusion ROAD 6081046 426531 P PD-14-03 23

100% Mineralogy Size Shape 20% quartz <1/8 mm anhedral; recrystallized, polygonal contacts 50% clino-amphibole 1/8- 4 mm subhedral to euhedral, prisms ~1% opaques (mag,py) <1/8 anhedral <1/8 gm; 1-6 mm anhedral to subhedral, rectangular, twinning, 30% feldspar (20%phenocrysts, 10% gm) phenocrysts dirty/spotty texture

PD-14- 081

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO tuff felsic bedded tuff CHISEL SECTION E 6076336 428207 P PD-14-03 43

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with 90% quartz <1/8mm feld, polygonal contacts anhedral to 5% muscovite 1/16 - 1/4 mm subhedral 5% calcite <1/8mm anhedral <1% opaques (mag,py) <1/16 mm anhedral

PD-14- 084

163

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# heavily altered dacitic tuff with large grt OUTCRO tuff porphyroblasts CHISEL SECTION E 6076264 427723 P PD-14-03 43

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with 35-40% quartz 1/8 - 1 mm feld, polygonal contacts anhedral to 2-3% muscovite 1/16 - 1/4 mm subhedral <1% calcite <1/8mm anhedral; associated with grt <1% opaques (mag,cpy) <1/8 mm anhedral 30% (of slide) garnet ~3 cm subhedral; pokioblastic 2-3% epidote <1/8 mm anhedral; inclusions in grt anhedral to 1-2% chlorite 1/8 - 1/4 mm subhedral anhedral to subhedral, 25% clino-amphibole 1/4 - 5 mm pokioblastic 5-10% feldspar 1/8 - 1 mm anheral to subhedral, twinning

PD-14- 087

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO tuff felsic bedded tuff CHISEL SECTION F 6076207 428182 P PD-14-03 42

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with ~70% quartz <1/8mm feld, polygonal contacts

164

<1/8 mm matrix with qtz; 1/2-2mm xtls anhedral to subhedral, rectangular; dirty/spotty texture; 10% feldspar (5%) twinning on some crystals anhedral to subhedral laths; defining a 10% biotite <1/16 -1/8 mm foliation 2-3% chlorite <1/16 -1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral, assocaited with bt anhedral to 2-3% muscovite 1/16 - 1/4 mm subhedral anhedral; associated with 1-2% calcite <1/8mm feld/grt 1-2% garnet 1/4-1 mm subhedral

PD-14- 088

Rock Sample Type Comments Map Area/Core ID Northing Easting Type Notebook pg.# OUTCRO LPT altered LPT with felsic lapilli CHISEL SECTION E 6076278 428238 P PD-14-03 43

20% (of slide) Size and shape of clasts Mineralogy Size Shape 50% quartz (probably more like 20% 5 mm to 2 cm; oval and elongate 80% , minus grt) <1/8 mm anhedral, recrystallized 5% clino-amphibole <1/8 mm anhedral 5% biotite (+/-chl) <1/8 mm anhedral to subhedral anhedral to subhedral, rectangualar; 10% feldspar 1/8 -1/2 mm simple twinning subhedral; pokioblastic; 30% garnet 2- 4 mm overprinting clast

100% Mineralogy Size Shape anhedral; recrystallized in groundmass with 20% quartz 1/8 - 1/2 mm feld, polygonal contacts 165

20% biotite 1/4 - 4 mm subhedral to euhedral laths 10% feldspar 1/8 - 2 mm anhedral to subhedral; rectangular, twinning 20% garnet 2 - 5mm subhedral; sieve texture 2-3% opaques (py,cpy,mag) 1/8 -1/4 mm anhedral subhedral to euhedral, prismatic, some 25% clino-amphibole 1/4 - 7 mm pokioblastic 3-5% chlorite 1/4 - 2 mm subhedral

Descript ion Altered tuff with coarse garnet, amphibole, and biotite. Altered tuff with coarse garnet, amphibole, and biotite.

166

Appendix IV

Geochemical Analyses

Original whole rock major element (Table 1), trace element (Table 2) and isotope data

(Table 3) are documented in this appendix. Details on analytical methods can be found in section 2.3.1 of the thesis.

Table 1: Major element whole rock data. Client ID Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 K2O LOI MgO MnO Na2O P2O5 SiO2 TiO2 Total Units wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% Detect Limit 0.02 0.006 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.002 0.02 0.002 0.04 0.01 PD-13-001 15.89 8.795 10.03 1.02 1.86 2.17 0.217 2.4 0.096 56.74 0.46 99.68 PD-13-004 15.38 4.518 8.09 2.14 0.89 2.7 0.158 3 0.107 61.64 0.51 99.13 PD-13-005 12.48 5.028 5.21 1.19 0.66 1.48 0.078 1.54 0.076 72.17 0.34 100.26 PD-13-006 12.81 6.25 5.7 1 0.81 1.66 0.102 1.28 0.076 69.94 0.37 99.98 PD-13-008 18.74 10.695 16.26 0.52 1.71 3.06 0.348 2.66 0.264 44.74 0.71 99.72 PD-13-009 13.33 7.808 10.53 1.74 0.96 4.24 0.192 0.62 0.117 59.94 0.5 99.97 PD-13-010 14.49 6.76 11.28 1.66 0.58 4.77 0.223 1.38 0.152 58.02 0.58 99.89 PD-13-012 13.62 7.344 12.13 1.78 1.54 4.15 0.224 0.63 0.165 57.4 0.55 99.54 PD-13-014 15.55 6.922 10.92 1.45 2.82 2.07 0.18 2.5 0.211 56.89 0.61 100.13 PD-13-015 11.23 3.879 6.8 1.18 1.81 1.56 0.121 2.2 0.115 70.7 0.37 99.96 PD-13-016 16.84 8.775 11.97 2.08 2.1 3.4 0.247 1.7 0.2 52.13 0.69 100.13 PD-13-017 12.98 4.636 9.75 1.34 1 3.04 0.167 1.26 0.167 64.57 0.55 99.45 PD-13-018 12.67 5.656 9.96 0.61 0.46 2.21 0.211 1.74 0.172 65.47 0.48 99.62 PD-13-019 13.31 7.176 10.79 1.06 1.18 2.37 0.231 0.97 0.18 62.36 0.5 100.13 PD-13-020 13.4 11.009 12.42 0.63 3.07 2.95 0.283 0.56 0.136 55.13 0.44 100.03 PD-13-026 13.86 7.779 14.52 1.2 0.37 4.15 0.214 2.02 0.292 54.24 0.7 99.34 PD-13-027 14.06 8.752 14.94 1 0.31 4.13 0.215 1.89 0.295 54.08 0.72 100.4 PD-13-030 21.41 10.786 7.01 0.82 0.4 2.93 0.109 3.33 0.321 52.49 0.75 100.35 PD-13-031 21.36 8.965 9.61 0.91 0.57 3.67 0.13 4.52 0.329 49.93 0.76 100.75 PD-13-033 17.65 8.677 7.95 0.19 0.44 4.97 0.135 3.75 0.091 55.69 0.49 100.04 PD-13-034 16.32 7.087 10.78 0.31 0.27 4.4 0.154 3.65 0.085 56.9 0.53 100.48 PD-13-035 14.26 17.911 9.03 0.12 4.34 3.12 0.212 3.09 0.093 46.73 0.44 99.35 PD-13-036 13.7 18.043 13.39 0.28 7.79 2.08 0.257 2.24 0.149 41.31 0.49 99.74 PD-13-037 13.19 13.565 6.42 1.24 6.06 2.06 0.139 1.52 0.158 54.43 0.52 99.31 PD-13-038 14.08 8.703 14.7 0.65 0.47 3.78 0.201 2.14 0.299 54.3 0.72 100.04 PD-13-039 14.48 6.114 5.28 1.55 0.27 1.43 0.08 0.92 0.139 69.19 0.47 99.92 PD-13-040 14.18 11.806 11.61 0.35 3.61 1.79 0.292 1.89 0.162 53.47 0.51 99.66 PD-13-041 12.15 2.784 17.29 2.45 4.05 2.6 0.063 1.09 0.156 56.65 0.46 99.73 PD-13-042 16.71 11.175 13.05 0.14 0.66 7.26 0.194 2.26 0.127 48.54 0.39 100.49 PD-13-043 16.5 12.714 12.67 0.07 0.52 6.97 0.203 0.88 0.126 49.32 0.39 100.36 PD-13-044 10.76 0.393 9.35 3.48 3.25 0.47 0.029 0.2 0.075 71.03 0.25 99.29 PD-13-045 14.21 8.633 15.1 1.03 0.29 4.08 0.215 1.98 0.293 53.52 0.73 100.08 PD-13-046 13.91 5.271 7.41 1.76 1 1.74 0.122 1.82 0.083 66.18 0.44 99.74 PD-13-047 10.44 1.903 9.67 1.19 1.59 1.34 0.054 2.81 0.066 70.14 0.44 99.64

168 PD-13-048 13.07 9.279 9.13 1.11 3.7 1.89 0.234 1.6 0.155 58.78 0.47 99.42 PD-13-049 13.33 7.285 9.24 1.35 1.6 2.07 0.176 1.61 0.168 62.34 0.48 99.63 PD-13-050 14.58 5.024 10.69 1.65 0.84 2.05 0.164 2.26 0.181 61.16 0.53 99.13 PD-13-051 13.84 3.035 7.27 2.05 0.56 2.59 0.134 0.56 0.141 68.93 0.42 99.52 PD-13-052 15.21 6.569 11.82 0.62 0.2 4.32 0.147 1.51 0.198 58.87 0.61 100.06 PD-13-053 14.32 8.915 11.54 0.85 1.2 4.65 0.249 1.16 0.165 56.56 0.6 100.2 PD-13-054 14.27 5.798 8.73 1.14 1.1 1.82 0.184 2.32 0.178 64.13 0.52 100.18 PD-13-055 12.77 6.559 8.26 0.91 2.45 1.31 0.173 2.02 0.149 64.23 0.47 99.31 PD-13-062 15.94 6.565 12.51 1.21 0.34 5.36 0.294 1.38 0.13 55.53 0.68 99.93 PD-13-067 15.26 8.049 13.77 1.02 0.76 3.89 0.442 1.78 0.165 54.49 0.64 100.25 PD-13-077 16.82 10.171 13.56 0.57 0.26 3.92 0.262 3.64 0.077 50.74 0.58 100.59 PD-13-082 12.67 3.032 6 2.29 0.56 1.61 0.068 1.65 0.098 72.45 0.35 100.78 PD-13-086 13.39 6.508 8.05 1.73 1.37 2.66 0.157 0.63 0.14 65.4 0.49 100.52 PD-13-091 14.91 3.112 3.98 2.22 1.03 0.71 0.087 3.5 0.078 70.78 0.41 100.82 PD-13-096 13.68 3.923 8.74 0.95 0.65 1.73 0.149 4.14 0.187 65.92 0.5 100.56 PD-13-100 14.4 3.432 9.62 2.78 1.07 7.11 0.46 0.32 0.117 60.69 0.52 100.5 PD-13-101 13.84 6.492 7.77 0.96 0.42 2.66 0.18 1.12 0.209 66.42 0.61 100.68 PD-13-102 14.93 3.705 6.08 1.64 1.15 1.57 0.067 3.47 0.269 67.21 0.52 100.6 PD-13-104 15.07 13.39 10.42 0.15 0.59 10.19 0.199 0.9 0.109 48.45 0.52 99.99 PD-13-105 12.43 1.492 4.72 1.3 0.73 1.18 0.065 4.78 0.111 73.75 0.24 100.8 PD-13-106 18.19 4.214 11.32 3.38 1.31 5.87 0.19 1.83 0.047 53.5 0.46 100.32 PD-13-107 14.75 9.847 14.07 0.23 0.29 3.76 0.242 1.48 0.088 54.92 0.51 100.18 PD-13-108 14.16 10.429 12.37 0.34 1.45 3.25 0.262 0.79 0.114 56.8 0.54 100.51 PD-13-109 10.4 1.976 13.91 2.06 2.06 1.68 0.054 1.4 0.072 66.72 0.32 100.65 PD-13-111 12.63 4.209 6.97 2.16 0.94 1.86 0.168 0.59 0.192 69.82 0.37 99.91 PD-13-112 15.05 13.422 10.53 0.15 0.99 9.99 0.205 0.84 0.109 48.02 0.53 99.83 PD-13-113 17.12 9.884 10.53 0.91 1.58 2.81 0.197 2.68 0.111 54.22 0.57 100.62 PD-13-115 13.14 2.584 12.56 0.63 1.23 6.29 0.124 0.21 0.216 62.29 0.6 99.88 PD-13-116 17.15 11.722 13.47 0.1 0.98 8.16 0.133 0.98 0.074 46.65 0.53 99.96 PD-13-118 18.86 14.222 10.94 0.22 1.01 7.34 0.115 1.09 0.111 45.97 0.45 100.32 PD-13-119 16.51 6.221 9.5 3.85 1.53 6.59 0.299 0.27 0.441 54.15 0.8 100.16 PD-13-120 14.04 4.481 10.39 2.92 0.7 2.7 0.128 1.75 0.586 61.83 0.84 100.36 PD-13-121 13.43 1.803 3.7 1.1 1.17 1.04 0.06 5.45 0.125 72.6 0.27 100.76 PD-13-122 15.64 10.497 14.8 0.25 0.32 3.6 0.22 1.65 0.093 52.37 0.52 99.97 PD-13-124 10.46 1.42 3 2.94 1.69 0.51 0.047 2.04 0.041 78.04 0.19 100.37 PD-13-125 13.8 8.034 13.37 0.9 2.2 2.46 0.264 2.45 0.086 56.5 0.43 100.5 PD-13-126 12.95 2.147 6.32 0.33 0.46 0.85 0.103 5.26 0.101 70.62 0.24 99.37 PD-13-129 13.22 3.918 6.91 2.39 1.14 2.3 0.153 0.94 0.083 68.82 0.39 100.26

