1692 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3 Home Owners' Loan Corporation, in accord­ title to such properties and structures by PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS ance with section 20 of the Federal Home the United States at or before the expiration Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private Loan Bank Act, as amended; to the Commit­ of the lease terms, and for other purposes; tee on Banking and Currency. with amendment (Rept. No. 1457). Referred bills and resolutions were introduced and to the Committee of the Whole House on severally referred as follows: the State of the Union. By Mr. FARRINGTON: REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC Mr. BARDEN: Committee on Education H. R. 6864. A bill for the relief of Kimiko BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS and Labor. H. R. 1499. A bill to amend the Fukuda; to the Committee on the Judiciary. act approved August 4, 1919, as amended, H. R. 6865. A bill for the relief of Midorl Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of providing additional aid for the American Kagawa; to the Committee on the Judiciary. committees were delivered to the Clerk Printing House for the Blind; without H. R. 6866. A bill for the relief of Yukiko for printing and reference to the proper amendment (Rept. No. 1458). Referred to Nerita; to the Committee on the Judiciary. calendar, as follows: the Committee of the Whole House on the H. R. 6867. A bill for the relief of Susumu · Mr. GARY: Committee on Appropriations. State of the Union. Sasaki; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 6868. A bill for the relief of Fumie H. R. 6854. A bill making appropriations for Shimoko; to the Committee on the Judi­ the Treasury and Post Office Departments PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS ciary. and funds available for the Export-Import By Mr. HOLMES: Bank of Washington for the fiscal year end­ Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public H. R. 6869. A bill for the relief of Wong ing June 30, 1953, and for other purposes; bills and resolutions were introduced Yang Yee and Wong Sue Chee; to the Com­ without amendment (Rept. No. 1450). Re­ and severally referred as follows: mittee on the Judiciary. ferred to the Committee of the Whole House By Mr. GARY: By Mr. MITCHELL: on the State of the Union. H. R. 6854. A bill making appropriations H. R. 6870. A bill for the relief of Louie Mr. THOMAS: Committee on Appropria­ for the Treasury and Post Office Departments Bon Kong; to the Committee on the Judi­ tions. House Joint Resolution 396. Joint and funds available for the Export-Import ciary. resolution making an appropriation for the Bank of Washington for the fiscal year end­ By Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin: Motor Carrier Claims Commission for the ing June 30, 1953, and for other purposes; H. R. 6871. A bill for the relief of Mrs. fiscal year 1952; without amendment (Rept. to the Committee on Appropriations. Gloria Wilson; to the Committee on the No. 1451). Referred to the Committee of the By Mr. ALLEN of Louisiana (by Judiciary. Whole House on the State of the Union. request): Mr. ENGLE: Committee on Interior and H. R. 6855. A bill to amend the Veterans PETITIONS, ETC. Insular Affairs. H. R. 5735. A bill to require Regulations to provide a disability rating all Federal officers in carrying out laws relat­ of 100 percent for the loss or loss of use of Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions ing to water-resources development and utili­ cine hand or one foot together with blindness and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk zation to comply with the laws of the affected of one eye; to the Committee on Veterans' States or Territories; with amendment (Rept. and referred as follows: No. 1452)-. Referred to the Committee of Affairs. 598. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Cali­ the w:iole House on the State of the Union. By Mr. BUCKLEY: fornia State Society of the National Society H. R. 6856. A bill to extend the duration Mr. RICHARDS: Committee on Foreign of the Daughters of the American Revolu­ of the Water Pollution Control Act; to the tion, Los Angeles, Calif., relative to certain Affairs. Report pursuant to House Resolu­ Committee on Public Works. tion 28, Eighty-second Congress, first ses­ resolutions passed by the California State sion. Resolution authorizing the Commit­ By Mr. CELLER: Society, Daughters of the American Revolu­ H. R. 6857. A bill to amend section 7a of tion, at the Forty-fourth State Conference tee on Foreign Affairs to conduct thorough the act entitled "An act to regulate the studies and investigations of all matters on February 15, 1952, at Los Angeles, Calif.; employment of minors within the District to the Committee on House Administration. coming within the jurisdiction of such com­ of Columbia", approved May 29, 1928; to mittee; without amendment (Rept. No. 599. Also, petition of Miss Bernice Klein;. the Committee on the District of Columbia. man and others, New York, N. Y., relative to 1453). Referred to the Committee of the By Mr. REES of Kansas: Whole House on the State of the Union. bringing the murderers of Harry T. Moore H. R. 6858. A bill to amend the · Railroad Mr. RICHARDS: Committee .on Foreign and his wife Harri.et, in Florida, to justice; Unemployment Insurance Act; to the Com­ to the Committee on the Judiciary. Affairs. Report pursuant to House Resolu­ mittee on Inter_state and Foreign Commerce. tion 28, Eighty-second Congress, first ses­ 600. Also, petition of chief clerk, City By Mr. WEICHEL: Council of Baltimore, Baltimore, Md., relative sion. Resolution authorizing the Commit­ to opposing the St. Lawrence seaway; to the tee on Foreign Affairs to conduct thorough H. R. 6859. A bill to amend section 704 studies and investigations of all matters of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as · Committee on Public Works. amended; to the Committee on Banking and 601. Also, petition of Mr. J. K. Carr, and coming within the jurisdiction of such com­ others, Daytona Beach, Fla., requesting pas­ mittee; without amendment (Rept. No. Currency. By Mr. BROWNSON: sage of Hous.e bills 2678 and· 2679 known as 1454). Referred to the Committee of the the Townsend plan; to the committee on Whole House on the State of the Union. H. R. 6860. A bill to establish a National Security Training Corps, to provide for its Ways and Means. Mr. RICHARDS: Committee on Foreign 6G2. Also, petition of Pensacola Townsend Affairs. Report pursuant to House Resolu­ administration and discipline, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Armed Club, No. 2, Pensacola, Fla., requesting pas­ tion 28, Eighty-second Congress, first ses­ sage of House bills 2678 and 2679, known as sion. Resolution authorizing the Commit­ Services. By Mr. KENNEDY: the Townsend plan; to the Committee on tee on Foreign Affairs to conduct thorough Ways and Means. studies and investigations of all matters H. R. 6861. A bill to transfer the trawler coming withi the jurisdiction of such com­ Delaware from the United States Army • • ..... • • mittee; without amendment (Rept. No. Quartermaster Corps to the Fish and Wild­ 1455). Referred to the Committee of the life Service; to the Committee on Armed Whole House on the State of the Union. Services. SENATE Mr. RICHARDS: Committee on Forejgn H. R. 6862. A bill to further encourage Affairs. Report pursuant to House Resolu­ the distribution of fishery products, and MONDAY, MARCH 3, 1952 tion 28, Eighty-second Congress, first ses­ for other purposes; to the Committee on • sion. Resolution authorizing the Commit­ Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

ization of untapped power available to However, it also, on many occasions, has REPORT ON SPECIAL AsSISTANTS EMPLOYED BY servants of Thy will, if only they go performed important public services in DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE quietly and confidently about their ap­ the newspaper field. Not the least of A letter from the Attorney General, trans­ pointed tasks: In this high hour of those, I am advised, was in a series of mitting, pursuant to law, a report on Spe­ articles it recently published about this cial Assistants Employed by the Department human destiny solemnized by the tan­ of Justice, for the period July 1, 1951, to gled tragedy in which all human life is contractor. December 31, 1951 (with an accompanying caught, give us the strength and stamina I do not like to be unfair. I regret report); to the Committee on Expenditures in these trying days, rising above all that being incorrect in my facts. I should like in the Executive Departments. is base and small, to work together in to set the RECORD straight in this regard. REPORT OF JUDICIAL CoNFERENCE OF SENIOR glad and eager harmony for the honor, CmcUIT JUDGES AND OF DmECTOR OF ADMIN­ safety, and welfare of our Nation and ISTRATIVE OFFICE OF UNITED STATES COURTS LEA VE OF ABSENCE of all the peoples of this stricken earth A letter from the Director, Administrative who unite in mutual good will, deter­ On request of Mr. McFARLAND, and by Office of the United States Courts, transmit­ mined to open the gates of a new life unanimous consent, Mr. CHAVEZ was ex­ tin g, pursuant to law, a report of the Judi­ for all mankind. We ask it in the dear cused from attendance on the sessions cial Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, to­ Redeemer's name. Amen. of the Senate. during this week. gether with his report of the Administrative Office of the United states Courts, for the year 1951 (with an accompanying report); THE JOURNAL TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE BUSINESS to the Committee on the Judiciary. On request of Mr. McFARLAND, and by Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I unanimous consent, the reading of the ask unanimous consent that Senators be PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS permitted to make insertions in the REC­ Journal of the proceedings of Thursday, Petitions, etc., were laid before the February 28, 1952, was dispe?Sed with. ORD and transact other routine business without debate. Senate, and referred as indicated: The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ By the VICE PRESIDENT: MESSAGE PROM THE HOUSE jection, it is so ordered. A joint resolution of the Legislature of the State of Georgia; to the Committee on A message from the House of Repre­ Finance: sentatives, by Mr. Snader, its assistant EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. "Whereas the State of Georgia has recently reading clerk, announced that the enacted a State sales tax; and House had passed a joint resolution The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the "Whereas all such sums paid for such tax (H. J. Res. 396) making an appropria­ Senate the following letters, which were are proper and allowable deductions in com­ tion for the Motor Carrier Claims Com­ referred as indicated: puting the taxable income under the Federal mission for the fiscal year 1952, in which AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL RESERVE ACT, RE­ income tax laws; and it requested the concurrence of the LATING TO PURCHASE BY RESERVE BANKS "Whereas the preparation and mainte­ Senate. DmECT F'ROM 'I)lEASURY .. nance of an itemized account of the sales A letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, tax paid on each and every purchase im­ transmitting a draft of proposed legislation poses a laborious and time-consuming bur­ THE PUERTO RICAN NEWSPAPER, EL to amend section 14 (b) of the Federal Re­ den upon the citizens of this State: Now, MUNDO-CORRECTION • serve Act, as amended (with accompanying therefore, be it papers); to the Committee on Banking and "Resolved by the General Assembly of the Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I ask Currency. unanimous consent to be permitted to St ate of Georgia, That the Congress of the 1 REPoRT ON PROVISJ:ON OF CERTAIN INSURANCE United States ls hereby requested to grant speak for minute. FOR AMERICAN PUBLIC a deduction to each citizen of Georgia ac­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ A lette.r from the Secretary of Commerce, cording to the following table, graduated jection? The Chair hears none, and the transmitting, pursuant to law", a report on against annual income of the individual: Senator may proceed, the provision of war-risk insurance and cer­ Percent of income Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I should tain marine and liability insurance for the 1'Annual income: deductible like to correct a statement I made on American public, for the quarter ended De­ e1.ooo______1.8 Thursday of last week in the course of a cember 31, 1951 (with an accompanying re­ $2,000______1.7 debate with the distinguished Senator port); to the Committee on Interstate and $3,000______1.4 from South Carolina [Mr. JOHNSTON], on Foreign Commerce. $5,000______1.2 the subject of Puerto Rico. REPORT OF FEDERAL TR.ADE COMMISSION $10,000______1. 1 A letter from the Acting Chairman, Fed­ $15,000______.9 In the course of those remarks, I made $20,000______• 7 reference to the newspaper El Mundo, eral Trade Commission, transmitting, pur­ eao,ooo______. 6 suant to law, the report of the Commission from whose columns the ~istinguished for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1951 (with $50,000______.5 Senator from South Carolina was quot­ an accompanying report); to the Committee $100,000______. 4 ing in raising certain questions concern­ on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. "FE.ED HAND, ing Gov. Luis Munoz Marin, of Puerto "Speak er of the House. Rico. REPORT OF FEDER.AL POWER COMMISSION A letter from the Chairman of the Federal "JOE BOO.NE, In all fairness, I must say that I was Power Commission, transmitting, pursuant "Clerk of the Hause. "S. MARVIN GRIFFIN, misinformed concerning the relationship to law, the report of the Commission for the between that newspaper and a certain "President of the Senate. fiscal year ended June 30, 1951 (with an "GEORGE D. STEWART, mainland contractor whose controversy accompanying re 1~ ort); to the Committee on with the Government of Puerto Rico over Int erstate and Foreign Commerce. "Secretary of the Sen ate. the taxes he owes the government has "Approved this 15th day of February, H::2. SURVEY REPORT OF THE GRAND (NEOSHO) "HERMAN E. TALMAI:GE, figured in recent attacks on Governor RIVER WATERSHED "Governor." Munoz. . · A let ter from the Acting Sec:-etary of Agrl­ El Mundo, although it has been very cult ure, transmitting, pursuant to law, a A joint resolution of the Legislature of the critical of Governor Munoz-and un­ survey report dated April 1950, of the Grand State of Georgia; to the Committee on the fairly so, in my judgment-has also been (Neosho) River watershed in Arkansas, Kan­ Judiciary: critical of this contractor. In fact, this sas, Missouri, and Oklahoma (with accom­ "Rewlution memorializing the President, panyin g papers); to the Committee on Pub­ the Congress of the United St ates, and newspaper helped expose the activities of lic Works. the judiciarY. of the United St ates to up­ the contractor. SUSPENSION. OF DEPORTATION OF ALIENS­ hold the Constitution of the United States El Mundo has for many years, and on of America many occasions, been critical of incum­ WITHDRAWAL OF NAME A letter from the Attorney General, with­ "Be it resolved by the House of Repre­ bent governors of Puerto Rico. This drawing· the name of Violet Agatha Dicker­ sentati ves of the State of Georgia (the Sen­ newspaper is not, I am told, at all im­ son from a report relating to aliens whose ate concurring), That-- partial in its judgment. It represents, deportation bad been s~pended, trans­ "Whereas the Constitution of the United itself, a great vested interest, and fre­ mitted to the Senate on October 1, 1951; to States requires the President 'before he en­ quently spzaks for the vested interests. the Committee on the Judiciary. ters on the execr tion of his office' to ·take • 1694 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3