169 PD-13-130 15.34 6.53 12.67 1.47 0.91 3.18 0.274 1.79 0.192 57.24 0.57 100.17 PD-13-131 13.99 7.181 10.15 0.6 1.41 2.13 0.184 1.9 0.163 62.45 0.52 100.67 PD-13-132 11.89 1.654 4.85 2.01 0.53 1.39 0.089 2.74 0.11 74.95 0.35 100.56

Client ID Al2O3 BaO CaO Cr2O3 Fe2O3 K2O LOI MgO MnO Na2O P2O5 SiO2 TiO2 Total Units wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% Detect Limit 0.02 0.004 0.006 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.002 0.02 0.002 0.04 0.01 PD-14-001 17.3 0.07 9.123 <0.002 14.87 0.87 0.46 5.46 0.257 2.02 0.07 48.61 0.6 99.71 PD-14-002 21.25 0.05 7.346 <0.002 18.7 1 3.55 1.93 0.303 3.11 0.03 41.26 1.1 99.61 PD-14-003 15.02 0.04 7.79 <0.002 14.49 1.08 0.58 5.86 0.257 1.36 0.081 52.59 0.59 99.73 PD-14-004 13.75 0.21 3.416 <0.002 12.28 2.3 0.53 2.45 0.218 2.77 0.242 60.96 0.61 99.73 PD-14-005 11.82 0.08 1.265 <0.002 5.48 2.49 0.87 0.83 0.086 2.15 0.055 74.13 0.33 99.58 PD-14-006 13.99 0.04 4.918 <0.002 5.84 1.3 0.53 1 0.201 1.89 0.115 69.76 0.5 100.08 PD-14-007 15.4 0.04 5.709 <0.002 5.97 1.68 0.93 0.87 0.18 1.77 0.122 66.62 0.44 99.74 PD-14-008 13.63 0.06 4.666 <0.002 6.53 1.86 1.57 0.87 0.187 1.61 0.078 69.15 0.4 100.62 PD-14-009 12.57 0.06 4.78 <0.002 6.95 1.79 0.48 0.99 0.166 0.68 0.089 71.12 0.45 100.12 PD-14-010 16.72 <0.004 12.037 0.01 12.82 0.06 0.49 7.01 0.205 0.88 0.129 49.1 0.39 99.86 PD-14-011 13.77 0.07 3.676 <0.002 6.89 2.42 0.74 1.9 0.145 1.61 0.123 68.6 0.46 100.4 PD-14-013 14.73 0.05 6.035 <0.002 13.12 0.93 0.83 4.05 0.186 2.95 0.231 56.66 0.61 100.4 PD-14-014 12.79 0.06 4.132 0.01 9.47 1.48 0.51 2.66 0.165 2.16 0.156 66.29 0.48 100.35 PD-14-015 13.17 0.03 7.189 <0.002 7.01 0.84 1.02 1.14 0.133 1.38 0.134 67.93 0.43 100.4 PD-14-016 14.75 0.04 6.023 <0.002 10.16 0.97 0.74 1.76 0.214 3.13 0.255 62.05 0.6 100.7 PD-14-017 11.12 0.05 2.552 <0.002 5.46 1.95 0.72 0.78 0.116 1.63 0.078 75.55 0.4 100.41 PD-14-018 12.64 0.06 3.681 <0.002 7.18 2.58 0.72 1.12 0.172 1.07 0.104 70.12 0.47 99.91 PD-14-019 15.91 0.03 9.143 0.04 13.14 1.25 1.2 8.5 0.249 2.45 0.062 48.02 0.46 100.46 PD-14-020 17.16 0.03 8.576 <0.002 6.51 1.7 1.52 1.06 0.223 1.42 0.159 61.38 0.53 100.28 PD-14-021 12.84 0.13 1.702 <0.002 12.69 1.11 1.08 2.58 0.133 2.6 0.258 64.81 0.67 100.6 PD-14-022 12.58 0.16 1.763 <0.002 5.92 3.24 0.63 0.73 0.152 2.21 0.061 73.03 0.34 100.82 PD-14-023 13.73 0.06 3.223 <0.002 9.35 1.66 1.06 2.09 0.228 4.18 0.168 63.48 0.49 99.72 PD-14-024 13.22 0.04 2.587 <0.002 7.32 2.52 1.2 1.23 0.171 2.02 0.184 68.88 0.52 99.88 PD-14-025 13.91 0.05 3.586 <0.002 12.49 0.35 0.27 2.2 0.26 5.11 0.222 60.71 0.63 99.79 PD-14-026 12.99 0.05 4.096 <0.002 7.22 2.4 2.09 0.81 0.218 1.62 0.092 67.92 0.41 99.91 PD-14-027 14.23 0.03 4.329 <0.002 8.83 0.91 0.66 1.84 0.189 3.59 0.293 65.08 0.59 100.57 PD-14-028 14.14 0.02 3.28 <0.002 4.4 0.78 0.45 0.78 0.094 4.65 0.475 70.63 0.71 100.41 PD-14-030 16.43 <0.004 11.775 0.01 12.46 0.06 0.63 6.84 0.201 0.85 0.125 49.58 0.38 99.33 PD-14-031 13.26 0.09 5.614 <0.002 7.36 1.12 1.24 1.51 0.184 2.29 0.169 66.7 0.47 99.99 PD-14-032 11.18 0.02 5.911 <0.002 5.7 2.66 3.62 0.54 0.173 0.11 0.058 69.86 0.32 100.14 PD-14-033 13.95 0.06 2.496 0.01 5.43 2.15 0.85 1.2 0.097 3.66 0.104 69.89 0.51 100.41

170 PD-14-035 14.59 0.07 6.364 <0.002 10.9 2.89 2.73 2.04 0.341 0.87 0.237 58.85 0.58 100.48 PD-14-036 15.44 0.05 4.007 <0.002 9.42 0.95 0.61 1.86 0.179 4.4 0.207 62.7 0.54 100.36 PD-14-037 15.2 0.07 6.614 <0.002 13.84 0.75 1.3 4.61 0.233 3.19 0.37 53.59 0.71 100.47 PD-14-039 14.46 0.01 4.659 <0.002 12.81 0.72 0.93 2.9 0.235 3.06 0.567 58.79 0.92 100.08 PD-14-042 11.59 0.05 2.488 <0.002 5.89 1.9 0.96 1.52 0.111 1.74 0.07 73.33 0.34 100 PD-14-043 7.26 0.02 1.712 <0.002 5.11 1.2 0.6 1.06 0.094 0.9 0.111 82.32 0.3 100.69 PD-14-044 14.74 0.07 2.133 <0.002 7.07 3.65 1.41 1.84 0.139 0.9 0.092 67.93 0.45 100.43 PD-14-045 16.27 0.07 8.223 <0.002 6.21 2.12 2.5 1.36 0.286 0.74 0.12 61.88 0.46 100.23 PD-14-046 6.17 0.01 5.829 0.01 1.84 0.43 3.19 0.43 0.1 0.29 0.058 81.48 0.21 100.05 PD-14-047 15.44 0.06 5.175 <0.002 2.65 1.73 1.81 0.91 0.136 1.91 0.317 69.71 0.61 100.47 PD-14-048 13.85 0.07 3.92 0.01 7.51 2.08 1.16 1.53 0.207 1.91 0.097 67.59 0.42 100.35 PD-14-049 16.49 0.09 7.082 <0.002 2.51 0.97 2.54 0.61 0.15 2.95 0.295 66.15 0.62 100.45 PD-14-050 15.37 0.04 8.054 <0.002 13.05 0.83 0.46 3.46 0.21 3.01 0.363 54.82 0.77 100.44 PD-14-051 14.64 0.13 4.457 <0.002 6.48 2.39 1.92 1.5 0.166 1.88 0.125 66.36 0.45 100.49 PD-14-054 15.79 0.08 5.767 <0.002 12.57 0.49 0.3 2.72 0.281 5.01 0.328 55.75 0.72 99.81 PD-14-055 16.27 0.07 4.842 <0.002 13.86 2.46 0.5 2.13 0.342 2.19 0.184 57.05 0.55 100.44 PD-14-057 12.92 0.1 3.677 <0.002 10.29 2.45 0.58 2.49 0.205 1.96 0.2 64.55 0.52 99.94 PD-14-058 13.11 0.05 1.385 <0.002 7.27 2.35 0.59 1.81 0.033 3.91 0.06 69.61 0.37 100.55 PD-14-059 13.5 0.06 3.664 <0.002 5.78 2.62 1.47 1.22 0.136 1.13 0.091 70.37 0.41 100.47 PD-14-061 15.28 0.09 8.353 <0.002 7.16 2.39 4.83 1.63 0.2 3.36 0.216 55.79 0.64 99.93 PD-14-063 14.92 0.01 10.155 <0.002 13.02 0.17 2.13 3.78 0.213 2.52 0.293 52.02 0.68 99.91 PD-14-065 13.31 0.02 10.745 <0.002 9.39 0.28 6.32 5.72 0.281 1.92 0.252 51.35 0.7 100.28 PD-14-066 13.17 0.01 7.346 <0.002 9.51 0.11 0.44 1.17 0.241 1.88 0.446 64.94 0.61 99.88 PD-14-067 11.63 0.06 4.654 <0.002 8.49 1.62 1.84 1.17 0.267 1.28 0.093 68.7 0.36 100.17 PD-14-068 11.26 0.04 5.305 <0.002 15.31 1.1 0.63 1.88 0.386 0.63 0.102 63.16 0.36 100.16 PD-14-069 13.95 0.07 2.721 <0.002 8.22 2.15 0.81 1.1 0.175 2.79 0.289 67.13 0.57 99.97 PD-14-070 16.57 <0.004 11.911 0.01 12.5 0.06 0.54 6.76 0.2 0.84 0.131 50.08 0.39 99.99 PD-14-071 13.72 0.01 4.894 <0.002 6.42 1.15 1.31 0.79 0.234 2.95 0.464 67.76 0.59 100.3 PD-14-074 12.3 0.03 1.894 <0.002 4.4 1.9 1.08 1.05 0.063 3.25 0.102 73.5 0.27 99.85 PD-14-076 15.84 0.08 6.977 <0.002 10.81 0.62 1.41 1.96 0.171 3.66 0.497 57.59 0.62 100.23 PD-14-077 14.98 0.03 9.005 <0.002 19.85 0.52 1.94 4.59 0.276 1.92 0.294 45.66 0.72 99.78 PD-14-079 18.45 0.01 12.039 <0.002 15.09 0.34 1.18 4.39 0.212 1.85 0.064 45.72 0.45 99.8 PD-14-080 11 0.25 1.545 <0.002 3.45 3.78 0.68 0.85 0.055 1.87 0.083 75.76 0.37 99.7 PD-14-081 9.08 0.11 2.514 <0.002 0.74 1.13 1.32 0.17 0.047 1.96 0.067 82.49 0.33 99.96 PD-14-082 12.44 0.06 3.082 <0.002 7.23 2.19 0.73 0.62 0.249 2.06 0.067 71.02 0.39 100.14 PD-14-083 20.87 0.06 7.309 <0.002 10.02 2.52 2.41 2.39 0.317 3.93 0.199 49.67 0.45 100.15 PD-14-084 9.47 <0.004 4.792 0.01 6.92 0.24 0.68 1.44 0.191 0.3 0.068 74.89 0.37 99.37 PD-14-085 12.52 0.02 0.571 <0.002 6.86 0.49 1.48 2.29 0.178 4.3 0.069 71.13 0.35 100.25

171 PD-14-086 13.77 0.01 1.445 <0.002 2.06 0.28 0.51 1.91 0.044 7.07 0.069 72.48 0.38 100.03 PD-14-087 11.73 0.05 3.857 <0.002 5.92 1.81 2.67 0.6 0.194 3.71 0.064 68.79 0.33 99.72 PD-14-088 17.74 0.05 5.204 <0.002 12.82 2.08 0.58 2.51 0.282 2.87 0.267 55.4 0.67 100.47 PD-14-091 12.57 0.02 1.566 <0.002 3.86 0.36 0.64 1.48 0.101 5.57 0.073 72.96 0.4 99.59 PD-14-092 10.32 0.02 2.498 <0.002 1.83 1.12 1.28 0.47 0.062 2.33 0.133 79.5 0.32 99.87 PD-14-093 16.67 <0.004 11.97 0.01 13.04 0.06 0.82 7.18 0.208 0.92 0.117 48.58 0.37 99.94 PD-15-001 16.38 0.12 4.115 <0.002 15.46 1.85 0.62 2.33 0.472 4.1 0.406 53.88 0.85 100.59 PD-15-002 16.29 0.06 9.003 <0.002 13.44 1.45 3.94 5.31 0.198 2.51 0.228 47.25 0.66 100.35 PD-15-003 12.73 0.01 6.475 <0.002 10.7 0.36 0.53 3.46 0.19 2.68 0.078 62.97 0.59 100.78 PD-15-004a 15.88 0.02 6.925 <0.002 9.02 0.5 0.71 2.29 0.154 3.43 0.062 61.21 0.57 100.77 PD-15-004b 15.23 0.02 6.763 <0.002 8.28 0.66 1.18 2.22 0.166 3.13 0.051 62.45 0.54 100.7 PD-13-022a 9.01 0.02 2.471 <0.002 1.13 0.29 0.2 0.3 0.029 2.55 0.152 84.2 0.29 100.65 PD-13-023 15.52 0.02 5.796 <0.002 6.18 0.47 1.13 1.96 0.221 3.65 0.079 65.26 0.43 100.73 PD-13-024 15.08 0.05 2.991 <0.002 2.18 1.22 1.2 0.43 0.085 4.59 0.134 72.28 0.37 100.61 PD-13-025 16.11 0.04 7.328 <0.002 10.9 0.88 1.22 2.57 0.196 3.04 0.093 57.93 0.51 100.81 PD-14-038 11.14 0.02 3.488 0.01 3.23 0.57 0.55 0.6 0.077 3.3 0.5 76.44 0.72 100.65 PD-14-072 16.78 0.06 2.586 0.01 2.38 2.34 1.05 0.43 0.064 3.61 0.276 70.19 0.65 100.41 PD-14-075 13.84 0.05 5.347 <0.002 9.61 2.85 2.6 2.13 0.272 0.33 0.362 62.79 0.62 100.79

172 Table 2: Trace element data. Client ID Sn Sr Ta Tb Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr pp pp pp pp pp pp Units ppm ppm m ppm ppm m ppm ppm m m ppm ppm m m ppm Detect 0.0 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 Limit 0.16 0.6 23 23 8 7 5 19 11 0.8 0.05 0.05 09 7 6 PD-13- 169. 0.1 0.38 37 0.09 0.23 0.3 29 15.0 1.6 10 062 0.47 3 59 56 0.82 70 2 68 42 4.8 0.22 5 14 0 43 PD-13- 225. 0.1 0.39 37 0.14 0.23 0.3 24 14.9 1.5 10 067 0.47 9 78 77 0.85 56 9 9 89 7.4 0.82 3 76 9 44 PD-13- 307. 0.0 0.26 0.55 34 0.61 0.17 0.2 >3 10.6 1.2 10 077 0.28 1 68 32 8 07 9 69 33 70 0.28 7 06 8 25 PD-13- 197. 0.4 0.77 1.93 21 0.48 0.48 0.8 27.9 3.1 12 082 1.24 7 45 33 1 21 3 09 84 30 0.68 2 65 3 121 PD-13- 214. 0.3 0.61 1.42 28 0.12 0.37 0.8 10 23.0 2.5 11 086 0.81 5 23 62 2 57 9 81 27 0.3 0.26 2 33 8 82 PD-13- 224. 0.6 1.04 5.78 24 0.13 0.57 2.1 30.4 4.0 13 091 1.78 2 29 46 8 36 4 56 62 1.2 0.57 5 49 1 151 PD-13- 137. 0.1 0.41 1.38 29 0.28 0.6 66. 16.8 1.9 11 096 0.66 6 84 98 3 06 0.11 64 05 1 0.31 3 35 6 55 PD-13- 0.1 0.51 1.17 28 0.16 0.34 0.5 13 21.5 2.3 11 100 0.63 57 65 4 8 24 8 87 03 8 0.14 1 27 2 53 PD-13- 277. 0.4 0.73 5.43 27 0.40 0.35 2.7 15 22.3 2.4 13 101 0.93 2 07 57 5 14 9 46 75 5.2 0.29 9 17 9 113 PD-13- 367. 0.3 0.70 30 0.32 0.34 1.8 13 23.5 2.3 14 102 0.86 3 34 1 4.24 66 2 84 24 2.5 0.54 3 33 5 104 PD-13- 234. 0.0 0.45 0.33 31 0.03 0.30 0.2 22 18.8 2.0 104 0.26 4 96 9 6 26 3 89 18 4.2 0.34 3 48 90 37 PD-13- 0.1 0.49 1.82 14 0.05 0.35 0.7 18. 2.4 105 0.64 78.3 61 32 5 67 2 3 57 7 0.12 19.4 22 64 78 PD-13- 0.0 0.26 0.39 26 0.39 0.19 0.5 29 1.2 34 106 0.52 86.4 37 55 9 54 7 46 76 4.9 0.29 11.2 95 1 26 PD-13- 220. 0.0 0.28 0.53 30 0.00 0.19 0.5 34 11.7 1.3 10 107 0.33 2 8 6 2 60 8 99 47 6.9 0.13 2 46 2 31 PD-13- 172. 0.1 0.36 0.83 31 0.19 0.24 0.4 17 14.7 1.6 10 108 0.42 2 22 74 4 12 9 33 56 6.2 0.32 6 72 0 40 PD-13- 0.1 0.32 0.93 19 0.22 3.1 94. 13.7 1.5 31 109 0.81 89.1 04 47 9 67 0.85 81 75 7 0.22 5 43 2 40 PD-13- 145. 0.4 0.94 1.82 22 0.24 0.60 0.8 42. 39.0 4.0 11 111 >14 9 21 06 8 74 4 56 21 1 0.63 7 53 8 111 PD-13- 225. 0.0 0.46 0.36 32 0.02 0.31 0.2 22 19.8 2.0 112 0.27 9 94 44 1 02 9 3 02 4.1 0.45 2 86 97 38 PD-13- 344. 0.2 1.16 34 0.48 0.31 0.5 23 19.7 2.1 11 113 0.58 7 08 0.5 2 98 8 96 28 5.8 0.44 4 11 7 57 PD-13- 0.0 0.36 0.98 36 1.19 0.23 0.5 15 13.8 1.5 16 115 0.43 70 95 24 9 62 9 11 45 1.9 0.06 6 56 1 39 PD-13- 192. 0.0 0.18 0.48 31 0.02 0.11 0.4 >3 0.7 10 116 0.28 5 45 59 2 78 5 48 74 70 0.07 6.94 93 6 22 PD-13- <0.1 331. 0.0 0.16 0.29 27 0.10 0.09 0.2 >3 0.6 10 118 6 3 24 6 6 22 2 73 79 70 0.29 6.1 72 9 16 PD-13- 0.3 0.84 5.34 47 6.17 0.34 2.3 24 23.2 2.3 23 119 1.01 68.4 74 11 8 29 6 78 95 3.6 1.99 4 24 8 104 PD-13- 169. 0.4 0.95 51 0.17 0.43 2.2 69. 28.0 2.8 14 120 0.9 2 65 12 6.6 87 7 35 89 9 0.51 7 93 0 135