an oath to 'preserve, protect, and defend the solutely absurd, when we reflect for a mo­ A joint resolution of the Legislature of Constitution of the United States,' and re­ ment that no executive laws, dirootives the State of Georgia; to the Committee on quires an· Members of the Congress and the or proclamations (except possibly as re­ Labor and Public Welfare: Fede12 l .Ju~.iciary as well as all legislative, lating to the office of Commander in Chief "Whereas at the present time veterans of executive, and judicial officers of the several of the Army and Navy of the United States) the Armed Forces who are mentally sick States, to take an oath 'to support• the Con­ are ever so urgent as not to afford the Con­ are unable to be admitted to veterans' hos­ stitution and thus preserve it from destruc­ gress an opportunity to affix thereto a pre­ pitals because of the laclt of beds therein tion or subversion; and amble and an enacting clause, so as to make unless such mental illness is service-con­ "Whereas the first act passed by the Con­ them the law of the land. The pretense that nected; and gress and signed by George Washington in Congress does not have time to read before "Whereas hundreds of Georgia mentally ill 1789 prescribed the form of a solemn oath it enacts is answered by the fact that the veterans are at the present time by neces- · as required by the Constitution; and President does not have time to read before , sity being lodged in county jails or the al­ "Whereas the Constitution is short, re­ he proclaims. If we must have experts to ready overcrowded Milledgeville State Hos­ quiring only 30 minutes to read, and is do for Congress that which it is unable to pital; and easily understood by any intelligent person do for itself, then Congress, with the power "Whereas this situation can be remedied: honest enough to believe that it means what of the purse .may employ such experts Now, therefore, be it it says; and and make them directly responsive to legis­ "Resolved by the G eneral Assembly of "Whereas the Constitution vests limited lative will in the drafting of legislation for G eorgia, That the Congress of the United a.nj defined power to make laws in the Con­ enactment. Likewise, the exercise of judi­ States be most earnestly urged to take steps gress, the power to execute those laws in cial power is never so urgent as to require its to make available facilities to take care of the President, and the power to judge. those exercise by some Presidential tool rather these mentally ill veterans as soon as pos­ la'Vs in the judiciary-granting certain well­ than some impartial man who has been sible; and be it further defined ::upplemental powers to the Presi­ emancipated from control by the President "Resolved, That a copy of this resolution dent, and certain well-defined extended pow­ by nonprecarious tenure and from control be immediately dispatched to the Clerk of ers to the judiciary, reserving all other by the Congress by undiminishable pay, as the House of Representatives of the United powers to the States and to the people; .and the Constitution requires; and, States Congress and the Secretary of the Sen­ "Whereas the section 2 of article II of the "Whereas the Constitution provides that it ate of the United States Congress and to Constitution gives the President the power, may not be altered, changed or amended each Member of the Georgia delegation of the 'by and with the advice and consent of the without the consent of three-fourths of the United States Congress. Senate, to make t :i:eaties, provided two-thirds States acting through their legislatures­ "FRED HAND, of the Senators present concur,' thu3 con­ yet, nevertheless, in derogation of the plain "Speaker of the House. stituting the ;:;ecate a council to the Presi­ wqrds of the Constitution, it has been sub­ "JOE BOONE, de::-'t and contemplating the actual presence verted, changed, tortured and altered by "Clerk of the House. of Senat::irs (though not all of them) at the quislings who daily read out of it the phi­ "S. MARVIN GRIFFIN, making of treaties in and at all stages. Yet, losophy of our forefathers, who made it, and .,,President of the Senate. nevertheless, the Senate has abdicated its who daily read into it the alien philosophies "GEORGE D. STEWART, power and spurned its duty as a result of of those who would destroy it; and, "Secretary of the Senate. "Whereas · the State of Georgia, having which so-called experts have surrounded the "Approved this 15th day of February 1952. President at some of the most crucial meet­ never forfeited its right to approve or disap­ prove of amendments read into the Consti­ "HERMAN E. TALMADGE, ings that have ever concerned the American "Governor." people. Row upon row of new-made graves tution in any m\tnner, now exercises tl:lat in Korea are daily r€minders of the failures constitutional right and now disapproves of Resolutions of the General Court of the of the 3enators to conform their actions every such amendment except the 21 Commonwealth of Massachusetts; to the to the oaths-uttered by their mouths, which amendments constitutionally adopted: Be it Committee on Agriculture and Forestry: would have placed some of ·them at Yalta therefore "Resolutions memorializing the Congress of in the place of Hiss advising and not con­ "Resolved, That it is the sense of the Legis­ the United States to enact laws which will senting; and lature of Georgia in general assembly that lower the high cost of food. the President, and all Members of the the "Whereas the framers of the Constitution "Whereas the laws which guarantee farm­ were so fearful of Executive usurpations and Congress and the judiciary of the United States should have the honor to obey their ers high prices for their commodities were proclamations that they conferred upon the enacted to relieve an acute national eco­ Congress the sole power 'to make all laws oat hs to support and defend the Consti­ t ution of the United· States, and to at least nomic emergency affecting the farm indus­ • • * necessary and proper for carrying try, which emergency no longer exists; and into execution' the powers of the President, obey or require obedience to its mandate to submit an proposed changes in its struc­ "Whereas the new law is plainly designed so that no President should ever assert the to keep basic foods as high in price as they prerogative of a Stuart King to make laws ture to the legi_slatures of the various States for approval or disapproval; be it further have been; and 'necessary and proper for the execution of "Whereas this is plainly inflation of a most laws'; and "Resolved, That it is the sense of this gen­ eral assembly that the people of America pa~nful nature; and "Whereas in spite of the plain words of "Whereas it overlooks the fact that most the Constitution, and the solemn oaths of can in no more certain way rivet the chains of slavery on their children than to sup­ of the income of the American family is used the constitutional officers of government to to pay for food; and defend and 'to support' the Constitution, port candidates for Federal offices who do not have the courage and integrity to obey "Whereas according to laws of supply and the Congress has attempted to divest itself demand in a free market food becomes . of, and delegate its own nondelegable legis­ their oaths to support the Constitution as written and subsequently amended 21 cheaper the more it is produced, while under lativt. powers to the President and to agen­ the law in question the taxpayers' money is ci0s under his control; as well as to divest times. Nor can the liberty of their chil­ dren be preserved in any other way than used in ever greater amounts as food be­ tLe judiciary of its vested and untouchable comes more plentiful to prevent the con­ judicial powers, and to vest those powers in by a government of laws made pursuant to a Constitution, supported by virtuous repre­ sumer from taking advantage of the the President who, with the consent of a natural action of economic law which has strange Supreme Court, has attempted to sentatives-men who obey their oaths to their God and faithfully discharge their made America the greatest nation in his­ exercise such powers through his own servile tory; and tools, who make, execute, and judge laws duties to their fellow men; be it further affecting substantive rights of freemen and "Resolved, That a copy of this resolution "Whereas the Government has under loan imposing duties upon freemen, in the name be transmitted to proper authorities in the or has taken title to four-fifths of all the of the President; and manner provided by law consistent with the flaxseed produced last year; a third of all "Whereas the blending of all powers of Constitution, as a memorial of the Legisla­ the cotton; nearly a third of all the wheat; government in the hands of one man to be ture of the State of Georgia disapproving of more than half of all the peanuts; two­ exercisd by him or by his servile tools, is, all changes or amendments sought to be fifths of all the potatoes and dried edible as said by Thomas Jefferson, 'the very defi­ made a part of the Constitution by stealth beans; nearly half of the stored butter; and nition of tyranny,' and is a treasonable sub­ and subterfuge. "Whereas the present new farm price-sup­ version of the Constitution resulting in a "FRED HAND, port program . will cost billions of dollars government of flesh rather than a govern­ "Speaker of the House. ·which will come from the same people who ment of laws; and "JOE BOONE, will pay the resulting high prices; and "Whereas a government untrammeled by "Clerk of the House. "Whereas the farmers are becoming more . a constitution is a despotism, and a society "S. MARVIN GRIFFIN, and more dependent upon the Government: unprotected by constitutional laws is an­ "President of the Senate. Therefore be it archy; and "GEORGE D. STEWART, "Resolved, That the General Court of Mas­ "Whereas the specious pretense· of neces­ "Secretary of the Senate. sachusetts .memorializes the Congress of the sity or expediency-the argument of every "Approved this 6th day of February 1952. United States to enact laws that will be 1n tyrant and every quisling that has ever "HERMAN E, TALMADGE, keeping with a peacetime economy; and be stalked across the pages of history-is ab- "Governor." it further 1952 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD - SENATE 1695 "Resolved, That copies of these resolutions. branch of Congress, and to the "Meml>ers We therefore earnestly believe that the be transmitted forthWith by the State sec­ thereof from this Commonwealth. spending for the year should be cut down to retary to the President of the United States, "In senate, adopted, February 4, 1952. the seventy-one billion of expected revenue. to the Presiding Officer of each branch of "IRVING N. HAYDEN, This, we believe, can be accomplished With­ Congress, and to the Members thereof from "Clerk. out too serious curtailment of our own de­ this Commonwealth. "In house of representatives, adopted, in fense program and of necessary foreign aid "In house of representatives, adopted Feb­ concurrence, February 13, 1952. to ailied and other nations. It would seem ruary 4, 1952. "LAWRENCE R. GROVE, possib1e that the budget asking of fifty-one "LAWRENCE R. GROVE, "Clerk." and one-tenth billions for military service "Clerk. A resolution adopted by the City Coun­ might well be curtailed five or six billions of "In senate, adopted in concurrence Febru­ cil of Lowell, Mass., re1ating to the exclu­ dollars Without seriously hampering our de­ fense effort by -a careful scrutinizi~g of un­ ary 11, 1952. sion of textiles from distressed areas; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. necessary waste and overlapping in these "IRVING N. HAYDEN, services. "Clerk." A resolution adopted by the Fresno (Calif.) Junior Chamber of Commerce, fa­ We further believe that another -$5,0<:r!>,- Resolutions of the General Court of the voring a hearing on the Hoover Commis­ 000,000 could be cut from the foreign aid Commonwealth of Massachusetts; to the sion proposals pertaining to the Veterans' budget by restudy of the whole program and Committee on Finance: Administration; to the ·Co'mmittee on Ex­ by an insistence that those nations receiw­ "Resolutions memorializing the Congress of penditures in the Executive Departments. ing aid and loans be encouraged to rebuild the United States in favor of supplemen­ A resolution adopted by the Pensacola their own economic structure to meet their tary unemployment compensation pay­ Townsend Club No. 2, and the senior citizens vital needs. ments from Federal funds as provided in of Escambia County, Fla., favoring the en­ We further believe that in our own do­ H. R. 6437 actment of the so-called Townsend plan mestic spending we must much more severely apply economy measures by the elimination "Whereas mobilization of the Nation's pro­ to provide old-age assistance; to the Com­ mittee on Finance. of overhead and personnel, and by a cur­ ductive .resources for the defense of the tailnl'ent of progr.ams for national develop­ United States and dislocations in the econ­ A resolution adopted by residents, friends, and neighbors of the Fellowship Center, ment projects insofar as they do not affect omy during the national emergency have flood-control projects. caused, directly and indirectly, large numbers Ormond Beach, Fla., :favori]'.\g the enact­ of persons in certain areas, notably the tex­ ment of the so-called Townsend plan to We therefore earnestly petition our Sen­ tile manufacturing centers of New England, provide old-~e assistance; to the Commit­ tors and Representatives to be very insistent and especially the city of Lawrence, to be­ tee on Finance. that our expenditures for 1953 be brought come unemployed; and Memorials of the members of the Hardins­ within range of our expected income, as we believe deficit spending woUld be one of the "Whereas such unemployment has oc­ burg Wesleyan Service Guild, of Hardins­ burg; the Antioch Methodist Church, of most serious threats to the stability of our curred in large part among workers whose Nation, and to the advancement of serious skills are and will be essential to the defense Greenville; the Sacramento M~thodist Church, of Sacramento, and the Missionary inflationary trends. efforts of the Nation and its security; and RESOLUTION COMMI'I"l'EE ON "Whereas the present benefits provided un­ Society of the Demossville Baptist Church, of Demossville, all in the State of Ken"tucky, NATIONAL AFFAIRS, der ·the unemployment compensation laws of Dr. A. w. RATZ. the Commonwealth are both inadequate and remonstrating against the appointment of an Ambassador to the Vatican; to the Com­ B. E. MEIDINGER. unfair to workers suffering such unemploy­ B. W. SCHUBERT. ment; and mittee on Foreign Relations. A resolution adopted by the City coun­ "Whereas the alleviation of such unem­ cil of the City of Baltimore, Md., protesting ployment is essential to mobilization for de­ EMPLOYMENT OF VETERANS-RESOLU­ fense and must be considered to be part of against the enactment of legislation to pro­ the program of defense: Therefore be it vide for the cons~uction of the St. Law­ TION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION, rence seaway; to the Committee on Foreign DEPARTMENT OF UTAH "Resolved, That the house of repTesenta­ Relations. tives memorializes the Congress of the A resolution adopted by the City Council Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, I pre­ United States to enact H. R. 6437 in order to of the City of Greenville, Tex., .favoring the sent for appropriate reference, and ask provide the unemployed workers of Law­ enactment of legislation to confirm and es­ unanimous consent to have printed in the rence, Lowell, and other areas in the Com­ tablish the rights of the States to lands be­ RECORD, a resolution favoring the restora­ monwealth w..here ·unemployment is rife neath navigable waters; to the Committee with supplementary payments from Federal tion of budget cuts to the Vetertans Em­ on Interior and Insular A1Iairs. ployment Service, which was forwarded funds in such amounts as to prevent the im­ The petition of Orinthia A. Grant and pcrsition upon such workers of an inequitable sundry other 'citizens of The Bronx, New to me by the American Legion Depart­ share of the burden of "the defense program; York City, N. Y., relating to civil rights in ment of Utah. and be it fu..-ther the State of Florida; to the Committee on There being no objection, the resolu­ "Resolved, That copies 'Of these resolutions the Judiciary. tion was referred to the Committee on be transmitted forthwith by the State secre­ A letter in the nature of a petition from tary to the Presiding 01llcer of each branch of Appropriations and ordered to be printed the American Legion Auxiliary, unit of in the RECORD, as follows: Congress and to the .Members :thereof from Courts Fussneclter Post, 867, Ripley, Ohio, this Commonwealth. signed by Mrs. Eleanor Serwna, secretary, Whereas under title IV of the Servicemen's ''House of r"epresentatives, February 13, praying for the enactment of legisla"tion to Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI bill) the 1932, adopted. provide universal military training; ordered United States Veterans Em.ploym.en:t Service "LAWRENCE R. GROVE, Cleric." to lie on the table. of the Untted States Department of Labor is charged with the direct responsibility of Resolutions of the General Court of the assisting veterans of all wars with problems Commonwealth of Massachusetts; to the a1fecti.ng their emJllloyrp.ent and return of Committee on Foreign Relations; FEDERAL EXPENDITURES-RESOLUTION OF JAMESTDWN (N. DAK.) CHAMBER their dghtful pla--ce in the civilian economy "Resolutions memorializing Congress to of the Nation, the counseling of veterans en- OF COMMERCE act legislation authorizing a loan to allevi­ with respect to the settlement of their prob­ ate hardship to certain persons in Italy Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I pre­ lems such as housing, veterans' preference "Whereas the overflow of the Po River has sent for appropriate reference, and ask and employment rights and with special serv­ unanimous consent to ha'Ve printed in ice to the handicapped and disabled of this caused great damage and hardship to many country, and persons; and the RECORD, a resolution adopted by the Whereas the present national emergency "Whereas this Nation has been expending resolutions committee on national af­ and the war in Korea has substantially in­ great sums abroad to preserve democratic fairs, of the Chamber of Commerce of creased the Employment Services' active file ideals throughout the world: Therefore be it Jamestown, N. Dak., relating to Federal of veterans, disabled and otherWise, needing "Resoived, That the General Court of Mas­ expenditures for 1953. and requiring these services rather than re­ sachusetts petition the Congress of the There being no objection, the resolu­ sulting in any lessening of the workload, and United States to enact legislation authoriz­ tion was referred to the Committee on Whereas 81 percent of Korean veterans ing a loan to relieve the burden and hard­ Appropriations, and ordered to be have not had established employment prior ship to certain persons in Italy; and be it printed in tbe RECORD, as follows: to .military .service, reemploy.m.ent is -espe­ further cially dlfiicult, anu "Resolved, That copies of these resolutions Whereas