173 PD-13- 0.1 0.52 1.89 16 0.05 0.36 0.8 22. 20.6 2.4 121 0.9 125 77 39 3 67 6 59 44 3 0.2 1 82 74 82 PD-13- 146. 0.0 0.30 0.65 30 0.00 0.20 0.2 >3 12.4 1.4 122 0.33 7 8 3 9 25 9 81 84 70 0.15 3 06 99 29 PD-13- 0.3 0.60 4.31 11 0.08 0.39 1.7 22.5 2.6 10 124 0.71 71.9 39 43 2 27 5 43 03 4.3 0.35 6 83 5 102 PD-13- 147. 0.2 0.43 1.18 26 0.28 0.5 13 1.9 125 0.54 7 42 81 8 43 0.12 33 13 2.2 0.2 17.7 17 88 60 PD-13- 0.1 0.54 1.01 15 0.00 0.40 0.5 2.7 10 126 0.3 97.8 35 37 4 35 7 41 07 6.1 0.12 23.6 76 2 57 PD-13- 228. 0.3 0.56 1.66 23 0.12 0.38 0.5 78. 22.8 2.5 129 0.8 3 27 3 4 09 5 12 5 1 0.35 6 69 87 83 PD-13- 168. 0.2 0.64 1.24 35 0.39 0.4 10 24.8 2.6 13 130 0.8 4 81 99 7 05 0.07 4 93 4.4 0.26 8 27 1 75 PD-13- 217. 0.3 0.56 1.27 31 0.02 0.35 0.5 76. 22.1 2.3 11 131 0.85 5 05 59 4 31 3 93 45 2 0.16 4 82 2 78 PD-13- 132. 0.3 0.76 1.69 21 0.09 0.49 0.8 40. 3.3 10 132 1.13 5 85 96 5 57 7 23 04 4 0.45 29.6 24 0 109 PD-14- 640. <0. 0.26 43. 0.74 19 1.9 1.32 0.58 15. 1.7 001 4 0.33 47 7 9.91 75 33 9 1 49 9 51 26 13 0.71 PD-14- 256. <0. 132. 1.9 0.32 53 6.2 3.69 3.15 17. 9.2 002 2 1.26 47 0.75 77 4 9 5 7.3 93 9 14 16 38 3.84 PD-14- 322. <0. 0.09 10.2 40. 0.28 11 1.7 1.18 0.48 14. 1.6 003 7 0.62 47 8 9 46 34 7 9 9 2 34 5 66 0.69 PD-14- >17 <0. 0.05 22.4 24. 3.42 12 3.6 0.88 14. 3.1 004 40 0.8 47 9 5 26 9 6 0.9 36 2.38 55 39 87 1.72 PD-14- 757. <0. 0.02 101. 1.7 <1. 3.31 2.01 14. 6.3 005 2 1.69 47 1 39 2 20 0.51 4 5.4 9 4 3 92 3.37 PD-14- 287. <0. 0.16 97.0 5.7 0.13 10. 4.8 2.78 2.26 15. 6.2 006 8 1.75 47 7 8 5 21 3 7 54 7 82 26 94 3.04 PD-14- 333. <0. 0.18 117. 0.20 5.6 3.23 2.79 18. 7.8 007 3 2.07 47 9 97 5.5 22 3 8 73 1 72 3 18 3.17 PD-14- 474. <0. 0.16 108. 3.6 21. 5.4 3.17 2.67 16. 7.1 008 8 1.74 47 8 61 1 21 0.17 9 21 3 8 68 57 3.31 PD-14- <0. 0.14 106. 4.0 0.26 17. 5.2 3.01 2.25 15. 6.8 009 499 1.4 47 7 1 5 18 3 1 23 9 98 61 18 3.19 PD-14- <0. 44. <0.0 14 1.0 0.63 0.38 13. 0.9 010 10.8 0.25 47 0.06 5.52 38 72 13 9.8 17 6 12 68 75 0.35 PD-14- 525. <0. 0.09 97.4 6.5 0.60 43. 4.8 2.77 2.24 15. 6.3 011 6 1.78 47 4 4 1 13 5 9 07 5 64 88 24 2.86 PD-14- 516. <0. 0.11 51.4 25. 0.43 57. 4.2 2.53 1.60 17. 4.4 013 2 1.26 47 8 8 25 12 6 8 78 4 72 54 72 2.6 PD-14- 558. <0. 0.08 41.0 15. 1.00 28. 3.4 2.23 1.21 15. 3.4 014 2 1.34 47 4 9 26 12 6 1 75 1 79 68 71 2.5 PD-14- 222. <0. 0.20 90.3 7.5 0.14 4.4 2.54 2.39 17. 6.1 015 5 1.17 47 6 7 7 26 7 20 99 3 69 36 27 2.65 PD-14- 257. <0. 0.12 83.5 18. 0.23 70. 4.1 2.27 2.13 15. 5.6 016 5 1.28 47 9 1 79 16 3 6 59 1 77 98 54 2.39 PD-14- 411. <0. 83.9 3.5 0.21 20. 4.4 2.13 14. 5.9 017 3 1.37 47 0.09 8 3 18 8 6 2 2.47 65 38 36 2.8 PD-14- 471. <0. 105. 5.4 0.56 19. 5.2 3.01 2.54 15. 7.0 018 4 1.78 47 0.15 53 7 16 9 2 61 9 14 86 31 3.17 PD-14- 236. <0. 0.14 50. 1.5 1.08 0.44 13. 1.2 019 7 0.58 47 5 4.25 77 316 0.49 5 71 2 61 07 95 0.39

174 PD-14- 238. <0. 0.38 107. 5.3 0.36 5.9 3.64 2.59 18. 7.9 020 4 2.54 47 3 41 6 11 6 1.6 97 7 07 89 15 3.41 PD-14- 100 <0. 0.03 12.8 24. 0.93 57. 2.2 1.62 0.40 12. 2.1 021 3.3 0.61 47 1 6 72 9 5 1 75 2 86 4 84 1.91 PD-14- 145 <0. 100. 1.3 0.67 <1. 4.5 2.74 1.97 13. 5.9 022 1.8 1.69 47 0.12 34 6 6 1 4 79 1 04 85 2 3.14 PD-14- 544. <0. 0.04 107. 10. 0.97 26. 5.1 3.02 2.30 15. 6.9 023 3 1.46 47 7 41 41 14 2 9 9 7 64 69 03 2.76 PD-14- 254. <0. 0.12 93.4 3.0 0.72 4.4 2.64 2.07 16. 6.1 024 6 1.45 47 9 9 3 15 2 5.1 96 2 72 26 32 2.97 PD-14- 449. <0. 0.10 22.0 23. 0.11 3.6 2.37 0.94 14. 3.3 025 8 0.79 47 7 3 16 17 8 31 84 4 37 41 12 1.71 PD-14- 434. <0. 0.18 107. 0.84 5.4 3.12 2.30 15. 6.9 026 3 1.77 47 7 54 2.6 19 8 7.1 4 4 8 41 86 3.35 PD-14- 183. <0. 0.11 91.2 18. 0.43 63. 4.5 2.47 2.27 14. 6.3 027 8 1.16 47 1 6 91 25 2 5 89 3 8 08 51 2.45 PD-14- 166. <0. 0.08 78.8 37. 0.31 13 4.2 2.53 1.76 9.1 5.7 028 1 1.5 47 2 1 99 37 8 7.9 13 1 53 6 54 1.47 PD-14- <0. 41. 0.01 12 0.9 0.58 0.33 12. 0.9 030 10.6 0.24 47 0.05 2.03 9 73 5 7 59 9 67 98 19 0.32 PD-14- 743. <0. 0.16 89.9 10. 56. 4.2 2.38 2.20 17. 5.7 031 6 1.38 47 3 6 72 15 0.22 5 17 7 67 04 45 2.37 PD-14- 157. <0. 111. 1.2 0.28 4.9 2.80 2.18 14. 7.0 032 4 1.43 47 0.21 75 1 16 7 9.4 97 3 55 17 24 3.04 PD-14- 553. <0. 0.07 107. 0.71 4.8 2.78 2.50 14. 6.5 033 8 1.46 47 2 06 4.3 23 2 7.2 93 5 85 91 18 3.02 PD-14- 591. <0. 0.16 89.6 21. 0.57 56. 4.7 2.72 2.04 16. 6.1 035 1 1.52 47 2 1 16 16 9 3 14 4 34 73 1 2.49 PD-14- 480. <0. 107. 14. 0.49 4.9 2.75 2.43 21. 6.7 036 8 1.54 47 0.13 72 04 17 2 6.9 33 6 8 4 6 3.03 PD-14- 569. <0. 0.11 90.9 36. 0.41 3.7 1.94 2.20 15. 5.7 037 7 1.23 47 7 2 09 13 9 61 36 7 24 77 35 1.76 PD-14- 101. <0. 0.20 97.6 23. 0.19 26 5.5 3.04 2.38 15. 7.2 039 9 1.03 47 6 4 63 11 4 5 81 6 76 24 23 2.76 PD-14- 437. <0. 1.14 7.1 13. 3.4 2.14 1.40 13. 4.3 042 9 1.77 47 3 90 8 20 0.62 7 18 2 41 35 38 2.78 PD-14- 141. <0. 0.05 74.9 11. 0.29 44. 2.9 1.61 9.0 4.2 043 7 0.95 47 8 7 72 37 8 4 76 1.56 59 2 16 1.62 PD-14- 429. <0. 0.16 113. 4.2 0.64 12. 5.7 3.23 2.67 17. 7.4 044 9 1.79 47 8 81 5 13 1 7 13 2 26 6 76 3.76 PD-14- 573. <0. 0.43 118. 0.49 6.7 2.55 19. 8.6 045 1 1.87 47 8 72 4.2 19 4 1.6 57 3.99 77 11 42 3.9 PD-14- 124. <0. 0.23 53.1 3.0 0.10 10. 2.7 1.54 1.25 5.3 3.5 046 6 0.92 47 3 9 6 33 8 6 2 1 42 1 86 1.45 PD-14- 490. <0. 0.26 70.7 18. 0.16 3.9 2.09 2.16 13. 5.8 047 3 2.62 47 5 7 03 28 7 9.5 22 7 54 77 29 1.35 PD-14- 631. <0. 0.55 58.0 20. 0.33 1.9 1.16 1.57 12. 2.2 048 5 1.65 47 1 5 47 44 9 8.8 22 3 32 7 76 0.54 Detect 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.02 0.1 0.01 0.0 0.02 Limit 25 18 0.1 0.4 2 8 8 0.06 0.7 8 4 0.11 4 1.1 6 PD-14- 0.41 0.05 4.6 0.20 0.8 1.61 15. 16. 1.36 8.5 54. 1.52 001 59 35 1 29.5 57 1 7 6.28 2 1 4 9.17 4 4 7 PD-14- 1.21 0.04 58. 0.69 1.8 15.6 71.7 45 17.6 11.2 1.5 25. 12.8 002 02 17 53 15.9 88 1 89 5 9.2 5.8 19 5 5 7 6

175 PD-14- 0.36 0.04 5.4 0.18 0.9 1.61 12. 23. 1.42 22.8 0.4 48. 1.52 003 66 58 4 33.9 4 7 6 6.17 8 8 1 7 2 5 9 PD-14- 0.78 0.05 8.3 0.35 0.6 5.35 12.9 40.5 0.0 36. 3.07 004 25 67 8 23.8 69 9 8 4 1.5 4.4 2.88 1 4 4 4 PD-14- 1.07 0.03 46. 0.51 2.8 11.8 49.0 <0. 12.3 36.7 0.0 18. 8.83 005 78 55 44 12.2 36 2 91 7 7 4 53 6 5 7 2 PD-14- 0.94 0.08 45. 0.44 1.1 10.7 49.7 12.4 18.6 0.1 25. 8.85 006 24 13 03 15.7 28 1 49 3 2 8 77 3 9 6 4 PD-14- 1.10 0.09 58. 0.50 12.2 60.0 15.0 16.1 0.2 26. 10.3 007 36 44 32 18.4 41 1.4 17 4 2.1 9.7 06 2 6 5 31 PD-14- 1.04 0.09 50. 0.49 1.8 11.8 55.0 13.8 19.6 26. 9.64 008 32 31 5 16 3 2 3 8 1.5 8.2 83 2 0.4 3 5 PD-14- 1.01 0.08 49. 0.48 1.1 11.3 52.6 13.3 30.9 0.1 25. 9.27 009 5 82 92 8.6 98 4 51 6 1.9 8.7 96 2 9 2 9 PD-14- 0.21 0.03 2.5 0.09 0.6 0.51 32. 0.77 49. 0.90 010 37 22 8 13.4 95 5 3 3.72 1 1.9 5 0.44 3.1 8 6 PD-14- 0.92 0.08 46. 0.42 1.2 10.5 49.2 12.4 43.3 0.2 26. 8.64 011 09 05 51 17 84 3 13 5 2.2 6.6 02 3 8 2 3 PD-14- 0.85 0.08 23. 1.7 9.74 25.3 6.32 18.3 0.1 38. 4.98 013 96 17 68 18.1 0.41 6 4 3 5.8 7.3 7 9 8 7 6 PD-14- 0.72 0.07 17. 0.34 1.0 9.21 20.9 5.24 30.6 4.02 014 97 32 87 17.3 62 1 5 7 4.2 5.8 9 2 0.2 30 9 PD-14- 0.88 0.07 42. 0.40 1.8 9.46 45.3 11.5 14.3 0.4 29. 8.14 015 24 43 18 13.3 68 2 8 1 3.2 7.5 04 6 2 3 8 PD-14- 0.79 0.07 39. 0.35 0.8 8.36 44.0 10.8 14.0 0.1 34. 7.86 016 02 12 35 10.1 63 8 6 4 4.9 6.9 1 4 5 9 3 PD-14- 0.83 0.07 36. 0.40 1.9 10.1 44.0 10.9 24.3 0.1 23. 8.05 017 85 79 96 11.3 47 6 26 8 1.5 5.7 43 5 1 2 7 PD-14- 1.03 0.09 49. 0.47 1.8 11.4 52.4 13.4 57.9 0.1 26. 9.29 018 53 04 6 11.4 62 7 51 2 2.3 8.6 51 3 3 8 5 PD-14- 0.34 0.04 0.16 0.3 0.68 78. 0.65 28.9 0.1 46. 0.96 019 6 25 1.8 13.3 33 4 8 3.24 8 4.7 3 4 4 8 8 PD-14- 1.21 0.10 46. 0.58 1.4 13.2 55.9 10. 13.8 50.1 0.2 31. 10.5 020 35 5 06 14.7 81 2 6 9 3 2 05 3 8 1 14 PD-14- 0.49 0.03 4.3 0.30 1.4 1.95 14.7 0.0 23. 2.27 021 1 61 4 18.9 75 8 5.98 9.56 1.2 2.4 2 1 4 3 5 PD-14- 0.90 0.08 45. 0.2 11.5 46.4 11.8 0.0 8.07 022 92 49 46 13.2 0.46 8 64 8 0.7 6.8 95 59.9 6 21 1 PD-14- 1.02 0.08 52. 0.44 1.8 10.5 52.1 13.3 32.7 29. 023 46 62 24 13.5 49 8 87 7 2.3 2.9 57 5 0.1 6 9.04 PD-14- 0.86 0.08 43. 0.41 2.0 11.9 48.5 12.0 21.8 0.0 25. 8.50 024 6 11 06 14.9 79 5 59 8 0.9 8.2 53 8 5 9 7 PD-14- 0.78 0.06 8.4 0.36 1.3 5.37 12.0 11. 2.62 0.3 37. 2.98 025 42 99 7 6.6 61 2 5 5 1.4 6 5 4.77 7 5 3 PD-14- 1.06 0.08 49. 0.49 2.2 11.7 52.4 13.3 91.6 0.0 24. 9.38 026 21 93 42 13.9 9 7 07 9 1.3 7.9 06 6 7 8 7 PD-14- 0.85 0.07 42. 0.37 1.9 8.83 48.4 11.9 12.7 0.1 33. 8.61 027 6 41 06 17.8 39 2 2 1 4.6 6.2 33 9 5 9 2 PD-14- 0.85 0.05 39. 0.41 2.5 6.30 39.8 9.62 11.4 0.0 38. 028 32 65 21 12.1 76 8 5 8 2.3 5.5 8 4 8 1 6.97 PD-14- 0.20 0.03 0.5 0.09 0.8 0.48 30. 0.43 2.9 47. 0.79 030 04 07 6 11.2 46 4 6 2.48 1 1.4 7 0.47 4 8 7 PD-14- 0.82 0.07 42. 0.37 1.3 8.78 11.0 15.1 0.3 7.84 031 83 17 07 16.4 28 3 6 43.6 3.2 6.3 11 2 2 29 1

176 PD-14- 0.94 0.07 53. 0.44 2.5 10.5 54.3 13. 13.7 50.0 0.0 20. 9.45 032 79 46 8 15.3 66 7 69 2 1.2 3 07 4 6 8 3 PD-14- 0.94 0.07 52. 0.43 10.9 50.6 12.9 31.3 0.0 28. 8.88 033 88 29 16 18.9 24 4.2 86 8 2.7 3 32 9 6 2 5 PD-14- 0.92 0.08 41. 0.42 1.0 8.92 44.6 10.9 80.5 0.1 37. 8.09 035 23 23 39 22.6 22 8 2 3 6.5 7.4 98 4 4 2 9 PD-14- 0.93 0.08 50. 0.40 2.0 11.1 53.0 13.3 17.6 0.1 30. 9.33 036 83 65 91 11.5 96 4 6 6 3.4 7 16 8 6 7 3 PD-14- 0.68 0.06 43. 0.29 1.7 7.06 45.6 11.2 14.7 0.1 40. 7.93 037 58 31 24 16.7 13 5 3 4 6 5.3 61 8 2 3 2 PD-14- 1.06 0.08 44. 0.46 0.9 49.7 12.1 0.1 35. 9.10 039 22 15 37 14.9 51 6 8.91 3 1.6 4.9 48 6.69 2 7 5 PD-14- 0.69 0.06 44. 0.38 9.68 40.1 10.7 21. 6.39 042 87 72 13 23.1 9 2.6 2 3 2.1 7.2 03 52.8 0.3 2 8 PD-14- 0.54 0.04 36. 0.24 3.1 5.72 35.2 9.08 25.2 21. 5.78 043 2 32 95 13.1 64 1 3 3 3.8 6.1 2 5 0.3 6 7 PD-14- 1.10 0.10 50. 0.51 2.1 13.2 56.1 14.1 41.9 0.2 23. 10.0 044 84 27 4 18.7 75 7 06 7 2.1 7.7 89 4 8 7 38 PD-14- 1.29 0.10 54. 0.62 4.2 13.3 60.2 10. 15.0 61.6 0.4 22. 10.9 045 71 59 03 16.4 99 8 86 1 2.5 3 86 8 7 8 89 PD-14- 0.53 0.03 24. 0.24 2.5 5.23 26.6 6.74 13.7 0.7 12. 4.64 046 38 89 89 11.4 92 9 6 1 2.8 6.3 5 3 2 2 1 PD-14- 0.74 0.05 29. 0.26 2.0 40.5 9.51 0.5 28. 7.63 047 27 54 41 34.6 47 5 5.56 3 4.1 9.8 7 32.3 6 5 3 PD-14- 0.39 0.03 45. 0.17 1.4 2.65 20.0 17. 5.57 0.0 33. 2.73 048 21 92 08 21.8 2 1 5 2 5 5.2 3 46.7 8 4 7 PD-14- 275. 0.0 0.28 0.60 35 1.47 0.19 0.3 >3 11.1 1.3 14 001 0.22 1 75 32 8 00 5 13 26 70 0.15 6 02 1 25 PD-14- 170. 0.6 1.15 6.27 64 2.18 0.58 3.0 95. 11.8 30.8 4.2 16 002 2.52 2 47 53 9 46 6 63 81 8 3 3 49 9 169 PD-14- 133. 0.0 0.26 0.59 34 1.73 0.17 0.2 >3 10.1 1.1 12 003 0.18 2 67 35 8 87 5 64 46 70 0.11 3 89 8 25 PD-14- 322. 0.2 0.52 1.55 36 0.18 0.35 0.4 70. 21.2 2.3 12 004 0.38 4 77 98 1 22 9 03 41 2 0.24 3 31 6 62 PD-14- 0.5 0.88 6.93 17 0.14 0.48 2.5 30.2 3.2 005 0.85 86.2 39 82 5 96 9 35 85 2.6 0.73 1 78 40 146 PD-14- 181. 0.4 0.84 5.86 25 0.10 0.41 2.2 36. 25.8 2.8 14 006 0.83 5 83 66 5 45 9 36 31 7 0.36 1 6 9 129 PD-14- 309. 0.5 1.00 6.61 26 0.14 0.47 2.6 38. 31.4 3.1 15 007 1.03 9 5 26 6 91 4 98 18 3 0.54 6 96 4 140 PD-14- 187. 0.5 0.95 6.64 23 0.12 0.46 2.5 22. 28.5 3.1 15 008 1.02 1 44 62 1 40 4 83 36 3 0.85 8 06 1 141 PD-14- 201. 0.5 0.91 6.54 25 0.45 2.4 28.7 3.1 15 009 1.52 9 15 01 5 03 0.12 52 69 29 0.44 4 47 6 138 PD-14- <0.1 323. 0.0 0.15 0.28 23 0.03 0.09 0.1 32 <0.0 0.6 010 6 1 14 48 6 37 1 32 23 2.6 5 5.75 44 73 12 PD-14- 320. 0.4 0.83 6.05 26 0.18 0.39 2.0 52. 25.4 2.7 13 011 1.08 4 77 11 8 78 8 73 44 4 0.46 9 14 9 125 PD-14- 522. 0.4 0.70 5.46 35 0.12 0.38 1.7 20 2.6 14 013 0.71 9 32 37 5 76 2 34 39 6.1 0.29 23.9 12 0 115 PD-14- 387. 0.4 0.54 4.76 28 0.17 0.32 1.6 13 20.2 2.2 12 014 0.71 4 05 13 2 17 1 74 1 7.2 0.23 1 6 5 109 PD-14- 222. 0.4 0.81 5.68 24 0.06 0.38 2.0 56. 24.5 2.5 12 015 0.95 4 22 23 6 58 6 53 36 4 0.4 4 86 9 114

177 PD-14- 0.3 0.73 5.33 32 0.08 0.33 1.5 14 21.3 2.2 13 016 1.64 178 89 34 6 72 1 69 6 1 0.26 5 8 7 105 PD-14- 211. 0.4 0.77 5.80 22 0.14 0.36 1.9 29. 22.3 2.5 12 017 0.89 2 57 53 9 65 1 37 86 1 0.72 3 31 6 122 PD-14- 182. 0.5 0.91 6.55 26 0.23 0.44 2.2 38. 3.0 16 018 2.11 9 1 57 8 26 1 82 47 9 0.54 28.8 93 6 138 PD-14- <0.1 0.0 0.22 0.20 26 0.11 0.16 0.0 26 1.0 019 6 358 23 72 6 82 7 26 8 3.9 0.13 9.77 87 98 13 PD-14- 338. 0.5 1.05 31 0.15 0.53 2.8 48. 34.8 3.6 14 020 1.07 5 84 91 7.23 44 7 87 27 3 0.46 5 71 9 149 PD-14- <0.1 103. 0.3 0.33 0.94 39 0.25 0.6 47. 12.8 1.8 12 021 6 7 1 57 5 44 0.07 3 28 3 0.28 1 31 8 70 PD-14- 125. 0.77 6.32 19 0.42 1.8 23.9 2.8 16 022 1.11 6 0.5 73 2 39 0.25 23 92 3.4 0.82 7 81 0 137 PD-14- 265. 0.4 0.89 28 0.16 0.43 2.1 75. 29.7 2.8 023 0.99 4 75 73 6.07 64 1 44 01 9 0.26 9 62 65 123 PD-14- 104. 0.5 0.78 7.51 30 0.18 0.39 2.6 23.7 2.7 15 024 0.83 9 34 28 3 07 5 66 24 6.2 0.56 2 35 7 136 PD-14- 0.2 0.54 1.61 37 0.03 0.35 0.6 70. 21.4 2.3 11 025 0.48 332 78 02 6 22 3 61 59 3 0.46 8 6 7 64 PD-14- 254. 0.5 0.93 7.17 22 0.46 2.2 12. 29.7 3.2 14 026 1.02 4 21 47 4 17 0.18 96 3 4 0.54 9 13 6 145 PD-14- 177. 0.4 0.80 5.66 35 0.08 0.35 2.0 15 23.8 2.3 12 027 0.72 6 05 41 5 44 5 86 65 0.1 0.32 2 88 3 110 PD-14- 140. 0.2 0.71 3.59 40 0.06 0.38 1.2 17 27.0 2.5 028 0.46 6 63 71 1 67 6 25 59 8 0.55 4 33 67 65 PD-14- <0.1 316. 0.0 0.14 0.28 22 0.09 0.1 30 0.5 030 6 6 14 45 5 49 0.03 12 09 5 0.05 5.5 9 66 11 PD-14- 228. 0.3 0.76 5.38 26 0.08 0.36 1.9 94. 23.1 2.4 11 031 0.88 6 83 53 7 64 6 01 04 2 0.46 2 16 3 104 PD-14- 0.4 0.89 6.53 19 0.16 0.41 2.0 26.2 2.8 14 032 0.98 54.7 78 75 2 41 9 16 89 1.3 0.65 8 39 7 133 PD-14- 0.4 0.85 6.58 28 0.11 0.41 2.2 22. 2.7 10 033 0.93 101 94 24 4 72 7 59 72 9 0.37 27.1 74 7 133 PD-14- 304. 0.3 0.82 5.34 33 0.25 0.39 1.7 20 26.1 2.7 13 035 0.82 1 89 11 5 26 4 92 11 8.6 0.44 5 62 2 109 PD-14- 722. 0.4 0.87 6.95 33 0.09 0.40 2.4 11 25.7 2.7 14 036 1.05 2 91 98 3 04 5 26 18 9.3 0.28 5 09 0 135 PD-14- 232. 0.69 4.68 40 0.15 0.27 1.6 23 18.8 1.8 11 037 0.53 1 0.3 09 2 06 2 53 76 4.9 0.2 7 82 3 80 PD-14- 224. 0.4 0.95 6.11 48 0.03 0.44 2.2 10 29.1 2.9 16 039 0.82 1 08 91 8 82 3 82 21 7.1 0.4 2 87 0 121 PD-14- 271. 0.4 0.58 6.22 18 0.33 0.32 2.0 22. 17.6 2.4 20 042 0.74 8 36 66 3 91 1 96 77 4 0.43 3 04 8 122 PD-14- 188. 0.2 0.52 3.59 17 0.18 0.22 1.2 92. 14.6 1.5 043 0.8 4 5 82 9 85 5 62 9 7 0.31 9 31 79 72 PD-14- 129. 0.5 0.98 7.72 26 0.54 0.48 2.8 31. 3.2 15 044 1.61 5 98 23 1 37 3 55 69 9 0.95 29.7 65 2 161 PD-14- 306. 0.6 1.14 8.36 25 0.44 0.58 3.0 22. 3.8 13 045 1.55 1 21 69 3 92 2 04 77 3 0.77 38.1 84 8 168 PD-14- 0.2 0.46 3.30 11 0.11 0.23 13. 15.3 1.5 046 1.43 211 31 83 3 44 1 04 1.1 4 0.15 2 75 49 63 PD-14- 304. 0.2 0.69 4.06 37 0.26 0.28 1.3 11 21.8 1.7 047 0.87 2 22 94 5 62 9 47 63 1 0.74 3 68 78 61