our study of tne budget reveals· that a proposed peactime budget for 1953 is Whereas for the past S years the budgetary be sent forthwith by the secretary of the in excess of $85,000,000,000; and allowance for the Veterans Employment Serv­ Commonwe... lth to the President of t'he Whereas Federal revenue for the sam-e pe­ ice has been reduced each year until the United Sta'tes, 'to the Presiutng Officer of each riod are about $71,000,000,000; amount now appropriated for this fiscal year 1696 CONGRESSIONAL _RECORD - SENATE March 3 and recommended for the ensuing year ls ized-and on this point there is much unanimously to urge Congress to speedily au­ insufficient for the personnel of this service doubt and extreme confusion-the threat thorize completion of the St. Lawrence sea­ to adequately and properly carry out the pro­ to the economy of the Atlantic seaboard way and power project. visions of the GI bill with respect to service and to the defense effort is huge. Under It is a sad commentary upon our ability to veterans ·and has resulted in curtailment to function as a nation intelligently for of such service at a time when the veterans no circumstances should this dubious the general welfare that this project, urged of this Nation are entitled to the best service project be approved at any time, much by every President for the past 35 years, has available for the ever increasing number of less now when manpower and strategic been blocked by selfish and narrow economics veterans: Therefore be it materials are needed so badly elsewhere. and regional interests. Resolv ed, That this Area E Rehabilitation There being no objection, the resolu­ The national need for this project is so and Economic Conference of the American tion was referred to the Committee on great and the results to be obtained from its Legion assembled in Boise, Idaho, this 9th Foreign Relations and ordered to be completion so beneficial to the general wel­ and 10t h day of February 1952, recommend printed in the RECORD, as follows: fare that it should be apparent to all that to the respective Commissions of the national narrow and selfish economic and regional organization that prompt steps be taken to RESOLUTION OPPOSING THE ST. LAWRENCE considerations should no longer be permitted bring this situation to the attention of the SEAWAY to obstruct national progress on this issue. Congress to the end that an adequate and Whereas the Federal Government is again The time for the United States to act is sufficient appropriation be made for the next fostering the development. of the St. Law­ short. It is imperative that Congress pro.. fiscal year so as to enable this service to rence seaway project; and . mote the general welfare by authorizing this function properly under the law as originally Whereas it would cost over a billion dollars project at this congressional session. We contemplated. to complete said project and would divert support President Truman in his request that such sums from much more pressing needs Congress act on this matter now. We and projects directly connected with the commend Senator WILEY for his stand and AMENDMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY ACT­ defense effort, and would also require many leadership in this fight and we endorse Gov­ RESOLUTION OF FACULTY COUNCIL. years for completion; and ernor Kohler's action in appointing a com­ UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, SALT LAKE CITY• Whereas the records show that this sea­ mittee to spearhead Wisconsin's support of way would be closed at least 5 months of UTAH this project. each year due to ice conditions; and WISCONSIN ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE. Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, I pre­ Whereas the completion of such project would divert much traffic from Baltimore sent for appropriate reference, and ask Whereas the development of the St. Law­ unanimous consent to have printed in and be a serious threat to our economy as well as the plans now in progress for the rence seaway is about to become a reality the RECORD, a resolution, sent to me by development of the port of Baltimore; and through the unilateral action of Canada; Dr. A. Ray Olpin, president of the Uni­ Whereas the income of labor engaged in and - versity of Utah, at Salt Lake City, Utah, port work will be greatly affected; and Whereas failure to participate in the con­ favoring support of amendments to the Whereas many associated industries de­ struction and development of such seaway Federal Social Security Act regarding pendent upon the port may be required to would seriously jeopardize the future indus­ public institutions of higher education. lay off personnel; and trial and commercial potential of this area There being no objection, the resolu­ Whereas United States-flag steamship lines through the imposition of tolls: Be it there­ have indicated it will be uneconomical to fore tion was referred to the Committee on use said seaway even if completed: There­ Resolved, That this Door County Board of Finance, and ordered to be printed in fore be it Supervisors recommend immediate and com­ the RECORD, as follows: Resol-i:ed, That copies of this resolution be plete cooperation in an effort to secure the Resolution favoring support of amendments sent to the Speaker of the United States joint development of the St. Lawrence sea­ to the Federal Social Security Act regard­ House of Representatives, to the President way. ing public institutions of higher education of the United States Senate, to the Senate Respectfully submitted. Whereas the Federal Social Security Act, Committee on Foreign Relations and House Door County, Wis.: R. E. Burton, Floyd Committee on Foreign Affairs, and to each B. Knuth, Ivan Thorp, Laurence Lar­ as now constituted, does not permit the in­ of the Representatives from Maryland in the clusion by membership of State institutions sen, Geo. Schmelzer, Tyrus Perry, in which the State or a political subdivision United States Congress. Wendelin Rose, Norman Herlache, thereof already contributes to a retirement Chas. F. Martens, Byron Fehl, Clar­ Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I have ence Mann. J. F. La Vassar, Lawrence system; and previously inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL P . Johnson, Cyril J. Virlee, Roger W. Whereas the National Association of State RECORD a considerable number of reso­ Universities and the National Association of Gunnerson, Alphonse Bader, John R. Land-Grant Colleges and Universities have lutions from Wisconsin organizations Scoquest, Roy Knudson, Geo. Dufek, gone on record as supporting legislation supporting the Great Lakes-St. Law­ H. M. Schuyler. amending the Federal Social Security Act to rence seaway. I feel that these reso­ make possible the inclusion of State institu­ lutions are indicative not simply of HARTFORD, WIS., February 20, 1952. tions in which the State or a political sub­ grass-roots sentiments in my own State Senator ALEXANDER WILEY, division thereof already contributes to a re­ of Wisconsin, but of the affiliated organ­ Washington, D. C. tirement system: Now, therefore, be it izations of these Wisconsin groups, or­ DEAR SENATOR: We, the people of Washing­ Resolved, That the faculty council of the ganizations, and memberships in all ef ton County, feel that the St. Lawrence water­ University of Utah on behalf of the faculty way should be started at once, not only for unanimously endorses and urges permissive the 48 States. the good of us, the Middle West, but also for amendments to the Federal Social Security While we of Wisconsin have taken the the whole Nation, as a defense measure. Act supporting action authorizing the inte­ lead in this respect, it is principally be­ I feel this has been a political football long gration of Federal social security with the cause the seaway is so well familiar to enough and urge that you do all in your present retirement. systems now in effect in us-perhaps to a far greater extent than power to see the bill put through at once. the State of Utah and political subdivisions it is to the other States of the Union. I do not blame Canada for planning on thereof. I ask unanimous consent that several building alone if we do not take the neces­ sary steps at once. of these splendid resolutions, letters, and Again [ urge your utmost support and ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY telegrams be printed in the RECORD, at efforts. Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I pre­ this point, and appropriately referred. Sincerely, sent for appropriate reference, and ask It is my earnest hope that the objectives ARTHUR H. LICHTENWALNER, stressed in these resolutions, letters, and President, Washington unanimous consent to have printed in County Farm Bureau. the RECORD, a resolution adopted by the telegrams, will indeed be fulfilled by City Council of Baltimore, opposing any the Congress and that it will not be appropriations for the construction of necessary for our good neighbor, Can­ RESOLUTION ON GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE the St. Lawrence seaway. ada, to go ahead and build the seaway SEAWAY The sentiments expressed therein de­ all by itself. Be it resolved by the Wisconsin Junior serve the attention of every taxpayer of There being no objection, the reso­ Chamber of Commerce in meeting assem­ the country. The project in question lutions, letters, and telegrams were re­ bled at Manitowoc, Wis., thU: 10th day of ferred to the Committee on Foreign Re­ Februar y 1952, That this organization renew would cost a great deal and do much and repledge its support for the vitally im­ damage to the established transporta­ lations, and ordered to be printed in the portant Great Lakes-St. Lawrence seaway tion systems and port facilities through­ RECORD, as follows: project. out the eastern half of the country. Even RESOLUTION NO. 1-ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY That the Wisconsin Jaycees call upon each if some small part of the advantages At the 1951 Annual Meeting of Wisconsin and every Member of the Wisconsin dele- · claimed by its proponents could be real- Electric Cooperative the delegates voted gat ion in Congress to give his immediate, 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1697 wholehearted, strong, and active support to SUPERIOR, WIS., February 23, 1952. Canada in the construction of the St. Law­ the legislation now pending in Congress pro­ Senator ALEXANDER WILEY, rence seaway project. viding for immediate authorization of the Senate Office Building, Since that date the questiCJl has been dis­ joint United States-Canadian seaway proj­ Washington, D. C. cussed by 16 successive regular sessions and ect so important to the interests of Wiscon­ HONORABLE SIR: Please be advised that the one special session of the Wisconsin Legisla­ sin, to the economic development of the Superior Federation of Labor is in favor of ture, and in each instance a resolution has Great Lakes heartland and the Middle West, joint participation of the St. La.wrence deep­ been adopted urging the Congress to ap­ and to the welfare of the Nation as a sea waterway between Canada and the prove the construction of the seaway project. whole. United States. We have before us two alternative ways in WILLIAM F'RITSCH, which this project may be built. It may be MILWAUKEE WOM\N'S SEHVICE CLUB, Secretary, Super ior Federation of Labor. built as a joint project-as a partnership un­ Milwau kee, Wi.r . February 26, 1952. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I also ask dert~king between the United States and Senator TOM CONNALLY, Canada, or alternatively, it will be built as a Chairman, Senate Forei gn Relations unanimous consent, to have printed in wholly Canadian waterway. I am here to Committee, Washington, D. C. the RECORD a statement prepared by me urge United States participation, and I can DEAR SIR: The board of the Milwaukee together with a statement by Hon. Wal­ perhaps be most useful to the committee if I Woman's Service Club of Milwaukee, Wis., ter J. Kohler, Governor of Wisconsin, outline briefly the reasons why construction urges that your committee support the St. before the Committee on Foreign Rela­ of the seaway as an all-Canadian project is Lawrence seaway project for the following tions of the SPnate, on the subject of the not an adequate alternative. reasons: St. Lawrence seaway. First, the canadian 'proposal authorizes 27- 1. The seaway is important to the econ­ There being no objection, the s.tate­ foot navigation from Montreal only into Lake omy of all the country, not just the North Erie, 27-foot navigation, therefore, would be Central States; first, because it will enable ments were ordered to be printed in the ava ilable only as far as Toledo, would not shippers to avoid the railroad bottleneck in RECORD, as follows: even include Detroit, which is up the De­ Chicago; second, because shipping by boats STATEMENT BY SENATOR WILEY troit River, and would not carry this draft will help to alleviate the chronic shortage Since the Canadian ParUament author­ into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The of railroad cars, and third, because an in­ ized the construction of the St. Lawrence channels through the Detroit, St. Clair, and land route will speed up shipping to our seaway on Canadian soil, there bas been a St. Mary's Rivers have a project depth, at vital steel plants, omitting the transfer of flood of propaganda by opponents saying present, of 21 feet upbound and 25 feet down­ ore from boat to car. "Let Canada do it." · bound. Although this ls still an improve­ 2. Since Canada has courageously deter­ Information comes to me that the reason ment over the 14-foot limitation in the St. mined to build the seaway without our help, why the opponents take this position is that Lawrence River, it does not give the Western control of this waterway will go to them, they hope to take court action to try and States, such as mine and most of Michigan, together with the right to charge tolls, even stop the Canadian project by preventing the Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, and the · after the project is paid for. construction of the power da.ms. I men­ agricultural States which will utilize this 3. Even if the honorable members of the tion this because we must beware of the waterway for export-it does not give them committee do not see any gain for their own glib argument of the opponents about let­ the full advantage of 27-foot navigation, as constituents, it is unthinkable t11at this ting Canada do it. does the joint project before you. could be used as a reason for preventing I am convinced that Canada is in earnest, Sacondly, the Canadians would have ex­ the entire Congress from getting a chance and that they will build this project in spite clusive control over tolls. It is true that to vote on such a vitally important matter. of the delaying tactics of the opponents in the economics of competitive transporta­ Respectfully submitted. Congress and perhaps in the courts. tion will have a tempering effect upon the MRS. JAMES s. KAIN, The opposition to the seaway has already toll policies of the Canadian Government, Corresponding Secretary pro tempore. strained our relations with Canada. They and it is also true that, under the Bound­ threaten to jeopardize American commer­ ary Waters Treaty of 1909, there can be no EAU CLAIRE, WIS., February 25, 1952. cial interests, too, by driving this country discrimination in the application of tolls to Senator .ALExANDER WILEY, to accept an all-Canadian seaway. the nationals of the two countries. Upon State Offiee Buliding: The Governor of my State of Wisconsin, closer investigation, however, we find these Eau Claire Trades and Labor Council and the Honorable Walter J. Kohler, gave the three possibilities which may possibly be 33 affiliated local unions strongly support most cogent testimony before the Senate deterrent to United States commercial in­ joint participation of St. Lawrence seaway Foreign Rela tions Committee why an all­ terests. between Canada and the United States. Canadian seaway, though more desirable (a) In the first place, although rates · oh LA VINA CROWE, than no seaway at all, m ight be discrimina­ a commodity have to be the same in the Secretary Eau Clair Trades and Labor tory of United States interest. I commend case of the nationals of both countries, Union. his views to the attention of my colleagues. there can be dillerences in tolls as between commodities and it would be possible for the Canadian authorities to set h igher tolls MILWAUKEE, WIS., February 17, 1952. STATEMENT OF Gov. WALTER J. KOHLER, OF Senator A. WILEY, on commodities in which the producer and WISCONSIN, BEFORE THE SENATE FOREIGN consumer interest in Canada is less than Senate Office Buildin g, RELATIONS COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 29, 1952 Washingt-0n, D. C.: in the "'Jnited States. Let me take one or We urgently request that you support the I am Walter J. Kohler, Governor of Wis­ two examples: consin . St. Lawrence seaway project. Canada is a large exporter of grain and, LocAL UNION, No. 1569, USA, cro. I appear here in my official capacity as of course, we, too, expect to use the water­ chief executive of the State of Wisconsin to way for large shipments of grain. It would urge this committee, on behalf of my State, be to the interest of Canada to set very low MADISON, WIS., February 22, 1952. to report favorably the St. Lawrence seaway rates on grain and to make up the revenue United States Senator ALEXANDER WILEY, legislation. requirements by substantially higher r ates Senate Office Building: Unquestionably, there is no other issue on products of American origin or consump­ The Madison Federation of Labor is in which enjoys the unanimity of support which t ion, sucli as newsprint, of which we are a favor of joint participation of St. Lawrence the people of Wisconsin exten d toward the large consumer, and machinery and iron an d deep-sea waterway between Canada and seaway proposal. steel products, of which we are large ex­ United States. The St. Lawrence seaway project has the porters-the result of this would be that MADISON FEDERATION OF LABOR, active support of every veterans' organiza­ most of the toll revenues would be assessed P. L. ROBERTS, President tion in Wisconsin. It has the active support against American pocketbooks. MARVIN BRICKSON, of both the Wisconsin State Federation of (b) In the second place, a specific in­ Recording Secretary. Labor and the Wisconsin State CIO. stance in which discrimination between It has the active support of the Wiscon­ commodit ies or types of traffic may have di­ WEST BEND, WIS., February 23, 1952. sin Farm Bureau Federation, the Wisconsin rectly adverse effect upon the American ta.'!:­ Senator ALEXANDER WILEY, State Grange, the Farmers' Union, the Wis­ payer is in connection with G::>vernment United States Senate, con sin Council of Agriculture, and every tra.filc. The resolution before you contem­ Washington, D. C. other State-wide farm group. plates that Government traffic m ay be ex­ DEAR SIR: Members of Local 2283, Mil­ In addition, it is supported by civic groups, cepted; but, in an all-Canadian seaway there waukee Carpenters District Council, AFL, by the Wisconsin Junior Chamber of Com­ is no reason to expect that military an d request your support and vote for the St. merce, and by enlightened business and in­ foreign-aid traffic will be excepted from tolls. Lawrence waterway project, when the same dustrial leaders. Although rates may be charged on Govern­ comes up for consideration before your re­ Nor can it be said that this support which ment tra.filc equally applicable to canadian spective legislative body. the people of Wisconsin extend to the sea­ as well as United States Government traffic, Respect.fully submitted. way project ls either hasty or ill-considered. the volume of American traffic will be so HAROLD FISCHER, The Wisconsin legislature in 1919 first me­ much larger than similar Canadian trama Recording Secret-ary. morialized Congress to cooperate with that the total charge will fall more heavlly on 1698 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3