178 PD-14- 169. 0.0 0.30 0.39 24 0.18 0.16 0.2 17 10.3 1.1 15 048 0.52 1 63 53 5 05 8 72 28 6.7 0.37 3 14 5 19 PD-14- 733. <0. 0.16 50.8 12. 0.10 2.4 1.36 1.28 11. 3.2 049 7 2.56 47 8 4 08 26 4 5.6 85 3 24 94 69 1.52 PD-14- 370. <0. 0.14 77.4 35. 0.72 13 3.7 1.96 1.99 17. 5.3 050 5 1.38 47 7 1 72 34 9 3.9 78 9 5 91 67 1.78 PD-14- 113 <0. 0.17 94.0 6.8 0.39 21. 4.7 2.20 17. 6.2 051 3.5 1.66 47 5 3 4 15 5 4 67 2.75 94 91 69 2.95 PD-14- 754. <0. 0.19 82.8 31. 0.81 64. 4.1 2.23 2.19 19. 5.7 054 2 1.77 47 8 4 34 31 7 2 16 7 68 87 69 1.99 PD-14- 617. <0. 0.16 133. 15. 0.55 58. 6.5 3.76 2.86 21. 8.8 055 4 1.4 47 2 64 11 15 7 7 92 3 25 61 9 3.81 PD-14- 824. <0. 73.5 18. 1.01 85. 4.2 1.62 14. 5.0 057 9 1.23 47 0.15 6 16 11 6 4 35 2.48 57 41 29 2.32 PD-14- 412. <0. 0.02 44.7 5.9 0.48 43. 3.3 2.80 0.73 15. 2.2 058 6 1.68 47 6 2 9 7 2 6 25 5 51 87 35 3.54 PD-14- 555. <0. 0.20 111. 0.80 5.4 3.16 2.47 16. 059 9 1.55 47 5 08 2.6 10 3 3.9 06 7 05 13 7.2 3.43 PD-14- 742. <0. 0.12 46.6 39. 0.74 15 2.2 1.29 1.16 13. 2.9 061 1 1.14 47 2 9 29 14 6 9.4 34 5 7 36 73 1 PD-14- <0. 0.14 85.8 32. <0.0 11 3.2 1.74 1.94 18. 5.0 063 56.8 0.89 47 2 4 3 18 13 5.7 94 2 9 22 02 1.43 PD-14- 154. <0. 0.08 34.1 33. <0.0 93. 2.7 1.59 1.16 12. 3.3 065 9 1.61 47 4 9 54 41 13 1 56 6 14 31 58 1.13 PD-14- <0. 0.10 114. 17. <0.0 14 4.6 2.45 2.47 13. 7.0 066 56.1 1.19 47 6 62 39 29 13 4 48 1 44 65 43 2.63 PD-14- 551. <0. 0.18 90.4 6.3 0.26 4.6 2.80 1.92 15. 6.1 067 1 1.39 47 7 9 3 18 2 7.1 42 5 03 21 04 2.96 PD-14- 303. <0. 0.28 83.1 11. 0.18 54. 4.7 2.79 1.87 15. 6.0 068 7 0.82 47 2 9 38 19 7 7 72 7 52 01 43 2.98 PD-14- 422. <0. 73.1 12. 0.29 26. 4.8 2.70 2.00 15. 6.5 069 4 1.63 47 0.1 1 46 23 9 7 76 2 81 12 29 2.86 PD-14- <0. 0.06 37. <0.0 14 0.8 0.56 0.33 11. 0.8 070 9.1 0.16 47 4 4.87 04 60 13 2.2 99 5 98 7 96 0.3 PD-14- <0. 0.10 91.3 17. 0.17 65. 5.6 3.27 2.30 12. 7.0 071 97.5 1.35 47 7 8 49 25 2 7 01 3 26 82 1 3.28 PD-14- 214. <0. 0.01 18.6 6.6 0.70 51. 2.9 1.98 0.61 10. 2.7 074 1 0.51 47 9 1 7 21 6 8 49 9 82 97 68 1.98 PD-14- 535. <0. 0.11 80.5 21. 0.30 32. 4.8 2.75 2.15 17. 6.2 076 8 1.41 47 3 8 61 18 8 6 44 1 87 23 04 2.83 PD-14- 209. <0. 0.16 53.8 41. 0.07 47. 3.3 1.90 1.50 17. 4.2 077 9 0.74 47 9 3 01 33 3 3 61 5 4 63 24 1.38 PD-14- <0. 0.09 43. 0.02 18 1.5 1.11 0.42 16. 1.2 079 66.3 0.25 47 1 7.16 35 31 6 5.4 3 2 17 32 63 0.52 PD-14- >17 <0. 15.6 2.3 0.28 1.6 1.47 0.68 11. 1.3 080 40 1.2 47 0.05 3 1 10 3 6.6 89 5 09 17 93 2.32 PD-14- <0. 1.01 72.3 0.05 3.1 1.82 1.37 4.5 4.2 081 959 1.47 47 1 9 2.5 24 2 2.4 96 8 63 5 18 2.07 PD-14- 460. <0. 0.15 119. 0.39 <1. 6.3 2.77 15. 8.4 082 7 1.69 47 7 47 1.2 12 7 4 21 3.65 47 99 13 3.7 PD-14- 407. <0. 0.17 33.2 27. 0.39 15 1.6 0.91 0.95 17. 2.2 083 9 2.4 47 5 4 33 22 7 6 75 6 43 66 69 0.85 PD-14- <0. 0.04 78.8 2.0 0.02 4.9 2.55 3.06 11. 6.7 084 26.2 2.17 47 9 6 6 45 2 4 72 7 85 35 26 2.45

179 PD-14- <0. 0.10 58.1 6.3 0.15 16. 1.9 0.98 0.66 14. 3.1 085 68.6 1.34 47 1 6 6 14 9 9 11 1 21 27 88 3.38 PD-14- <0. 0.05 160. 3.1 0.14 4.8 2.78 1.81 15. 6.5 086 32.4 1.66 47 2 55 5 21 9 1.5 19 5 26 12 16 3.56 PD-14- 384. <0. 0.08 94.2 0.39 <1. 4.7 1.96 12. 6.0 087 2 1.23 47 7 8 2.3 14 3 4 02 2.73 38 17 28 2.89 PD-14- 230. <0. 0.06 105. 20. 0.38 43. 5.6 3.08 2.53 20. 7.8 088 3 2.09 47 9 57 12 16 2 5 96 8 8 79 23 2.99 PD-14- <0. 0.14 57.6 13. 0.13 16 3.6 2.25 1.30 14. 4.8 091 98.1 1.21 47 3 8 94 17 1 3.3 07 9 92 54 82 3.28 PD-14- 133. <0. 0.03 57.4 4.0 0.10 2.9 1.64 1.46 5.3 4.0 092 6 1.33 47 7 2 7 29 1 7.1 22 5 68 1 39 1.86 PD-14- <0. 44. 0.01 12 0.9 0.60 0.34 14. 0.9 093 10.4 0.3 47 0.07 2.26 56 78 3 4.4 2 3 51 05 04 0.32 PD-14- 0.47 0.04 25. 0.20 1.0 4.84 24.4 6.12 21.2 0.1 28. 4.25 049 75 27 62 15.7 87 5 7 1 7.1 7.1 5 7 4 6 9 PD-14- 0.70 0.06 36. 0.30 1.8 7.75 39.2 10. 9.74 0.1 45. 6.98 050 22 76 52 8.4 08 2 9 9 2 5.6 8 9.29 6 5 6 PD-14- 0.95 0.08 43. 0.43 10.5 45.5 11.5 62.0 27. 8.23 051 89 48 69 25.8 7 1.7 59 7 2.5 6.2 71 8 0.1 9 4 PD-14- 0.77 0.07 37. 0.33 1.7 8.17 42.0 10.3 0.2 44. 7.50 054 96 77 69 10.4 88 9 4 4 7.2 6.3 84 6.5 1 1 5 PD-14- 1.28 0.10 63. 0.60 0.8 13.4 65.3 16.5 46.2 0.1 41. 11.6 055 38 52 18 16.8 38 9 31 1 4.3 8.4 22 1 8 5 12 PD-14- 0.84 0.07 34. 0.39 0.7 7.91 35.7 9.11 53.9 0.1 31. 6.61 057 57 25 43 15.1 43 1 2 5 5.8 6.4 7 4 5 2 3 PD-14- 0.80 0.01 12. 0.50 0.3 12.5 14.7 3.67 43.6 <0. 24. 2.77 058 03 53 03 17.9 78 9 74 2 0.9 3.8 8 7 04 7 1 PD-14- 1.05 0.09 52. 1.3 12.1 53.3 13.6 78.6 0.0 26. 9.52 059 84 08 5 18.5 0.49 3 41 9 1.6 7.5 79 4 7 8 8 PD-14- 0.43 0.04 21. 0.3 4.46 22.5 5.72 49.6 0.0 3.98 061 18 41 68 19.8 0.19 7 7 9 9.6 3.5 3 5 9 34 8 PD-14- 0.59 0.06 42. 0.26 1.0 6.19 41.7 10.3 0.2 44. 7.00 063 69 3 77 16.5 79 9 2 8 9.3 5.6 84 1.1 1 7 6 PD-14- 0.54 15. 0.24 1.8 5.13 18.7 18. 0.0 3.83 065 37 0.05 47 20.8 15 6 4 9 2 3 4.48 1.99 8 34 9 PD-14- 0.86 0.07 52. 0.37 5.3 10.1 56.0 14.0 0.1 33. 9.78 066 68 24 75 10.5 34 6 05 8 1.6 8.1 57 0.8 2 8 8 PD-14- 0.92 0.07 41. 0.45 10.1 44.6 11.3 38.4 0.0 29. 8.13 067 39 48 15 13.7 8 3.4 43 8 2 5.5 3 2 5 2 8 PD-14- 0.95 0.08 38. 0.48 3.2 10.6 41.2 10.4 24.6 0.0 7.70 068 64 1 25 8.9 89 7 14 3 3.1 3.1 14 7 8 34 4 PD-14- 0.93 0.07 28. 0.41 1.9 9.80 41.6 9.83 14.9 0.0 26. 8.15 069 22 73 86 10.2 03 9 8 3 3.3 6.8 4 3 5 4 3 PD-14- 0.19 0.02 2.1 0.08 0.3 0.42 0.68 2.6 41. 0.82 070 02 83 3 10.8 64 9 1 3.19 26 1.2 7 0.44 1 9 4 PD-14- 1.10 0.07 38. 0.50 1.9 10.7 11.8 18.0 0.0 28. 8.94 071 51 91 17 10.5 69 9 49 49.1 3.9 6.5 83 7 6 5 4 PD-14- 0.64 0.04 8.1 0.30 1.1 3.08 11.1 2.47 14.6 0.0 12. 2.63 074 3 17 4 15.3 5 2 9 8 1.5 1.6 6 5 6 9 9 PD-14- 0.94 0.07 35. 0.42 2.4 42.3 10.2 11.9 0.1 27. 7.89 076 33 45 56 17.8 45 3 9.12 9 3.5 6.7 49 6 6 4 7 PD-14- 0.63 0.06 25. 0.28 0.6 6.32 27.3 15. 6.79 0.1 44. 077 81 67 39 21.5 7 8 2 8 5 3.5 9 4.31 9 2 5.2

180 PD-14- 0.34 0.04 3.4 0.19 0.6 15. 0.97 0.2 1.09 079 91 25 6 15.7 53 2 1.17 4.32 7 2.3 8 2.1 5 47 3 PD-14- 0.39 0.05 0.32 0.5 8.66 1.88 0.0 16. 1.60 080 27 98 6.1 11.5 62 2 1 7.54 1.5 6.5 5 34.1 8 9 3 PD-14- 0.64 0.05 34. 0.29 2.3 7.33 8.64 12.6 0.1 14. 5.84 081 33 86 28 9.5 56 4 9 34 1.5 4.6 8 4 1 9 4 PD-14- 1.22 0.10 54. 0.55 0.8 13.0 59.7 15.0 25.9 0.1 25. 10.7 082 67 37 73 15.6 78 7 93 3 0.9 6.7 39 9 4 1 23 PD-14- 0.33 0.04 16. 0.14 0.4 4.23 16.7 10. 4.17 35.2 35. 2.99 083 45 42 6 29.9 98 7 7 7 7 7.5 8 9 0.1 6 2 PD-14- 0.88 0.08 37. 0.39 3.4 7.53 38.6 9.79 0.0 18. 7.56 084 28 02 01 10 18 3 2 5 2.1 2.5 7 2.92 4 7 7 PD-14- 0.32 0.02 26. 0.20 1.0 10.8 27.1 7.08 <0. 4.65 085 34 05 75 9.1 45 4 21 5 1.3 8.5 1 5.93 04 8.9 4 PD-14- 0.91 0.01 81. 0.46 1.4 11.4 70.0 18.8 0.0 24. 9.82 086 33 92 72 5.6 03 1 19 3 6.5 4.1 94 2.53 4 5 5 PD-14- 0.90 0.07 44. 0.42 1.6 10.0 45.3 11.5 35.2 0.1 21. 8.10 087 68 56 35 10.7 86 6 76 5 1.3 6 71 3 4 1 5 PD-14- 1.09 0.09 42. 0.46 0.9 11.1 57.2 14.2 0.1 37. 10.3 088 65 36 64 15.1 72 4 63 3 6.2 8 41 15.3 2 9 51 PD-14- 0.71 0.01 24. 0.40 2.3 11.7 31.4 20. <0. 17. 6.14 091 34 89 83 11.2 16 4 52 9 0.9 3 7.53 5.36 04 1 7 PD-14- 0.55 0.03 27. 0.26 2.2 30.1 7.25 15.5 0.0 16. 092 48 79 35 23.4 78 1 7.04 9 1 4.9 5 6 9 8 5.43 PD-14- 0.19 0.03 0.6 0.09 0.7 30. 0.44 3.1 49. 0.77 093 39 03 5 11 23 3 0.44 2.56 3 1.4 1 0.38 8 2 8 PD-14- 259. 0.1 0.41 35 0.07 0.20 0.9 12 13.5 1.3 049 1.12 2 91 83 2.38 88 2 14 58 4.7 0.57 7 43 39 64 PD-14- 359. 0.3 0.66 3.99 45 0.05 0.28 1.2 30 19.1 1.8 13 050 0.85 9 31 4 1 87 4 1 73 6.2 0.25 6 83 2 79 PD-14- 205. 0.4 0.83 6.48 26 0.23 0.41 2.3 64. 2.8 12 051 1.11 1 77 53 1 75 6 04 39 2 0.72 26.5 05 6 129 PD-14- 683. 0.3 0.73 4.90 41 0.08 0.32 1.7 29 21.7 2.1 15 054 0.93 1 51 95 4 99 9 66 46 3 0.4 9 21 6 89 PD-14- 397. 0.6 1.14 8.60 33 0.19 0.56 2.9 13 35.7 3.8 19 055 1.27 6 17 92 3 23 4 63 82 7.9 0.37 8 41 3 168 PD-14- 237. 0.3 0.69 28 0.36 1.5 16 23.1 2.4 14 057 0.8 4 51 59 4.6 96 0.27 2 65 3.9 0.3 6 64 1 97 PD-14- 184. 0.5 0.41 7.44 21 0.14 0.44 2.4 21.9 3.1 058 0.67 4 6 01 7 40 2 38 28 2.5 0.15 6 3 46 153 PD-14- 222. 0.5 0.95 7.48 23 0.20 0.45 2.0 17. 29.2 3.0 14 059 1.09 8 47 77 7 85 8 68 39 1 0.75 2 69 7 149 PD-14- 268. 0.1 0.39 2.15 37 0.17 0.18 0.6 31 11.9 1.2 061 0.4 2 64 63 3 35 3 73 57 6.3 0.44 4 31 98 44 PD-14- 698. 0.2 0.59 3.39 40 0.00 0.24 1.2 >3 16.8 1.7 12 063 0.6 9 58 85 3 76 9 94 37 70 0.29 5 05 0 64 PD-14- 445. 0.2 0.46 1.61 40 0.00 0.23 0.5 30 15.8 1.5 065 0.38 8 06 68 5 35 6 39 92 1.9 0.39 3 5 75 49 PD-14- 103 0.4 0.86 35 0.00 0.36 2.4 40. 23.5 2.3 066 0.8 7.8 56 52 6.97 88 9 04 24 7 0.28 6 97 86 121 PD-14- 298. 0.4 0.81 6.26 20 0.15 0.41 1.8 25.4 2.8 14 067 0.85 4 48 04 4 46 4 66 91 27 0.68 1 73 4 127 PD-14- 0.4 0.81 20 0.11 0.43 2.1 37. 3.0 25 068 0.64 137 6 04 6.23 29 2 57 11 1 0.25 26.2 22 2 129

181 PD-14- 307. 0.4 0.84 5.53 31 0.19 0.39 2.0 64. 25.5 2.6 13 069 0.97 9 41 74 2 92 9 58 68 8 0.68 1 18 4 121 PD-14- <0.1 290. 0.0 0.13 0.25 20 0.02 0.08 0.1 27 0.5 070 6 1 12 39 9 35 7 46 08 6 0.05 5.04 5 58 10 PD-14- 397. 0.4 0.93 5.76 37 0.07 0.48 2.2 49. 29.4 3.2 11 071 0.63 4 58 83 1 84 4 12 6 4 0.44 5 68 4 143 PD-14- 0.1 0.43 14 0.10 0.29 0.6 18. 16.2 1.9 074 0.57 56 6 52 1.6 37 7 43 47 5 0.36 7 8 84 70 PD-14- 753. 0.3 0.83 4.49 37 0.05 0.39 1.8 84. 25.1 2.7 14 076 0.88 8 94 41 2 22 6 9 66 5 0.3 6 22 4 122 PD-14- 254. 0.2 0.55 2.74 42 0.02 0.27 0.9 36 18.3 1.8 16 077 0.62 3 61 87 3 37 6 81 84 5.3 0.24 6 15 9 63 PD-14- <0.1 295. 0.0 0.22 0.41 26 0.00 0.17 0.1 >3 1.2 079 6 4 49 01 8 30 9 65 79 70 0.21 9.75 37 94 17 PD-14- 144. 0.4 0.23 4.82 19 0.17 0.25 1.4 11.3 1.9 080 0.69 7 09 31 1 36 1 85 6 22 1.03 1 33 77 102 PD-14- 149. 0.3 0.55 4.49 17 0.02 0.27 1.5 11. 17.0 1.8 081 0.55 7 28 57 1 55 8 62 05 8 0.32 4 7 85 90 PD-14- 172. 0.5 1.10 7.98 22 0.16 0.53 2.4 33.7 3.6 16 082 1.09 4 83 45 9 26 3 81 79 1.6 0.45 5 05 9 160 PD-14- 0.1 0.30 1.75 26 0.15 0.13 0.5 26 0.9 13 083 0.4 266 61 29 7 62 1 48 13 5.5 0.27 9.18 12 3 38 PD-14- 0.3 0.93 5.15 16 0.00 0.37 1.8 10. 26.0 2.5 084 4.66 42.1 85 13 6 35 9 68 84 2 0.14 8 43 51 109 PD-14- 0.5 0.37 19 0.02 0.16 2.3 1.2 11 085 0.3 86.8 21 83 2.83 42 1 44 59 3.6 0.21 9.72 9 1 147 PD-14- 0.5 0.84 7.96 22 0.01 0.41 2.3 26.4 2.8 086 0.85 78.1 35 71 9 54 1 52 76 7 0.15 7 26 31 157 PD-14- 0.4 0.80 6.04 18 0.14 0.40 2.1 26.3 2.6 12 087 1.02 130 56 19 4 79 6 46 98 8.4 0.37 5 93 5 128 PD-14- 0.4 1.00 4.81 40 0.15 0.45 2.1 15 30.2 2.9 19 088 0.89 215 93 98 2 26 8 18 95 7.4 0.4 6 86 6 133 PD-14- 0.5 0.64 4.10 21 0.04 0.34 3.0 21.5 2.4 11 091 0.47 52.7 13 12 8 53 4 13 9 3.2 0.19 4 4 5 148 PD-14- 155. 0.52 4.36 15 0.03 0.24 1.3 19. 15.0 1.6 092 0.35 7 0.3 14 1 72 1 12 92 1 0.25 9 4 34 84 PD-14- <0.1 323. 0.0 0.14 0.25 22 0.02 0.08 0.0 33 0.5 093 6 1 11 06 2 99 8 82 99 3.3 0.05 5.4 95 72 11 PD-15- 106 <0. 83.3 36. 1.70 20. 4.0 2.05 2.58 24. 6.5 001 4.8 2.96 47 0.13 5 06 38 5 9 18 9 24 79 03 1.58 PD-15- 580. <0. 0.13 42.5 48. 0.45 10 2.7 1.43 1.29 15. 3.8 002 8 0.6 47 3 2 44 48 8 3 2 1 59 7 36 1.11 PD-15- <0. 25. 0.11 2.3 1.50 0.56 11. 2.1 003 75.8 0.54 47 0.14 7.2 37 35 7 5 41 6 43 82 62 0.86 PD-15- 154. <0. 0.09 33. 0.18 55. 1.7 1.17 0.44 12. 1.4 004a 1 0.57 47 8 5.13 2 27 9 7 27 1 35 73 55 0.67 PD-15- 145. <0. 0.10 32. 0.23 77. 1.5 1.13 0.44 12. 1.3 004b 6 0.62 47 9 5.59 57 27 8 7 98 9 7 3 34 0.6 PD-13- 207. <0. <0.0 10.7 0.13 21. 1.9 1.48 0.38 6.4 1.4 022a 8 0.52 47 13 5 4.7 14 7 4 51 2 99 2 97 1.17 PD-13- <0. 0.10 39. 0.16 59. 1.4 0.92 0.44 10. 1.3 023 191 1.17 47 4 9.75 6 34 3 7 96 2 34 78 88 0.66 PD-13- 424. <0. 0.26 16.5 12. 0.24 13 2.0 1.34 0.73 10. 1.9 024 9 0.4 47 3 4 1 34 1 6.3 93 3 84 99 81 1.15