American taxpayers. That this is not a hypo­ Senators, for financing of the project through Programs of Assistance to Refugees From thetical sit u ation. is evidenced by our con­ bend issues. Communist Tyranny (Rept. No. 1250); and, trasting experience at Panama and the Suez. It gives us control over a vital waterway under the rule, the resolution was referred United States Government traffic does not 1n perpetuity for a repayable investment; to the Committee on Rules and Administra­ pay tolls through the Panama Canal, al­ it gives us a voice in the setting and man­ tion. though other governments must pay. By a gement of toll rates and the duration over By Mr. KILGORE, from the Committee on con trast, all through the Second World War, which they shall apply; it gives us an oppor­ the Judiciary: military and lend-lease traffic through the tunity for direct savings to taxpayers H. R. 643. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Vivian Suez Can al, as well as American military through exempting Government traffic; and M. Graham and Herbert H. Grah am; with p erson nel going through, h ad to pay the it gives us an opportunit y to manage the an amendment (Rept. No. 1252 ) ; and established t olls to the Suez Canal Co., con­ toll policy so that no American sectional H. R . 646. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Inez trolled by the French and t h e British. or in dustrial interest will be unduly handi­ B. Copp and George T. Copp; with an amend­ (c) I n the third place, there would be capped. ment (Rept. No. 1253). no lim it ation on the duration of toll charges and over the trend of toll r ates. The Can a­ dian Government may decide to liquidate REPORTS OF COMMITTEES SUSPENSION OF DEPORTATION OF CER­ the investments through a shorter period The following reports of committees TAIN ALIENS-REPORT OF A COMMIT­ of time by high rates and maintain those TEE ra tes even after the liquidation of the in­ were submitted: vestment. By ?v!r. ELLENDER, from the Committee Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, from In short it is very good business for the on Agriculture and Forestry: the Comml.ttee on the Judiciary, I re­ Can ad ian Government to invest Can ad ian S. 1630. A bill to amend the provision in port an original concurrent resolution, d0llars and secure American dollar revenues the'act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. 1235, 1253), and I submit a report Brooks A-6706726, Bellens, Eleni (nee Tsirigotis) . Canal, must give us some hist0rical per­ (Rept. No. 1237); A-7287699, Below, Helga Ehrengard Magda- spective upon the relative advantages of H. R. 648. A bill to record the lawful ad­ lena. United States control over part of this water­ mission for permanent residence of aliens A- 3961628, Benintende, Antonina, or Lena way. Max Mayer Hirsch Winzelberg and Mrs. Jenty (nee Martorana). General Bradley recently stated that, in Fuss De Winzelberg (Rept. No. 1238); A-7483674, Beveridge, William. case of divergence between Canadian and H. R. 773. A bill for the relief of Mering A-7199698, Blanchard, Pacifico (formerly United States interests in some future con­ Bichara (Rept. No. 1239); Medel). troversy, the control of this waterway may H. R . 1234. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Selma Cecelia Gahl (Rept. No. 1240); A-3484710, Bliziotis, James John, or Deme­ be important in carrying out American pol­ trios Bliziotis. icy. It has been stated here that Canada H. R. 3153. A bill for the relief of Signa Angela Maino Cristallo (Rept. No. 1241); and A-7736534, Bowen, Claude Christopher. controls the exit to this waterway in any A- 3884373, Buhagiar, Joseph, or Giuseppe H. R. 6065. A bill for the relief of Patrick event and therefore no weight should be Buhagiar alias Antonio Sacco. given to the claim that joint control is sig­ J. Logan (Rept. No. 1242). By Mr. McCARRAN, from the Committee A-2723973, Bures, Eduard, or Edward Bu­ nifi.cant. We must realize, however, that resh. placing the canals and locks at the inter­ on the Judiciary, with an amendment: national rapids section on United States S. 148. A bill for the relief of Gerdina A-2723976, Buresova, Ludmila, or Ludmila soil will give the United States the same Josephina Van Delft (Rept. No. 1243); Buresh. exclusive control over traffic which the Ca­ s. 1050. A bill for the relief of Hisako A-2723977, Buresova, Kristina, or Kristyna n adians now enjoy at the Welland Canal Ha nabata (Rept. No. 1244) ; Buresova or Kristina Buresh. and in the lower reaches of the St. Law­ S. 1765. A bill for the relief of Harumi A-2353267, Calderon, Bernardino or Ber- rence. In other words, for a repayable in­ Kamiaka (Rept. No. 1245); nardo or Bernard or Benny. vestment, we would be acquiring an equally S. 2034. A bill for the relief of Charlotte A-5156628, Calogrides, Michael. potent control over this waterway. When Elizabeth Cason (Rept. No. 1246); and A- 5154086, Cameron, John Hilliard. we realize that this waterway opens up the S. 2643. A bill for the relief of Kathleen A-7469087, Campbell, Simeon. longest coast line in the country to deep­ Cowley {Rept. No. 1247). A-5391517, Canova, Palmerina, or Rina water navigation and will become an artery By Mr. McCARRAN, from the Committee on Canova. of commerce for some of our most vital raw the Judiciary, with amendments: A-5367636, Carriles, John Solar:...1., or Higinio materials, we cannot lightly forfeit this ad­ S. 1154. A bill for the relief of Edi Bertoli, Solana Carriles or John Solana. vantage which the Canadians, as good Gino Guglielmi, Serafinio Ballerini, and A-7249859, Carrillo, Amalia vda. de Gam- neighbors, :.. eadily offer to us. Giuseppi Bigg (Rept. No. 1248); and boa. Let me therefore summarize the advan­ S. 2220. A bill for the relief of Michiko A-7039177, Carrothers, William George. tages of approving the legislation as it Ihara (Rept. No. 1249); and A-7039178, Carrothers, Marilyn Isabel. stands before you, including the amend­ S. Res. 270. Resolution creating the Spe­ A--4555965, Casares-Linares, Jose Pedro, or ment offered by Senator AIKEN with the cial Committee To Investigate the Problem Jose Linares-Casares alias Pedro Casares. Joint sponsorship of a bipartisan group of of Overpopulation in Western Europe and A-5625015, Caselli, Maria. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENAT-E 1699

A-1288323, Chagolla-Chavolla, Entique. A-6288018, Goshgarian, Florence, or So­ A-5346583, Marks, Ernest William Monroe. A-1288321, Chagolla, Amalia Nunoz de. tenig or Sotenig Aramian. A-5057511, Marold, Sandor H. A-7483960, Chakarian, Sarkis. A-3873714, Grandpere, Maurice. A-6746755, Martines, Felicitas Zermeno, or A-2468492, Chao, Yun Tsung, or Chao Yun A-6921199, Greene, Nora (nee Honor Mc· Felicitas Zermeno Garcia. Tsung. Cormack.). A-7222572, Martinez-Guerrero, Jose. A-7427281, Choy, Frank, or Fie Ling Choy. A-7927004, Grindel, Carin. A-7054900, Martinez-Gutierrez, Luis, or A-7427282, Choy, Yu Chu, or Yu Chu Chun. A-5299287, Grion, Andrew Joseph, or An­ Jose Jimenez-Gutierrez. A-7427283, Choy, Martin, or Mo Din Choy. tonio Grion. A-4842789, Mascarin, Giovanni Frederick. A-.1 818687, Chun, Gin Foo, or Peter Chun. A-7427869, Guerrini, Iola Wilma. A-5004010, Mavroudis, Andrew Nickalaou, A-5483889, Church, Edine (nee Radvan- A-7079683, Gula, Lilly, or Lilly Beattie (nee or Andreas Mavroudis or Andrew N. Nicholas sky) or Edine Ujejska. H arper) . or Andrew Mikalaou or Nikalaou or Nicholas. A-3827973, Cochinsky, Benjamin Wolf, or A-4011388, Gulliver, Mary Ann, or Marion A-4411112, Medina-Alamos, Santiago, or Robert Koch. Gulliver or Marion McLellan. Santiago Alamos Medina. A-2624232, Corda!, Olegario, Cubina. A-7145328, Hadeed, Youssef. A-3449397, Melendres-Gomez, Manuel. A-6757481, Costley, Daniel James. A-7145552, Hadeed, Emiline Tohme. A-6855172, Melendrez-Alvarez, Jose Elias. A-2580250; Crugeiras, Francisco, or Fran- A-4350880, Hanatani, Masayasu, or Mas- A-7457921, Dendez, Julio, Junior. cisco Crugeiras Vidal. seayasu Hana tani or T. Tana or Masayasu A-7112641, Mercado, Raul. A-7367902, Cugnin, Jane Pamela. Hanaya or Masa Tani or John Hanatani. A-5414736, Meyer, Violet Annie (nee Ha­ A-5149988, De Acebedo, Maria Luisa Orozco. A-7205853, Hauser, Armin. mad). A-6884689, De Basurto, Maria Candelaria A-6817832, Hausey, Maria, or Maria Kayata A-4632788, Mills, Joseph Edward, or Jo­ Cabral, or Maria Candelaria Cabral or Maria or Maria Kassir. seph Millis. Candelaria C. Basurto or Candelaria C. Ba­ A-3257099, Hermosillo, Refugio Gonzalez. A-4608674, Mogk, Julius Johanas, or Hans surt-0 or Candelaria C. De Basurto or Can­ A-5010790, Hester, Inez Anita (nee Johanas Mogk or Harry Morton. delaria S. Basur':;o. Wheeler). A-3196819, Molina, Lucinda Flores de. A-6924789, Basurto, Carmela. A-4018214, Ho, Chin Kung, or Chin Hoe or A-7415671, Moree, Sybil Jutta Wrede. A-6924790, Basurto, Juan Manuel. Kung Hong. A-6917624, Morgensztern, Mojsze Mendel, A-2700975, De Benedettis, Vincenzo, · or A-5238751, Holmund, Segfried Jonatan, or or Frank Morgens. Vincenzo Benedictis. Fred Holm. A-7542572, Muller, Leonore, or Leonore . A-5859052, D.e Clara, Giovanni De Peresin, A-6764852, Horvath, Gabriella Imrene. Mittler er Leonore Mueller Mittler. or John De Clara. A-6764853, Horvath, Imre. A- 36770€3, Nakamura, Chieno, or Chiyeno A-5958558, De Fierro, Reynalda Dimas, or A-5169248, Hustig, Willy Ewald. Shohara. Reynalda Dimas. A-4712722, Igawa, Kazuo, or Kazu Igawa. A-1233042, Nakayama, Kazuo. A-1333544, De Gonzales, Elena Fernandez. A-322580.7, Ingraldi, Angelina (formerly A-4425815, Nawrocki, Stefan, or Stephen A-6888288, De Juarez, Consuelo Hilaria Angelina Genua, : ee Buffa). Nawrocky. A-4624881, Jacobs, Aisle, or Alzie Leib or Adame, or Consuelo Hilaria Adame Garcia. A-5235709, Nemer, Regina, or Rifka or A-1834127, De Navarro, Guadalupe Emilia Alzic Lieb or Strul. Berta Rosenhand. A-2548383, Jaramillo, David. Del Valle. A-4868503, Nohe, Richard Ernst, or Rich- A-7991850, Dennis Frederick (formerly A-1917947, Juarez-Vanegas, Eduvigs or Eduvigis Juarez-Venegas or Eduviges Juarez­ ard Nohe. Frederick Wuellner or Freddie Dennis) . A-2118140, Okada, Ferd,i.nand Eastlake. A-4478881, De Perez, Miguelina Va.squez. Venegas or Eduviges Juarez. A-7427007, Kalsbeek, Jean Liu, or Jean A-7196345, Olivares, Antonio Arias. A-3837890, De Rivas, Elly Anna Soeborg A-2378910, Olmos, Cavarrubio, George, or Andersen. Kalsbeek Liu. A-7427008, Kalsbeek, Helen Liu, or Helen George Cavabrubio-Olmos. A-7955659, De Sapota, Angeles, Yujuico, or K alsbeek Liu. A-5328434, Oppenheim, Bertha Sara, or Angeles Yujuico Villongco. A-3007386, Karalis, Georgios Vasiliou, or Klein or Suria Bayla-Klaynsinger. A-7841758, Diaz, Juan Manuel. George V. Karalis or George William Karalis A-5465949, O'Rourke, James Francis. A-3509749, Drame, Joseph Discounda, or or Georgis Vasiliou Karalis or George Caralis. A-5287762, Ortega, Concepcion :r..~artinez, Joe Drame. A-5043064, Karm, Robert. or Concepcion Martinez or Concha Martinez. A-5698588, Dupuis, Wilda Hope (nee Mc­ A-3128952, Kim, Ruth Chew, or Ai Kyung A-7367210, Ortega-Hurtado, Jr., Rafael. Kenzie). Chew. A-4992812, Otani, Heishiro. A-5133242, Echeagaray, Leonor. A-1091793, Kinney, Clifford. A-73.94701, Paserini, Emma Constancia. A-4497646, Economides, Constantinos A-3081681, Kirshenbaum, Anna, or Anna A-2985312, Pavich, Anton. Minas. Rosenstock. A-355155'..:, Pecorella, Domenic. A-1239249, Enger, Sverre Andersen, or A-5391201, Kodani, Sadayo (nee Ono). A-6870246, Perez, Gilberto, or Gilberto Sverre Andersen or Hans Anderson. A-3507887, Kostas, Valsamakis; or Valsa­ Perez-Reyes. A-7264181, Engert, Peter Norman. makis Magoulas. A-6877605, Perez, Leonila Gonzalez De, or A-7117718, Espinoza, Jose Simon Marciso, A-3278845, Koutsoudakis, Christ Nicholas, Leonila Gonzales. or Espinosa or Jose Espinoza or Espinosa or or Chris Dakis. A-1369572, Perez, Meliton. Jose Espinoza-Cervantes. A-2853455, Kritchen, Dorothy Tanton. A-2277896, Plese, Barbara Schmaltz, or A-7985417, Estrin, Poria (nee Lenczysky), A-718S919, Kwan, Yoen Wan, or Yoen Wan Schmaltz. or Porja or Polly or Paula. or Yin Wan Kon. A-4255708, Polselli, Pietrantonio. A-1714432, Ewens, William Arthur. A-7991490, Lanter, Eveline Paulina (nee A-50466€4, Pay, Sui How, or Ah Shim or A-6654250, Fernandez, Gumersindo Perez, Eveline Pulina Nahar). Leung Shi. or Gumersindo Perez. A-7849025, Ledee, Hypolite Leonard, or A-4512946, Quaglia, Domenicangelo, or A-2992811, Fick, Karl Christian Henry. Lionel Ledee. Domenic Angelo Quaglia. A-5088723, Flores-Arredondo, Eusebio. A-3466270, Lee, Dorothy, Woo (formerly A-7809156, Ramirez, Aurelia Soto, or Au­ A-7117527, Fong, Kai. Dorothy Lee Woo or Law Yee Dor or Dorothy relia Soto. A-6161022, Chiu, Miguel Fong, or "Mickey" Fong). A-2773376, Rego, Ramon, or Ramon Rego Fong Chiu. A-5282808, Lenetsky, Sonia, or Sonia Lenett Ageitas. A-4632538, Galicia, Rodolfo Hernandez. or Sonia Dubravetsky. A-5947085, Rodriguez, Preciliano. A-5919245, Garganta, Joao Maria. A-7755525, Liao, Lin Tung-Mei or. A-6921653, Rogers, Frederick William. A-6936518, Garman, Patrician (nee Pat- A-7755526, Liao, Tseng-Wu• A-2834927, Rose, !sable Margaret. . rician Walpole, formerly Patrician O'Brien). A-3875193, Lin, Pon Pack. A-5133242, Rosenzweig, Ether! Rose (nee A- 3817423, Garros, Pilar, or Miria Del Pilar A-5070717, Lisser, Amy De. Yettie Schatzberg), or Ethel Newman. Garros or Pilar Garros Recatalo. A-6527184, Littleton, Yvette Julia, or A-6371042, Rosillo, Alberto. A-7178250, Garsqn, Bruce Kane. Yvette Julia Dekkers or Yvette Julia Ervin. A-4380617, Roth, Katharina, or Katharina A-7117959, Garza-Campos, Agustin. A-5985818, Lizarrago-Salcido, Maximiliano, Ermack. A-3471121, Gelpi, Francisca, or Amelia or Max Lizarraga. A-5303368, Schena, Egidio. Landa (nee Lara) . A-5551755, Lona-Ramirez, Tomas, or To­ A-4086556, Schmidt, Hans George. A-1338687, Glasner, Leon, or Leo Glasner. mas Ramirez-Alonso. A-7418510, Schmidt, Horst Kort. A-4066695, Gomez-Hernandez, Bartolo. A-1880267, Loughe, John A. A-4517741, Schmidt, Martha Emely (nee A-6837544, Gonzalez, Jan, or Juan Gon• A-5840683, Loza, Leona Kondrat (nee Berrmans). zalez-Garcia or Juan G. Gonzalez . . Kondrat or Leona Struck) . A-7240104, Schnur, Pinkas. A-2185879, Gonzalez-Gallardo, Tomas. A-3047234, Lycos, Harilaos. A-4645835, Seelenfreund, Erna (nee A-1894533, Gonzales, Julia Gonzales de. A-6063598, MacFarlane, Tanya Konstan­ Manne), or Erna Freund. A-7041972, Gonzales, Manuel. tinova, or Tanya Gurskaya. A-5971011, Seki, Genzo. A-7529864, Gonzalez-Ybarra, Judith Lydia, A-4544195, Marciniak, Franciszek, or Frank A-2611606, Serrato-Borjas, Jesus, or Jesus or Judith Lydia Gonzalez De Sweatt. Marciniak. B. Serrato or Jesus Borjas Serrato. A-6169092, Gore, Adella Eve (nee Wheat­ A-5876495, Marino, Giovanina, or Giovanna A-4274540, Shiroyama, Kansalcu. ley), or Adella Eve Wheatley. (see Nucci). A-3381079, Shiroyama, Rui. XCVIII-108 1700 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3 A-4646697, Sierra, Jesus, or Jesus Romero A-6218849, Soubry, Kenneth William Ste­ nor the effort to repeal that section is re­ Sierra or Jesus Sierra Romero or Jesus R. phen. sponsible for the generally lower market Sierra or J. Jesus Sierra. A-7483641, Ingeborg-Bauer, Christine. prices of many fats and oils as compared A-7130264, Sierra, Maria Elena, or Maria A-8091218, Smith, Nelia Maria. with the market prices for these same com­ Elena Sierra Vega. modities prior to enactment of section 104 A-7130265, Sierra, Refugio, or Jose Refugio on July 31, 1951. Sierra Vega. PROPOSED REPEAL OF SECTION 104 OF A tabular comparison of published cash A-2642249, Simon, Rita (nee Rita Mizzani). DEFENSE PRODUCTION ACT OF 1950- prices for some representative commodities A-3962316, Singh, Vir, or Fir Singh or Bur REPORT OF A COMMITTEE is given here as follows: Singh. Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, on A-1834612, Sisoian, Garabed, or Garabed July 30, Aug. 8, Feb 26, Hagopian or Chalres Sisoian. January 30, 1952, the bill MOODY, Mr. Mc­ ask unanimous consent for its present port of the National Society of the Daugh­ CARTHY, Mr. MUNDT, Mrs. EMITH of consideration. The resolution involves ters of the American Revolution for the year Maine, Mr. SCHOEPPEL, Mr. DWORSHAK, no expense. It merely allows additional ending April l, 1951, be printed with illus­ trations as a Senate document. . and Mr. NIXON) on February 19, 1952, time for submitting the report. was read as follows: There being no objection, the resolu· The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ Resolved, That paragraphs (1) (g) and (4) tion, submitted by Mr. O'CoNOR on Janu­ jection to the present consideration of of rule :XXV of the Standing Rules of the ary 21, 1952, and referred to the Com­ the resolution? Senate are each amended by striking out mittee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ There being no objection, the resolu­ "Committee on Expenditures in the Execu­ merce and subsequently to the Commit­ tion was considered and agreed to. tive Departments" and inserting in lieu tee on Rules and Administration, was thereof "Committee on Government Opera­ considered and agreed to, as fallows: tions." PRINTING OF ADDITIONAL COPIES OF Resolved, That the authority of the Com­ Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, this m ittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, SENATE REPORT 101, SEVENTY-NINTH resolution was submitted unanimously or any duly authorized subcommittee there­ CONGRESS, FIBST SESSION..;._REPORT OF on behalf of the members of the of, u nder Senate Resolution 365, Eighty-first A COMMITTEE Committee on Expenditures in the Ex­ Congress, agreed to December 21, 1950, and Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, from ecutive Departments and unanimously as extended by Senate Resolution 56, Eighty­ second Congress, agreed to February l, 1951 the Committee on Rules and Adminis· reported by that committee. I am .ad­ (providing for a study and investigation o! tration, I report favorably an original vised by the chairman of the committee export policies and control regulations). is resolution to provide for the printing of that the House Committee on Expendi­ h ereby continued through March 31, ,1952. additional copies of Senate Report No. tures in the Executive Departments has 1702 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE March 3 likewise requested that its name be While the House committee has not as yet portatlon of persons shall not apply to trans­ changed to the Committee on Govern­ taken action a number of the members of portation by air of· servicemen who have that committee have already indicated ap­ been ordered to duty outside the United ment Operations, a shorter and better proval of the proposal to introduce a com­ States; to the Committee on Finance. title. panion House resolution which would bring By Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado: The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ about uniformity of committee structure in 8 . 2776. A bill to clarify certain provi­ jection to the present consideration of that body, should the Senate approve Senate sions of law pertaining to the retirement of the resolution? Resolution 280. warrant o:ffi.cers of the Regular Army and It would be appreciated if you would bring Regular Air Force, and for other purposes; There being no objection, the resolu­ this matter before your committee at its next to the Committee on Armed Services. tion was considered and agreed to. meeting with a view to obtaining its approval By Mr. WATKINS: Mr. HAYDEN. I ask unanimous con­ and having the resolution reported to the S. 2777. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Kamada sent to have printed in the RECORD at Senate for action. Such final action by the Takara; to the Committee on the Judiciary. this point as a part of my remarks a Senate could be postponed until it was defi­ By Mr. McCARRAN (by request): letter -addressed to me by the chairman nitely determined that the House of Repre­ S. J. Res. 139. Joint resolution to continue of the Committee on Expenditures in sentatives would take similar action . . In effect certain statutory provisions for the Thanking you for your cooperation in this duration of the nati-0nal emergency pro­ the Executive Departments [Mr. Mc­ matter, and with kind regards, I am, claimed December 16, 1950, and 6 months CLELLAN) dated February 19, 1952. Sincerely yours, thereafter, notwithstanding the termination Ther.e being no objection, the letter JOHN L. MCCLELLAN' of the existing state of war; to the Com­ was ordered to be printed in the REOORD, Chai rman. mittee on tb.e Judiciary. (See the remarks of Mr. McCARRAN when he as follows: introduced the above joint resolution, which UNITED STATES 'SENATE, BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION appear under a. separai;e heading.) COMMI'ITEE ON Ex!>ENDITURES INTRODUCED IN THE ExEcUTIVE.DEPARTMENTS, February 19, 1952. Bills and a joint resolution were intro­ NAMING OF CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER, Hon. CARL HAYDEN, duced, read the first time, and, by unani­ BETHESDA, MD., IN HONOR OF THE LATE United States Senate, mous consent, the second time, and re­ REPRESENTATIVE FRANK B. KEEFE Washington, D. C. f erred as follows: DEAR SENATOR HAYDEN: Attached hereto is Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I intro- a copy of Senat e Resolution 280 which has By Mr. LANGER: duce for appropriate reference a com­ for its purpose the changing of the name of S. 2765. A bill to permit certain persons to panion bill to House bill 6530, the pur­ the Committee on Expenditures in the Exec­ make application for courses of education pose of which is to name the new clinical utive Departments to the Commi.:ttee on Gov­ or training under the Servicemen's Readjust­ ment Act of 1944, a.s amended, to the Com­ research center being constructed for the ernment Operations. As will be noted, all National Institutes of Health at Be­ members of this committee have joined in mittee on Labor and Public Welfare. cosponsoring this resolution, the change be­ S. 2766. A bill to increase the compen­ thesda, Md., in honor of one of Wiscon­ ing approved unanimously by the committee sat ion of certain noncraft employees in the sin's most distinguished sons, the late in executive session held on February 5, 1952. Government Printing Office and the Bureau Frank B. K:eefe, Representative of the of Engraving and Printing; to the Commit­ As you may recall, this committee reported Sixth District. tee on Post Office and Civil Service. a bill in the Eightieth Congress, S. 2575, to By Mr. McFARLAND (for Mr. CHAVEZ): I ask unanimous consent that the bill amend the Legislative Reorganization Act of S. 2767. A bill for the relief of Maria be printed in the body of the RECORD at 1946, on May 3, 1948, proposing this change Messinesi; to the Committee on the Judi­ this point, to be fallowed thereafter by a in the name of the committee. The bill was statement which I have prepared on the then referred to the Committee on Rules and ciary. Administration for further consideration By Mr. JENNER: subject, together with an article from the but, due to other provisions conta1ned in the s. 2768. A bill for the relief of Barbara Milwaukee Journal of January 24, 1952, bill to which members of your .committee Ann Sheppard; and entitled "UW Cancer Research Is Praised were opposed, no action was taken to report S. 2769. A bill for the relief of the estate at Dedication," and a letter addressed to the bill or the provision which would have of Mary M. Mendenhall; to the Commlttee Representative REID F. MURRAY, House changed the name of the committee at that on the Judiciary. Office Building, Washington, D. c., by time, altb.ough I understand there was no By Mr. McCARRAN: R. E. Dyer, M. D., director of research, opposition to that particular section of the S. 2770. A bill for th1'l relief of Matheos Alafouzos; to the Committee on the Judi­ Winship Clinic, Emory University, bill. Georgia, !ormer director, National In­ This committee is proposing the indicated ciary. change in the present title, in view of the By Mr. O'CONOR (by request): stitutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. fact that it is misleading and the commit­ S. 2771. A bill to designate the Bureau of The VICE PRESIDENr. The bill will tee's functions and duties are generally mis­ Mines of the Department of the Interior as be received and appropriately referred, understood by the public. Some members of the official agency t-or regulation of :fireworks and, without objection, the bill, state­ the committee indicated that they had re­ in in.terstate commerce and for other pur­ ment, article, and letter will be printed trained from using the committee letterhead poses; to the Committee on Interstate and in the RECORD. because of this fact a_nd that they had re­ Forei gn Commerce. The bill . several pages of an explanatory state­ of AlaPama; and ment by me of what the bill proposes to Because the Department of the Interior recognizes the fact that it is impossible to Leland S. Finney, of Virginia, to be United do, and I ask unanimous consent that use all of the $244,717.20 for the purchase of States marshal for the western district of -the statement may be printed in the acreage set out in the 1928 act, they sug­ Virginia. RECORD. gested, by letter of November 13, 1951, that By Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado, from the The VICE· PRESIDENT. The bill will the State of Kansas might wish to correct Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ be received and appropriately referred, this situation by the enactment of amenda­ merce: and, without objection, the statement tory legislation in the Congress of the United Robert T. Bartley, of Texas, to be a member will be printed in the RECORD. States. They further stated that if such a of the Federal Communications Commission, proposal should be made there would appear vice Wayne Coy, resigned. The bill IVES (for himself, Mr. BRICKER, By Mr. KILGORE: Kansas by patent dated October 5, 1916. and Mr. THYE) submitted amendments The Kansas Legislature by chapter 202 of the Address entitled "The Fight for Men's intended to be proposed by them, jointly, Minds," delivered by Thomas J. Deegan, Jr., Laws of 1917 accepted the grant of 3,021.20 to the bill r what I shall say tonight I am alone viru!ent case of smallpox, and whose treat­ and solely responsible. loss of life and much money. ments consists in getting into bed with his Then we had the French and Indian War, It has seemed to me wise to tell, at the patient. That is not the way to cure small­ beginning, the level upon which this talk known in Europe as the Seven Year's War. pox. That wi,r aroze in Europe because Maria will proceed. I quite appreciate that what By way of qualifying for my task tonight, my views may be is of no particular im­ Theresa wanted to regain Silesia. Some of I think perhaps I may justly lay claim to the powers did not wish her to have it. portance to anyone but myself, but I do not some experience in the stark realities of wish to sail under false colors. But the mother countries were fighting, so international dealings, a kind of experience we on this side again went at one another's I am a confirmed isolationist, a political that is most effective in tearing off the wool throats. That war, however, ended with isolationist, first, I am sure, by political in­ which theorists pull over the eyes of the victory for England. France lost her Ameri­ stinct, next, from experience, observation, unknowing. B~zides that experience to which can possessions at the end of thh; war. That and patriotism, and lastly, because, while I refer, I have had some opportunity to read war lasted from 1755 to 1763. isolated, we built the most powerful Nation and reflect. What follows will be aimed to Each of these wars followed the pattern of in the world, a Nation that provided most be an explanation of why I am an isolationist. of prosperity to all its citizens, with the full Indian border warfare-surprise attacks in measure of resulting comfort, most of popu­ THREE .PERIODS IN OUR HISTORY the dead of winter, in predaylight hours; then burning, plundering, indiscriminate slaugh­ lar education, most of freedom, most of For our purpose tonight, I am going to divide the history of this country into three tering of men, women, and children; the peace, most of blessing by example to other t aking of captives by the French raiders, and nations, even from the very beginning of periods or epochs: the first, the period from the beginning up until 1800; the second, from their swift return to bases, leaving along the our national existence, of any nation, past trail tomahawked old people, sick children, or present, on the face of this earth. I stand 1800 until World War I; and the third, tbe period from World War I until now. infants, everyone unable to keep up on the for the possession of, and exercise by, our march. There were Deerfield, Haverhill, the Nat·on of a full, complete, and unimpaired Our earry concep<,s, philosophies, prin­ ciple:;, were not just pulled out of tbe air frontier villages of Maine, and various other sovereignty that will be consiotent with our places, in each and all of which there were membership in the society of nations. by our founding fathers; they were the result of more than a century of experi­ mass massacres with shocking barbarity. In so declaring I have no diffidence, no Thus in three-quarters of a century, we apology, no shame. On the contrary, I have ence. As you know, we beg:>,n our lives as colonies of Great Britain. We had colonies had fought fo~r wars, merely because the a great pride in the fact that I stand where mother countries were fighting. In none the revolutionary fathers stood, who fought of France on the north of us and a bit to the west. The result of that neighborhood of them were we concerned as to their causes. for, and gained, our independence-Wash­ They cost us a lot of lives ·and money. We ington, Jefferson, Adams, Madison, Monroe­ interest was rather curious, though not to be unexpected. fought only because we were entangled in who, with their associates, set up our Gov­ European affairs. ernment under the Constitution; I stand INTERCOLONIAL WARS wit h Lincoln and Seward, who stood for the When the Revolutionary War broke some Alcng in 1689 and from then until 1697, 12 years later, these experiences were fresh principle during the Civil War; with Cleve­ there was fought over here on this side, what in the minds of our founding fathers; they land and Olney, who voiced the principle was known as King William's War. In had to be. The French and I ndian War during some international troubles in Vene­ Europe it was known as the War of the saw the rather dramatic defeat of Braddock zuela, and with Theodore Roosevelt, in the Palatinate. It appears to have been a strug­ and it ·saw the taking of Quebec and the beginning of this century. gle between William and Louis XIV, each death of Wolfe up in Canada. It was during this first century and a of them rather ambitious, each very deter­ quarter of our history, that America, our mined. Who succeeded in that conflict was POST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD great America, was built-politically, indus­ of no consequence whatever to us, it did It is not necessary that we discuss the trially, economically-the America which not make any difference to us, but we went Revolution at all. But during some hard has made possible the riot-domestic and to war because England and France were at days of the Revolution, it was in the winter foreign-which is now raging; the America war over in Europe. When the war was that saw Washington _at Valley Forge, follow­ which would never have been built under over, we had shed blood, our own blood, and ing Burgoyne's defeat, we made two treaties the polic'es-domestic and foreign-which had spent our own money. The war ended between ourselves and France-one a treaty now dominate us. with a treaty that left the conditions over '.n of amity and the other a treaty of alliance. I am pro-Constitution, pro-Government, America just as they were when we began. The treaty of amity provided that in case as it was established under the Constitution, The next war that came along was in of war each party had the right to take its profree insti~·1tions, as they have been de­ 1702, and lasted until 1713. That was known prize into the ports of the other; they were veloped under and through the Constitution, here as Queen Anne's War. It arose ovPr the not to be examined, they were to be free to 1708 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3

depart to their own port or otherwise. As purpose of estanlishing a. government which Miscalculat~ng somewhat his popularity, there was peace in Europe. the treaties should bring peace and prosperity to the Genet began openly to criticize Washington. caused no trouble. people of this Nation, and when you have He undertook to recruit a force of men, Then came the critical period, as we call read those paragraphs, read the preamble to soldiers, here, to make war against our neigh­ 1t, in American history, from the close of the Com:titution itself. bors. He maligned Washington in a way the Revolution until the framing of the. PRECONSTITUTION TREATIES that finally irritated Washington almost be­ Constitution of the United States. yond endurance. But still we steered our Washington, as you know, took his oath The French Revolution brought war in course. Weak as we were, defenseless as we of office as first president of the United Europe. France, remembering that we had were, we went forward with our neutrality. States on Apr·n 30, 1789. Within 2 months a treaty of alliance with her, began to take The neutrality proclamation that was iss11ed the Bastille fell and the French Revolution steps to realize upon it. at that time has been characterized by Hall, was on. Then trouble began to loom for us. I might here say that up to the time that a great international lawyer, a Britisher, as Washington became President, we had ne­ constituting an epoch in the development of OUR NATIONAL INVENTORY gotiated with foreign countries 14 treaties, the usages of neutrality and as representing We might here profitably take stock of the 6 of them with France, 3 with Great Brit­ the most advanced existing opinion as to position of the new Nation when Washington ain, 2 with the Netherlands, 1 with Prus• what neutral obligations were. (And when­ took over, which was set up to secure the sia, 1 with Sweden, and 1 with Morocco. ever you get any compliment for America blessings of its people. This will suggest Incidentally, as I recall, Franklin signed from a British international lawyer, you have how precarious was our national life. 10 times, Adams 7, Jefferson 3, and Jay 2. made an achievement.) With that neutral­ 1. The United States was a new nation. You will be interested, you students, in ity proclamation as a basis of principle and not a change of administration in an old seeing how they described the negotiators. policy, we went forward in our international one. By European standards, it was an One of them particularly, I recall, which relations for the next century and a quaFter. illegitimate waif, because not possessed of a Adams was negotiating, recited, in order to dynastic ancestry. It was founded upon make his personality compere with the royal STRUGGLE TO PRF.SERVE NEUTRALITY principles that had never before been tried negotiators on the other side, that he had As we have noted, Napoleon took over o:it as a governmental system. It began with been a judge of some court for a little while. France, and he and England began exchang­ an all-comprehensive, written plan that here. ing blows, not only on the field of battle, bound together great common law concepts It is interesting to note in those treaties but also in the matter of issuing orders and principles, in a relationship of opera­ that they embodied some of the funda- · destructive of commerce. Arid speaking of tion theretofore unknown to the world. That mental principles of our diplomacy and our commerce, I might observe to you that when it succeeded is one of the great political mir­ national policy, as they were finally devel· we began our national existence, there was acles of all time. oped. They covered a wide range of sub­ no port on the Western Hemisphere except 2. Territorially, we were a narrow strip. jects: Liberty of conscience, right of aliens our own, that was open to our commerce. some 1,500 miles long, lying along the Atlan­ to hold property and engage in business, We could not trade freely at all with Eu­ tic seaboard, with an indefinite depth of per­ stiuplations for the mitigation of the evils rope, we could not trade with the European haps not more than 300 miles at the wider o! war, fixed time for the withdrawal of colonies on this hemisphere. We were weak parts-sea level plains ran back to the aliens in case of war; the humane treatment and friendless. The founding fathers had mountains. There was almost no intercom­ of prisoners of war; right of visit and search; a hard battle to build up our commerce, munication by land northward and south­ granting commissions for privateeering, lim­ but they did it by the sheer force of their ward. The roads were primitive, and, in win­ iting the scope of belligerent captures at skill in diplomacy. ter and storm, largely impassable. Only sea, and other provisions, I repeat, which The British, I repeat, and Napoleon began marked the f~ndamental principles upon to issue, the one the Orders in Council, and three roads led over the Alleghe~y Moun­ tains. Between 400,000 and 500,000 persons which om: country moved as we grew greater the other the Decrees from Milan and Ber­ had crossed the Alleghenies. and str-0nger. lin. Russia and England are reported to have 3. The total population is given as a little FRENCH REVOLUTION agreed, when they began seriously to under­ take to overthrow Napoleon, "to ignore all under 4,000,000 (one-fifth black), with few The French Revolution continued, it grew large towns. In 1790, Philadelphia had 42,- the rules and usages of international law worse. The French Revolutionary generals in this contest with France and to compel 520; New York, 33,131; Boston, 13,503; Rich­ gained great victories, and then one day, mond, 3,761; Charleston, S. C., 16,359; Sa­ other nations to do likewise." They fairly Napoleon came. Thereafter, with some little succeeded as pertains to commerce against vannah, Ga., 5,166. These statistics show interim while he grew a bit, he took over us. This was in 1793; we were only 4 years how militerily weak the Colonies were, and France. old; we had all Europe to contend with, yet how difficult would be the mobilization of As soon as the war broke it became neces­ we went forward, maintained our position, whatever armed force they had. sary for Washington and bis Cabinet to de­ weak as we were, and made great progress. 4: We had no Navy, our Army was virtually termine whether or not these two treaties Washington went all through this; he en­ disbanded. which they. had made with France, made us dured the harsh criticism that came to him 5. When Washington took the oath o! of­ an ally of France so that we must join But he never waivered or varied his course. fice, there was no money in the Treasury and France in the war with the rest of Europe, or He was as true to bis course as the compass no tax legislation in operation to raise whether the treaty ob.igations were of a to the North Pole. money. character that would permit us to be neu« Before he became President, Washington 6. The country owed large sums to foreign tral. After a very careful consideration, had written to a friend: countries. Washington and his Cabinet decided that thf., "I hope the United States of America will 7. There were large quantities Of Conti­ treaties did not require us to join France be able to keep disengaged from the laby­ nental and Colonial paper money outstand­ in her war and that we would be. neutrals. rinth of European politics and wars; and ing, much of which was next to worthless. Now, remember, we were going to be neu­ that before long they will, by the adoption 8. There were many people, who did not tral in a war between tee ·great -powers o:t of a good National Government, have be­ approve of the Constitution and the govern­ Europe, and with a treaty running against us, come respectable in the eyes of the world, ment set up under it. which the other party to the treaty, FTance, so that none of the maritime powers, espe­ 9. There were jealousies, some of them was going to consider binding up us and cially ncne of thoce who hold possessions serious, among the different State$; prob­ giving to them certain exceptional riBhts, in the New World or the West Indies, shall lems of trade and commerce were numer­ GENET presume to treat them wit h insult or con­ ous and trouble breeding. They sent to us a representative, Genet. tempt. It shou d be the policy of the 10. The inland border perimeter of the All of you students of history remember United States to minister to their wants States was the abiding place of hostile In­ about him. John Bassett Moore made a very without being engaged in their quarrels. dians. The Iroquois within their borders. clever observation about Genet. He says And it iG not in the power of the proudest though broken in strength, were pro-Brit­ that Genet set out on his mission "gurgling and most polite people on earth to prevent ish and anticolonist. with the fermentation of the new wine of us from becoming a great, a respectable, and 11. There was no governmental machinery, the revolution." He landed at Charleston. a commercial Nation if we shall continue there were no civil officers, no funds with some 2 weeks, I think it was, before we is­ united and faithful to ourselves." which to pay them if they had them. sued our declaration of neutrality. Reach­ What a. vision and what a prophecy! We were starting from scratch in govern­ ing our shores, he began at once to fit out The same thought was in the minds of ment, in industry, in agriculture, in com­ privateers, to commission them. He estab­ others. Jefferson, writing to Washington at merce, in national defense. lished courts, con sular courts, to condemn about the same time, said: I would like here to recommend to all of prizes brought into our ports, he actually "I am decidedly of the opinion we should you that you rear: the first two paragraphs seized vessels within our own jurisdiction. take no part in European quarrels, but cul­ and the last paragraph of the Declaration of He started from Charleston, S. C., to Phil­ tivate peace and commerce with all, yet Independence, for the purpose of getting a adelphia, and the whole journey was as if he who cen avoid se.aing the source·of war, in the view as to why this Government was set up. were either a returning, victorious general, tyranny of those nations who deprive us of It was not set up as an eleemosynary gov­ or some great royal personage. The senti­ the natural right of trading with our neigh­ ernment to feed and clothe and nurture a·u ment of the people of the United States ran bors? • • • If the new government the rest of '.;he world. It was set up for the strongly in favor of France. wears the front which I hope it will, I see 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1709 no impossibility in the availing ourselves of At about this time, I am now over to the We now come to the background period for the wars of others to open the other ports of end of the century, there began to be talk the Monroe Doctrine. I call your attention America to our commerce, as the price of our about territorial transfers, and · we, our again to the fact that we were yet a weak neutrality." statesmen, began to think about and discuss people, compared to the great dynasties of Thus Jefferson, the political idealist, could territorial transfers. We very early realized Europe, but we were gaining in strength all see and espouse a cause that was intensely that it would not do for Europe to be shuf­ the time. The Monroe Doctrine rounded out practical and earthy. fling the transfers of property among them- · our foreign policy, so far as exchange of THE FAREWELL ADDRESS selves, where the territories bordered us. As territories on this hemisphere was concerned. early as 1798, our Minister King, speaking I shall not undertake to discuss the Monroe There are other expressions of our states­ to Lord Hawkesbury in the British Foreign Doctrine. You can read that and get from men of the time that show they were think­ Office, told him that we would not want to see it all that is necessary. ing along the same lines. It is, therefore, not any of these territories transferred to some­ POST-NAPOLEONIC CONFERENCES surprising that in his farewell address (Sep­ body else. And from then on, we took the tember 17, 1796), Washington should have same view. This was really the beginning Following the downfall of Napoleon, there incorporated in that benign document that glimmerings of what came to be the Monroe were a whole series of conferences in Europe well became a final message from the Father Doctrine. which involved this question of the transfer of his Country to his fellow countrymen, the Spain owned, what afterward became Lou­ of territories. By this time the Latin Ameri­ • following advice and counsel on this sub• isiana, and there was talk about France can republics had rebelled and gained their ject: acquiring that territory from Spain. We independence, and there was a tremendous "Against the insidious wiles of foreign in­ told them that that would not work. There amount of talk, mostly under the table, as fluence-I conjure you to believe me, fellow was talk about transferring the Floridas to what should become of them. There was citizens-the jealously of a free people ought from Spain to some other power, and we some talk, and this was one of the things to be constantly awake, since history and ex­ told them that that would not work. There that led to the Monroe Doctrine, of using the perience prove that foreign influence is one wa:> talk about Britain taking over some of forces of Europe to resubject these colonies of the most baneful foes of republican gov­ these territories, and we told Britain that to the dominion of Spain. We were against ernment. But that jealously, tio be useful, we would look on them just tl.e same as that. We were invited to participate in a. must be impartial, else it becomes the in­ we looked on everybody else, and we would mediation with Spain in order to compro­ strument of the very influence to be avoided, not welcome that. And, weak as we were, mise the dUll.culties between Spain and her instead of a defense against it. Excessive we moved forward with such skilled diplo­ colonies. We declined to have anything to partiality for one foreign nation and exces­ macy that we had our way during the next do with that. sive dislike of another cause those whom they quarter of a century and since. The temper of our :representations at this actuate to see danger only on one side, and Finally, France did acquire from Spain, time may be gaged from the following brief serve to veil and even second the arts of Louisiana, and then, as you know, in 1803, statements of some of our representatives in influence on the other. Real patriots who we purchased it. Ill't before that time, in foreign courts. may resist the intrigues of the favorite are 1800, France had come to see that strong as Rumored possible transfer of the Louisiana. liable to become suspected and odious, while she was and weak as we were, that she could Territory from Spain to France having its tools and dupes usurp the applause and not secure our cooperation under her trea­ reached the ears of King, our Minister in confidence of the people to surrender their ties, and so in 1800 Napoleon made a treaty London, he made this statement to Lord interests • • •." in which he gave up the idea that the Hawkesbury (September 22, 1798): I am sure he had in mind there the vill­ treaties gave them any hold on our partici­ "We would be unwilling that Louisiana fica tion that came to him as the result of pation with them in their wars. That was should pass into the hands of new propri- his stand in favor of neutrality as against the situation in 1800. etors." · France. JEFFERSON TO CONGRESS I have already referred to this. As to a. "The great rule of conduct for us in re­ possible change of ownership of the Floridas, gard to foreign nations is, in extending ·our In advising Congress of the purchase o! on June 1, 1801, King told Lord Ha~kesbury: commercial relations to have with them as Louisiana, Jefferson, then President, com­ "We are content that the Floridas remain little political connection as possible. So mented as follows (October 17, 1803): in the hands of Spain, but should be un­ far, as we have already formed engagements, "Separated by a wide ocean from the na­ willing to see them transferred except to our­ let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. tions of Europe and from the political in­ selves." Here let us stop. terests which entangle them together, with productions and wants which render our Our Minister in Paris, informed by Madi· "Europe has .a set of primary interests son, Secretary of State, about the proposed which to us have none or a very remote rela­ commerce and friendship useful to them and theirs to us, it ca:·.not be the interest of any French acquisition of Louisiana, am.rmed tion. Hence she must be engaged in fre­ (May 1, 1802): quent controversies, the causes of which are to assail us, nor ours to disturb them. We "A mere neighborhood could not be essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, should be most unwise, indeed, were we to cast away the singular blessings of the posi­ friendly to the harmony which both coun­ therefore, it must be unwise in us to impli­ tries have so much an interest in cherishing." cate ourselves by artificial tie . in the ordi- · tion in which nature has placed us, the nary vicissitudes of her politics or the opportunity she has endowed us with of The FrP.nch were also told that acquisition ordinary combinations and collisions of her pursuing, at a distance from foreign con­ by France of Louisiana would "convert a friendships or enmities. tentions, the paths of industry, peace, and natural and warm ally into a jealous and happiness, of cultivating general friendship, suspicious neighbor, and perhaps, in the "Our detached and distant situation in­ progress of events, into an open enemy." vites and enable us to pursue a different and of bringing collisions of interest to the course. • • • umpirage of reason rather than ef force." Our Minister to Spain enlarged upon the "Why forego the advantages of so peculiar This ended the first period. We were now dangers of neighborhood. a situation? Why quit our own to stand free from entangling alliances