182 PD-13- 292. <0. 0.10 22. 0.26 65. 3.0 2.05 0.83 15. 2.9 025 5 0.59 47 7 25.3 07 27 6 6 73 3 27 32 85 1.84 PD-14- 211. <0. 94.5 17. 0.23 79. 4.6 2.54 1.80 7.5 6.5 038 6 1.03 47 0.08 1 91 37 5 4 65 8 12 9 84 2.73 PD-14- <0. 0.04 115. 26. 0.15 83. 4.6 1.86 2.77 19. 6.8 072 464 1.75 47 5 27 45 39 4 9 82 7 04 04 89 1.09 PD-14- 438. <0. 0.19 127. 10. 0.75 <1. 5.4 2.80 2.76 16. 7.8 075 1 1.79 47 5 58 63 16 9 4 03 1 45 76 86 2.67 PD-15- 0.74 0.10 46. 0.28 2.1 8.27 47.4 11. 11.9 0.1 48. 8.35 001 89 2 84 19.6 93 2 8 9 3 3.8 74 33.3 6 3 2 PD-15- 0.52 0.05 19. 0.21 1.2 4.76 23.1 26. 5.56 25.5 0.1 41. 4.42 002 85 35 99 24.1 24 8 5 3 7 3.8 6 2 3 5 5 PD-15- 0.48 3.0 0.22 0.8 11. 1.08 0.2 1.70 003 97 0.06 6 9.3 46 3 3.21 5.45 4 5.5 2 1.96 8 50 5 PD-15- 0.37 0.05 2.3 0.19 2.0 2.24 12. 0.2 41. 1.12 004a 5 11 8 8.1 03 6 4 3.65 2 8.3 0.74 2.19 7 9 6 PD-15- 0.35 0.04 2.7 0.18 2.2 2.05 10. 0.2 39. 1.07 004b 11 96 8 9.2 05 8 4 3.52 4 7.6 0.76 2.86 7 5 1 PD-13- 0.46 0.03 3.9 0.18 0.7 3.06 0.0 1.32 022a 23 07 1 6.2 58 6 8 5.8 2.3 7.4 1.36 4.27 5 6.1 3 PD-13- 0.31 0.04 4.7 0.12 0.9 1.45 12. 1.20 0.1 44. 1.27 023 52 51 8 14.4 91 1 5 5.42 4 7.4 6 4.38 6 5 3 PD-13- 0.45 0.05 8.3 0.18 1.9 2.80 11.6 0.0 25. 1.91 024 22 32 6 18.9 34 8 2 8.76 3.7 5.2 2.06 8 9 8 9 PD-13- 0.65 0.05 11. 0.32 1.0 5.21 3.21 0.2 3.03 025 4 82 33 12.9 34 5 2 13.5 6.8 4.6 7 8.28 1 30 7 PD-14- 0.88 0.07 40. 0.33 2.9 9.08 46.8 11.7 0.1 27. 8.46 038 41 21 67 8.3 99 7 5 1 2.6 6.5 1 7.12 4 3 5 PD-14- 0.10 55. 0.18 1.3 6.07 54.5 14.2 31.3 0.0 48. 8.77 072 0.8 12 33 7.4 97 4 9 6 6 6.4 12 2 4 2 4 PD-14- 1.00 0.10 57. 0.41 1.4 10.4 59.2 15.2 49.3 0.0 32. 10.5 075 78 31 87 45.8 89 2 76 8 1.4 5.3 25 1 5 6 86 PD-15- 294. 0.3 0.76 4.22 51 0.13 0.28 1.2 27 21.5 1.8 10 001 2.03 3 23 77 5 16 9 2 95 4.7 0.5 9 84 4 71 PD-15- 0.2 0.49 1.86 39 0.09 0.21 0.6 >3 14.9 1.4 10 002 0.5 387 14 82 9 45 4 62 56 70 0.26 6 29 1 48 PD-15- 155. 0.1 0.34 0.55 34 0.22 0.3 25 13.4 1.5 12 003 0.58 3 14 93 6 46 0.01 01 56 4.2 0.16 5 01 6 31 PD-15- 275. 0.0 0.25 0.37 34 0.17 0.3 28 10.4 1.1 004a 0.47 9 75 29 9 16 0.01 98 64 2.7 0.26 2 77 77 23 PD-15- 255. 0.0 0.23 0.35 32 0.00 0.16 0.4 27 1.1 004b 0.46 1 63 35 2 11 9 78 07 3 0.3 9.96 23 68 21 PD-13- 298. 0.1 0.26 0.98 17 0.01 0.21 2.0 12.7 1.3 022a 0.19 1 53 61 9 58 9 69 66 13 0.19 8 06 15 40 PD-13- 249. 0.0 0.22 25 0.02 0.13 0.2 31 0.8 023 0.38 6 68 8 0.46 81 2 97 63 5.7 0.22 8.75 49 75 23 PD-13- 0.1 0.31 1.03 22 0.03 0.19 0.5 55. 1.2 12 024 0.49 394 42 43 2 62 9 37 98 6 0.26 12.3 4 1 41 PD-13- 200. 0.2 0.47 1.32 29 0.03 0.31 0.5 16 18.7 2.0 025 0.75 8 72 97 9 79 8 42 27 3.7 0.33 8 86 98 68 PD-14- 0.4 0.84 5.70 43 0.04 0.35 2.1 89. 24.2 2.2 038 0.81 210 19 46 6 20 4 87 85 9 0.58 9 94 52 118 PD-14- 184. 0.1 0.87 2.43 40 0.09 0.22 0.8 32 23.8 1.3 072 1.13 2 86 95 3 08 1 66 34 0.6 1.56 2 17 29 48

183 PD-14- 137. 0.4 1.00 6.74 37 0.24 0.41 1.9 27. 27.6 2.6 13 075 1.12 1 83 87 8 03 7 02 22 4 0.56 4 79 9 118

184 Table 3: Isotope data. Correction SSB 176/17 180/1 7xc Lu 178/17 Sample 143/144xc. Sm corr. 2SE 2SE 2SE 77 & Yb 7 corr corr corr 0.0000 0.2825 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/G3 Friesen 0.512233 12 13 03 21 005 914 0.0000 0.2827 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/PD13-005 0.511954 10 06 02 31 006 928 0.0000 0.2827 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/PD13-005re 0.511949 08 00 02 32 004 944 0.0000 0.2827 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/PD13-015 0.512180 09 04 02 19 005 872 0.0000 0.2827 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/PD13-018 0.512178 11 84 02 28 005 878 0.0000 0.2825 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/PD14-006 0.511690 08 20 02 25 004 911 0.0000 0.2825 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/PD14-023 0.511686 08 74 02 21 004 897 0.0000 0.2825 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/PD14-026 0.511707 09 38 02 22 004 888 0.0000 0.2825 0.0000 1.4670 0.000 1.886 DSN/PD14-026Dup 0.511707 08 34 02 18 005 883

- - Difference DSN/PD13-005 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 replicate -0.000005 03 13 072 - - - Difference DSN/PD14-026 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 duplicate 0.000001 04 04 005

Correction Graphic Ln-Ln

7/4 Hg 6/4 Hg Sample 8/4 Hg xc 2SE 2SE 2SE xc xc

15.633 18.378 0.001 DSN/G3Friesen 38.8552 0.0023 1 0.0008 9 0 15.410 17.571 0.001 DSN/PD13-005 36.3211 0.0031 1 0.0012 9 5 15.560 18.742 0.001 DSN/PD13-015 37.1201 0.0026 4 0.0009 8 0 15.559 18.742 0.001 DSN/PD13-015re 37.1195 0.0031 6 0.0010 3 1 15.432 17.706 0.001 DSN/PD13-018 36.2876 0.0026 4 0.0010 5 0 15.432 17.706 0.001 DSN/PD13-018re 36.2892 0.0030 4 0.0011 5 1 15.828 21.172 0.001 DSN/PD14-006 39.3275 0.0032 6 0.0010 5 2

185 16.149 24.457 0.002 DSN/PD14-023 41.1446 0.0056 6 0.0018 0 2 15.991 22.547 0.001 DSN/PD14026 40.7488 0.0032 9 0.0011 8 4 15.996 22.604 0.001 DSN/PD14-026Dup 40.8029 0.0025 7 0.0010 4 3

Difference in replicate PD13- 015 0.0006 0.0007 0.0006 Difference in replicate PD13- 018 -0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 Difference in duplicate PD14- - 026 -0.0541 0.0048 -0.0566

15.635 18.411 G3 Lab Average 38.8655 3 9 2SD 0.0167 0.0037 0.0636 ppm 430 236 3452

15.639 18.475 Max 38.8822 0 4 15.631 18.348 Min 38.8488 6 3

Correction Graphic Ln-Ln SSB 176/17 7xc Sample 143/144xc. Sm corr. 2SE Lu & 2SE Yb corr 0.0000 0.2832 0.0000 JB3 Friesen 0.513049 09 39 05

0.0000 0.2827 0.0000 PD16-001 0.512176 09 08 06 0.0000 0.2827 0.0000 PD16-001dup 0.512185 08 13 06 0.0000 PD16-001re 0.512183 06 0.0000 0.2828 0.0000 PD16-002 0.512097 08 15 06

0.0000 PD16-001 0.512176 09 0.0000 PD16-001re 0.512183 06 Diff/ppm 13.3

186 0.0000 0.2827 0.0000 PD16-001 0.512176 09 08 06 0.0000 0.2827 0.0000 PD16-001dup 0.512185 08 13 06 Diff/ppm 17.1 16

0.5130 0.2832 Lab Average JB3 Average 61 34 (see Fourny et al., G-cubed, 0.0000 0.0000 2016) 2SD 09 12 ppm 18 44

Average isotopic values of 2SE standand JNdi 143/144 0.0000 2016-06-21 0.512083 08 n=7 0.0000 2016-06-22 0.512085 09 n=6

176/17 Instru Average isotopic values of standard ULB-JMC475 7 2SE ment 0.2821 0.0000 23-Jun-16 51 05 n=12 NP214 0.2821 0.0000 30-Jun-16 45 05 n=6 NP214

Correction Graphic Ln-Ln 7/4 Hg Sample 8/4 Hg xc 2SE 6/4 Hg xc 2SE xc 2SE 15.534 18.293 0.001 JB3 Friesen 38.2502 0.0027 9 0.0012 9 1 15.562 18.755 0.001 PD16-001 37.1475 0.0025 0 0.0010 6 0 15.566 18.789 0.001 PD16-001dup 37.1641 0.0024 8 0.0010 9 0

15.360 17.143 0.000 PD16-002 35.9593 0.0016 6 0.0007 8 6

Duplicates (analysis of a separate solution prepared by the same chemical process by MC-ICP-MS) 15.562 18.755 0.001 PD16-001 37.1475 0.0025 0 0.0010 6 0 15.566 18.789 0.001 PD16-001dup 37.1641 0.0024 8 0.0010 9 0 Diff/ppm 447.2 308.1 1831.0

187 Reference Material 15.534 18.293 0.001 JB3 Friesen 38.2502 0.0027 9 0.0012 9 1

Lab Average JB3 15.535 18.294 Average 38.2513 7 6 2SD 0.0054 0.0020 0.0026 ppm 140 132 144

Average isotopic values of standard NBS981 15.499 16.942 0.000 28-Jun-16 36.7205 0.0024 0 0.0010 8 9 n=10

188

Appendix IV

Graphic Logs

Graphic logs from diamond drill core that were omitted from the main body of the thesis

for brevity, are documented in this appendix. The collar locations for these drill holes are

located on the region map in Figure 2 of the thesis. The main objective of re-logging these

drill holes was to identify document the internal lithofacies of the Powderhouse formation

and the units bounding the Powderhouse formation.

189 190 191

192

193

194