with Europe, In 1803 King told an officer of the British upon foreign ground? Why, by interweav­ and we moved forward, unhampered, under Foreign Office that we would regard owner­ ing our destiny with that of any part of our own power. What glorious achieve­ ship of New Orleans by Great Britain as we Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in ments we have attained. would by France. the toils of European ambition, rivalship, SECOND PERIOD Later Henry Clay ls reported to have told interest, humor, or caprice? British officers in London that if Britain At the beginning of the century after the acquired Cuba we would fight. "It is our true policy to steer clear of per­ 1800's, increasing discussions occurred in manent alliances with any portion of the Europe with reference to the transfer of These representations were constantly re­ foreign world, so far, I mean, as we are now territories, to which I have just referred. I newed during the following years, up until at liberty to do it; for let me not be under­ have also already referred to the position the Monroe Doctrine was announced. stood as capable of patronizing infidelity to which we took on this subject, and that we Approaches were made to us in 1819-20 existing engagements. I l;l.old the maxim maintained this position against strong pres­ that we join the League of Peace that was no less applicable to public than to private sure from overseas. The war in Europe was proposed during the conference at Aix-la­ affairs that honesty is always t'le best policy. a life-and-death struggle, as they thought, Chapelle and the conferences that followed. I repeat, therefore, let those engagements be between Napoleon and the dynasties of Eu­ Secretary Adams instructed Mr. Middleton, observed in their genuine sense. But in my rope. The dynastic countries used every our Minister to Russia, that we could not opinion it is unnecessary and would be un­ means available to cripple France and build participat e. After commenting upon the wise to extend them." up their own resources. detached situation of Persia and Turkey, Thus was the great and wise policy of Meanwhile, in 1812 we had our first foreign Secretary Adams said: isolation formally framed and announced. war after our revolution and independence. . "The political system of the United States Years later (October 24, 1823), Jefferson, I regard that war as a sort of final series of is also essentially extra-European. To stand writing to President Monroe about the pro­ actions in connection with the revolution. in firm and cautious independence of all posed Monroe Doctrii1e, said: It is not necessary to go into the history of entanglements in the European system has "Our first and fundamental maxim should that war. The London Times made this been a cardinal point of their policy under be, never to entangle ourselves in the broils comment in April of 1817: "Their first war every administration of their Government of Europe; our second, never to suffer Europe with England made them independent; their from the peace of 1783 to this day. If at to intermeddle with els-Atlantic atiairs." second made them formidable." the original adoption of their system ti1e ... e 1710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3 could have been any doubt of its justice or Then we had, not in order, I am not nam­ determine our own course at the moment its wisdom, there can be none at this time. ing them in order, we had the great Geneva of implementation, impairs our sovereignty. Every year's experience.rivets it more deeply arbitration with Great Britain, and I want Every treaty of alliance, bipartite or mul­ in the principles and opinions of the Nation." to say to Britain's credit, that she came a tipartite (the United Nations Charter is of After some further analysis, Secretary lon g way in order to arbitrate the questions the latter class), impairs our sovereignty, Adams makes these concluding observations: that arose out of her breaches of neutralit y because every alliance requires a surrender "But independent of the prejudices which during the Civil War. She arbitrated ques­ of rights, since mutual aid in strictly non­ have been excited against this instrument tions that involved her honor. Some Brit­ scvereign interests is the purpose of the alli­ in the public opinion, which time and an ishers did not like the result, but they ance. experience of its good effects will gradu­ accepted the award and went forward under KINDS OF TREATIES OF ALLIANCE ally wear away, it may be observed that for it. Alliance treaties, for our purpose tonight, the repose of Europe as well as of America, There were other treaties of arbitration may be classed as: the European and American political sys­ that we h ave made, I have not counted how 1. Alliance arrangements made during a tems, should be kept as separate and dis­ many, but they number scores, in which we war and relating to its conduct; these nor• tinct from e·ach other as possible. If the adjusted our differences. Every difference many end with the war. These are often United States, as members of the Holy Alli­ that has arisen between us and other na­ called, in European parlance, coalitions. It • ance, could acquire a right to ask the in­ tions, until World War I, we adjusted peace­ took six of them to eliminate Napoleon. fiuence of its most powerful member in fully with the exception of those connected These alliances may meet disaster, but they their controversies with other states, the with the three wars that I have mentioned. are not usually permanently crippling. other members must be entitled in return We took part in the two Hague Confer­ 2. Permanent military alliances providing to ask the infiuence of the United States ences, .we tried to work out some plan there for mutual aid in case of future interna­ for themselves or against their opponents. that would enable the nations of the world tional conflicts. The North Atlantic Treaty In the deliberations of the league they to settle their · disputes peacefully, and to of 1949--April 4--is of this type. Normally, would be entitled to a voice, and in exer­ that end entered into conventions providing these may have little peacetime significance, cising their right must occasionally appeal means and methods for such adjustments. but they bind the independent action of a to principles, which might not harmonize Then in bilateral treaties with England nation, when the contemplated belligerency with those of any European member of the and France, we tried to put forwe.rd the begins. They definitely impair sovereignty. bond. This consideration alone would be cause of arbitration, by eliminating some Our alliance with France of 1778 was this decii:ive for declining a participation in that of the things that prove most difficult in kind of treaty, and it almost precipitated war league, which is the President's absolute and securing arbitration. Among these is, first, with France under the treaty. irrevocable determination, although he the securing of an agreement to arbitrate. 3. Permanent alliances, always with a trusts that no occasion will present itself Unfortunately, I think, in our development rendering it necessary to make that deter­ strong, and sometimes with a predominant, of that great principle of arbitration, too military flavoring. These usually have some mination known by an explicit refusal." much attention in later years has been paid How great is the wisdom of this repeat­ benign provisions-wise or unwise-to make to the machinery of arbitration and not them more palatable to the peoples involved, edly declared policy. enough to the matter of reaching the agree­ the majority of whom almost never under­ Now, the point I want again to make is ment. There has never been any real diffi­ that we were a young, weak nation, rela­ stand their full significance and are rarely culty in setting up a tribunal, once you have fully informed about them. tively, and yet we were speaking to the an agreement to arbitrate. The Covenant of the League of Nations­ great European powers on terms of equality, Our record in the peaceful adjustment of telling what we would do and what we international disputes is a glorious one-one one of this type-was rather fully explained to the people, and they rejected it. Since it would not do, we were speaking to them as impossible of attainment if our interest had equals, and we were maintaining our com­ been bound up and intermingled with the never became operative for us, we shall not plete independence of them. These were problems of other nations. · now trouble ourselves about its terms. The United Nations Charter-of the same great days in our diplomacy. We were wholly We have been among the leaders 1n devel­ free from entanglement in European prob­ oping the great principles of the laws of war, type-had practically no explanation made lems. We kept so. that.we;nt to the humanizing of war, most of it to the people, and they did not reject it. The chronology of its consideration is SOME NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS of which went into the discard when we en­ interesting. Now, I wish there were time, as there is tered World War I, and most that were left went when we entered World War II. We had The San Francisco Conference was almost not, for me to trace, briefly even, what I re­ exactly 2 months in framing it (April 25- gard as the greatest achievement of the developed, since the time of Grotinus, the doctrines that tended to control and limit the June 26, 1945). Signed on June 26, 1945, it United States in its international relations, was submitted to the Senate on July 2. The and that is the actual implementation on destruction of noncombatants, old men, women, and children. All that went by the Foreign Relations Committee began its con­ our part of the peaceful adjustment of om sideration on July 9; it began formal hear­ international disputes. board at Hiroshima. The doctrine of freedom of the seas is ings on July 11 and closed them on July 13; We have only had three wars in all of the Senate gave its advice and consent to our history, foreign wars, up until the time another great principle that we have devel­ oped during the time that we were our own ratification on July 28, 1945. A deliberate that we entered World War I, and those plan, carefully worked out, to adopt the three wars were: The first, the War of 1812, masters. Mr. Moore says that our record here is one of the proudest records that we Charter before the people could study and to which I have already alluded; the next, understand it, could not have worked more have made. the war with Mexico, and I never like to effect~vely to this end. We were so launched discuss that very much, I do not think that America, up to World War I, had nothing into a world organization, about which nei­ the war with Mexico shed any very great essential in her history that was not a step ther the peoples of the world, nor ourselves, credit upon us; and the last, the war with forward in her march of progress. And all had any adequate knowledge; they and we Spain, and I have often thought of that as of this was possible because our interests had less understanding. more or less of an accident, for if we had not and our destiny was not entangled with those had that incident in Habana Harbor, the ex­ of any other country. MILITARY COALITIONS plosion or the blowing up of the Maine, I I want now to come, my time has nearly With the impairment of sovereignty in­ think we might have gotten away without gone, to a few observations under the title volved in the first class, military coalitions that one. · of the talk. If I have made myself clear at and alliances for the period of a belligerency, Every other dispute we have had with any all, up to this point, it is to the point that we shall not here concern ourselves. Nor­ nation, we have been able to settle by peace­ during the time that we were traveling on mally, they cease with the end of hostilities. ful means. our own, unhampered by entangling alli­ We shall not take time to discuss a num­ By our aloofness during all these years, ances, we made the greatest growth that has ber of arrangements in major part of this we escaped all the wars in Europe, we did ever been made by any nation at any time, type, which were made during World War II, not participate in any of them; we had no in the whole history of the world. they partook somewhat of the nature of both alliances; we moved along the course that THIRD PERIOD our first and second classes. I refer to the Atlantic Charter-August 14, 1941; the Mos­ we thought we should follow, unhampered I shall now say a few things about our by the dictation of anybody else. cow Conference--October 19-November 1, dwindling sovereignty. I regret time has 1943; the Cairo Conference-November 22-26, As to arbitrations, and just to name two not permitted a fuller presentation of the or three of the great arbitrat ions: Our first 1943; the Tehran Conference-November 28- great principles of policy we have developed December l, 1943; the Conference at Yalt a­ arbit ration treaty was that made by J ay with and put into effect during our national life. Great Britain. The arbitration features were February 4--12, 1945; and the Potsdam Con­ This will show you some consequences of ference-July 17...:..26, 1945. only a par~ of the treaty. It was made our abandoninent of our tradit ional policy in 1794. In reporting upon the negotiations Under constitutional principles and pro­ and of our once more entering into entang­ cedures as understood in the past, parts or to Washington, Jay said: "I ought not to ling alliances with Europe. conceal from you that the confidence re­ all of each of these documents should have posed in your personal character was visible DWINDLING SOVEREIGNTY been submitted to the Senate for its advice t hroughout the negot iation." A great trib­ Every engagement with a for'eign n ation an d consent. They r elated both to bel­ ute from a defeated enemy. which , if met, deprives us of the power to ligerent activities and t o postwar adjust - 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1711 merits. Under sound const itutional prin­ Existing treaty provisions that are out of in sym·pathy at least, and would exert their ciple t here is a limit to what a commander harmon y with the Charter must apparently influence against us in our difficulties. No in chief has power to do, and some provi­ fall. Having in mind the complicated pro­ fact in international relations is better evi­ sions of these arrangements exceeded those visions of the Charter touching international denced than this disposition of small powers limits. economic and social cooperation, and the in­ vis-a-vis great ones. Again, we must not be PERMANENT ALLIANCES tricate int ernational trusteeship syst em, we so n aive as to assume that the Security Conperning the impairment of sovereignty m ay well find t hat we shall be greatly h am­ Council will be sitting as a court of justice, involved in the second class-we m ay note p ered in the development of our own in ter­ untouchable by outside influence. The that by the North Atlantic Pact or treaty, n ational trade and commerce, when we sur­ Security Council will be of the earth, earthy. we agree that, if any of the parties signatory render the Santa Claus role and seek to get Human experience proves this, also. Reports are the victims of an armed attack we join some compen sat ing advan tage for ourselves. of the Council's present operations are a them as an ally against the attacker. We We h ave not yet plumbed the depth of this demonstration thereto. We may not quiet have no right, under the treaty, to inquire impairment of sovereignty in our treaty­ our fears with the thought-they can't or as to t h e cause of the at tack, nor as to who. making powers. won't do anything to us. in fact, was the aggressor. The one who IMPAIBM ENT OF RIGHT TO ADJUST OUR If t wo great powers com e to grips-say strikes the first blow is not necessarily the INTERNATIONAL DIFFI CULTIES the United States and Russia-the rest of aggressor, either in fact or law. So far as . Another impairment: We have lost the the world will either sit by and wat ch, or the treaty goes, we must come to the rescue sovereign power to adjust our own interna­ get in with their choice as to the winner. even if our ally was tlie aggressor in the tional difficulties-a power which has en­ We repeat, the conduct of our foreign confilct. We m ay make no treaty in conflict abled us to live as the most peace-loving Na­ affairs no longer rests, in the last analysis, with this treaty. The treaty remains in tion in the world, and to build up a record with us. force for a definite period. The treaty is, of achievement in the peaceful adjustment To give point to our vulnerability as a obviously, in its effect, a defensive alliance .of international disputes unequalled by any party disputant, it may be observed that the against Russia. No matter what the cause, other great nation in the world. Security Council need not wait either for or how important or significant, if Russia Under the Charter, we are under obligation ourselves or for the other d isputant to in­ strikes one of the allies, under the treaty. to attempt a peaceful solution of our diffi­ vite the Council's intervention. The Coun­ we must go to war, if we meet our treaty. culties. This we have always done. By the cil may act on its own motion. Futher­ obligat ions. Charter the Security Council, if it deems more, any member of the United Nations One can easily perceive many, many trivial, necessary, could call upon us to settle our may bring a dispute to the attention of the more or less, matters that might produce a troubles peacefully. Such a call would, un­ Council or the General Assembly, which will situation between some of the Western der all the Charter machinery, amount to a then be under some obligation (as it would European powers and Russia that could seem) to assume some jurisdiction of the virtual co;nmand, with penalties for failure matter. cause a political explosion leading to war, to heed the call. and remembering Sarajevo, one knows how If our progress toward a pacific settlement IMPAIBMENT OF OUR WAR POWERS small R cap can set off a gian~ stick of dyna­ did not s.atisfy the Security Council, they One more impairment of sovereignty under mite. This treaty impairs our sovereignty might at any stage of a dispute intervene the Charter-we have surrendered, by the in the m atter of all North Atlantic problems, and recommend· what we should do, taking Charter terms at least, those great attributes because they cease to be adjustable accord­ into consideration that, if the issues are of sovereignty, upon which the very existence ing to our interests and desires, if the other legal, the m atter should go to the Interna­ of sovereignty depends: The power to declare parties do not agree. tional Court of Justice. The Security Coun­ war (f?Ubject to the right to take temporary The Tripartite Security Treaty between cil's recommendations do not fall far short self-defense measures, pending action by the ourselves, Australia, and New Zealand is of of commands, with attaching sanctions. Security Council) , the power to decide a somewhat different type. In that treaty If we failed to settle the dispute peace­ against whom we shall make war, the power we engage to maintain and develop our fully, and if the Security Council had not to conduct war, and the power to make peace "individual and collective capacity to resist intervened, as just described, then we must and to determine its terms. We apparently armed attack"; we promise to consult ·to­ refer it to the Security Council, which may have not lost the power to raise and sup­ gether if any of us are threatened in the either recommend the reference of a legal port armies or to provide and maintain a. Pacific; each party recognizes that an armed d ispute to the International Court of Jus­ navy, subject, however, to the right of the attack against either of the others, or both tice, or recommend other appropriate proce­ Security Council and the Military Staff Com­ the others, would endanger its own peace dures, or it may recommend such terms of mittee to regulate armament and possible and safety; a council consisting of the for­ settlement as it may consider appropriate. disarmament. eign ministers of the countries, or their That is, the Security Council may tell us The Charter prov:des that the members deputies, is set up. There is no ter~ination what settlement we are to make. must, under an agreement, or agreements, date. If we did not choose to follow the recom­ apparently entered into with t h e Security We do not agree to go to war, only to con­ mendations of the Security Council, or if, Council, make available to the Security sult, but we do set a minimum on our following them in form, we did not in fact Council armed forces-sea, land, and air, as Military Establishment. We could hardly settle the difficulty, then, if the resulting well as other military facilities. The air reduce that Establishment, under the treat y. situation was, in the opinion of the Security force to be furnished by each member must to our old, prewar size. It thus far impairs Council, a threat to peace, the Council might be maintained in constant readiness for use. the exercise of our free sovereignty in this move to the impcsition of sanctions to com­ When the Security Council decides upon matter of purely domestic concern. pel us to do its bidding. First, the Secur­ the u se of force, it calls upon the members There are other treaties of this sort that ity Council would call upon us to comply for their quotas, which of course, the mem­ need not be considered here. with prescribed provisional measures, the bers are bound to provide. UNITED NATIONS CHARTER council takin g account of any failure by us But until such special agreement is made, Now, ~s to the third class. We may note to comply with these provisional measures. the Security Council has no right to call three important impairments of sovereignty ·In case of noncompliance to this call, the upon a nation for armed forces, and then that come to us through the United Na­ security council would decide on what meas­ only as stipulated in the agreement. tions set-up. ures short of force-that is, economic sanc­ The "plans for the application of armed We should, in the first place, observe that tions provided in the treaty-it would use force shall be made by the Security Council what I will call the interior lines of commu­ against us, including severance of diplomatic with the assistance of the Military Staff nicat ion among the various Charter provi­ relations. If these m easures failed, then Committee." Thus the direction of the mili­ sions, are so numerous and so exceedingly it m ight u se force against us-air, land, or tary operations are under the Securit y Coun­ intricate, some of the lines are so indistinct sea forces, or all. cil, which for "the strategic direct ion of any as to be traceable only with d ifficulty, the Thus ou r sovereignty is seriously impaired armed forces placed at the disposal of the descript ions of the lines are often traced in by depriving us of the right to manage our Security Council,," looks at the Military Staff lan gu age that conceal rat her t h an clar ify the own foreign affairs, one of the highest at­ Committee. This committee is to be made thou gh t, there are so many places in the tributes of sovereign t y. The Security Coun­ up of the Chiefs of Staff of the permanent lines where the drafters seem not to have cil not the State Department, becomes, in members of the Council. dareC: to put down their true course-so t h e last analysis, the agency to direct our Obviously, the end of hostilities and the foreign relations. terms thereof will be determined, mediately m any of all these that one cannot be t~ o sure of his ground nor too certain of his conclu­ It will not do for us to be so naive as to or immediately, by the Securit y Council. sions. But the conclusions reached here are assu me that t he security council will have Thus we raise and equip our forces, sea, believed to be reasonably accurate. a near-divine sense of justice and be guided land, and air, but the Security Council, thereby in cases of international differences. wit h the military and staff committee, de~ I M PAIRMENT OF RIGHT TO M AKE TREATIES If our dispute were with a small power, we termines when and where the forces shall go, We m ay observe, in the first place, that, shall not properly estimate our position if who commands them, how many go, for how under the United Nations Charter, we have we do not visualize the possibility-almost long, in what cause, and against whom. So, lost t h e right to make the t reaties we m ay probability-that most small nations in the subject to temporary measures of self-de­ wish . All treaties we m ake m ust conform to world (which would include t hose on the fense, pending Securit y Council action, our the provisions of the United Nations Cl1arter. security council itself) might be against us boys shall fight and die, and the Securiey 1712 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE March 9 Council not ourselves will send them into covering our own; (6) that such action as The millions of hungry mouths in Europe that fight. was taken by the Security Council was a and Asia and elsewhere testify to the wreck­ In saying these things we are not over­ sort of nunc pro tune procedure, was taken age of that aim and hope. looking that the United States has a fa­ Without the approval of Russia, one of the Freedom from fear, it was declared meant vored position as a permanent member of permanent members of the Security Coun­ "a world-wide reduction of armaments to the Security Council, nor are we over­ cil, and this fact leaves it open to Russia su·ch a point and in such a thorough fashion looking the provisions that, with the excep­ to contend, and with much cogency, that that no nation will be in a position to tions noted in the Charter, decisions of the so far as the United Nations is concerned, commit an act of physi!!al aggression against Council are to be determined by the vote of this whole Korean operation is illegal, be­ any neighbor." As to reduction of arma­ seven members, including the concurring cause not properly authorized by the United ments-the excessive burden of armament votes of the permanent members, of whom Nations. which is now bowing our backs to the break­ we are one, though it seems we may not At any rate, as it appears from Senator ing point, our backs not only, but also the vote on questions in a dispute to which we WATKINS analysis, the President's action in backs of other nations of the· world, show are parties and as to which the Security ordering our troops into Korea did not ac­ how far v.-e have yet to go to realize this Council has assumed its Charter prerogatives cord With his rights and powers under our dream. to secure settlement. Constitution. In saying this, I have in mind As to freedom from fear, we in this coun­ his constitutional powers to land troops on How effectively protective of ourselves try-150,000,000 of us, the people of ~ussia- these provisions may be, one is hardly safe foreign soil for the emergency protection 193,000,000, the p:!ople of Europe--392,000,000, in venturing a definite opinion. But, hav­ of American lives and property, a power and of Latin America and Canada-170,000,000, ing in mind what the United Nations has a right which will not cover this Korean operation. Moreover, by issuing his order, of Oceania-12,000,000, of Africa-196,000,- been and is apparently doing without the as­ 000, and a good pa.rt of the 1,251,000,000 of senting vote c,f Russia, a permanent mem­ the President acted, as stated, without any authority derived from the United Nations Asia-all of us and of them are stricken with ber of the Council, and seemingly against a fear which we have never before known her so-called veto, we can see that if the Charter. The Korean operation has cost us more in our generation. Furthermore, it would concept, sympathy, and atmosphere of the seem that no such fear-stricken humanity United Nations organization should change than 100,0CO casualties, and, it is said, more than $15,000,000,000. has been found in all preceding genera­ and be against us, we might be placed in a tions of the modern world-a fear of want, a desperate situation. We can rest assured WAR LOSSES AND C'OSTS TO THE UNITED STATES fear of death, a fear of mass extermination, that when we cease to be the big-brother Perhaps it may be observed here that our with all the horrors and savage barbarities Santa Claus, we shall lose much of our casualties in World War I were 333,000, of of modern war. presently expressed popularity, and the which 130,000 were deaths; that in Wor1d l think I have shown you that we do have hatred which many nations now have for us War n, our easualties were 1,068,000, of a dwindling sovereignty. One dare, I dare will be openly expressed and acted upon. which 392,000 were deaths, and that in all not, look over the edge and see where we may We might observe that there is practically the other wars in which the United States drop. no essential idea or principle in the United has been engaged in its entire history, in­ What is the cure? I do not know. One Nations Charter that was not found in the cluding the Civil War, the total casualties thing we might and should do, and this is League of Nations Covenant, and that as a were 699,000, of which 394,000 were deaths. very essential, make it absolutely sure that document embodying a constitution the Thus our casualties in World Wars I and Il none but patriotic men and women are in Charter is inferior to the Covenant. have been twice as many as our war cas­ places of responsibility. If we might believe The Charter has these two basic defects: ualties in all the rest of our 130 years of the recurds of courts and articles in maga­ It has been too largely framed without a history. zines and papers, it would seem that Bene­ careful consideration of how it might af­ It might be added that our losses, in other dict Arnold is not going to be lonely here­ fect us and our welfare, if our position suf­ than in human lives taken and human bodies after. injured, these two being the great national fers any essential international change; and, There ts another course, and that is the next, it has the fault which has been the lo5s, amounted, ·in money expenditures in World War I , to $25,807,000,000; and in World nations have the·power of am.endment of the curse of all similar plans heretofore framed, Charter, and I quite sure that further War to $330,500,000,000; a total of $356,- am beginning with the grand design of Henry n study, further deliberation in a calm at­ IV of France, namely, that it is aimed and 307,000,000 of our national wealth; while in all the other wars since the beginning of the mosphere, devoid of the urge to mete out framed with one power in mind and with a military pun1shment, could result in our so view to exercising a definite control there­ Nation, we spent but $'7,500,000,000. These figures include neither interest nor pensions, amending this Charter, that it might be over, to the point of its humiliation, if not helpful. exterm~ation. which run the totals up to $41,755,000,000 for World War I; to $349,778,000,000 for World God grant that it may be so. THE KOREAN OPERATION War II; and to $21,210,000,000 for all the One more observation: Senator ARTHUR V. ·rest of the wars. WATKINS, in a carefully considered and well­ It may here be added that up to September ORDER OF BUSINESS documented article in the Western Political 30, 1945, we had advanced on lend-lease Mr. SALTONSTALL. I should like to Quarterly, gives details regarding -the steps $46,040,C00,000, and curiously more t'1an taken at the time we ordered our troops ask the majority leader what his plans $10,000,000,000 went to Russia. rd into Korea. From this study by the Sena­ Our adventure into world politics, con­ are fer today, in a er that Senators on tor, it appears: (1) That we have never made trary to the principles that were framed by this side of. the aisle may be advised. with the United Nations the agreement the good sense and, I think, inspiration of Mr. McFARLAND. The distinguished which is to precede the furnishi~g of troops our founding fathers, h ave levied upon us Senator from California £Mr. KNow­ by us for use in these so-called police ac­ a tribute leading almost to the brink of dis­ I.AND] asked me about an agreement for tions; (2) that apparently our troops were aster, and so far as ordinary human fore­ ordered in before any request by the Secu­ a time to vote on my motion tpat the sight can determine, we are by no means Senate proceed the consideration of rity Council was made therefor, and yet to the end of the road. to apparently without the Council's knowledge, As pointed out, we face the balance of our the submerged lands joint resolution. though the Council d id take, almost within journey With our sovereignty impaired in I have asked Senators who are interested hour,s, some confirmatory action, regular or three great fundamenta.I matters: The right in the joint resolution to consult and otherwise it is not clear, after t:t.e order . to make treaties, to manege our foreign af- determine what may be done in that was given; (3) that under ou.r constitutional f airs, and to declare war (subject to our respect. I hope to be able to make a procedure, as developed in co~nection with tempcrary right of self-defense), t o choose our entry into the United Nations (some definite announcement in that connec­ our enemy, to direct and command our tion a little later in the day. Several phases of this planned procedure lcok a armies, and to make such terms of peace as bit queer to us of the older generation), the we may desire, or be forced to accept. Senators wish to be heard on the motion operative existence of such an agreement to consider the submerged lands bill. was an absolute prerequisite to the right of FREEDOM FROM FEAR A~D WANT I do not know how long it will be before the United Nations to ask for our troops, Not too many years ago there was coined I shall be able to make an announcement, and, likewise, a prerequisite for the furnish­ a great phrase setting out the purpose of but I shall try to make it a little later ing of such troops by the President; (4) that our then contemplated adventure,-"tha.t all 1n the day. under these special agreements the Securit y the men in all the lands may live out their Council, not the President of the United lives in freedom from fear and want." It Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, States, make& the call and sends our troops was said that freedom from want meant will the Senator yield further? to the place it determines, after they are .. economic understandings which will secure Mr. McFARLAND. Yes. furnished by the President; ( 5) that appar- · to every nation a healthy peacetime life for Mr. SALTONSTALL. Is there a pos­ ently no other nation has, to this time, made 1ts inhabitants," and that this meant that sibility-and I hope that there may be­ any such special agreement for the furnish­ we were to do what never before had been ing of troops, so that, seemingly, the token done in all history, that is, "feed all the of having a vote on the motion today? forces sent by other nations are in the field peoples of the world as we now know human Mr. McFARLAND. I hope we will bt an equally irregular procedure to that l)eings should be fed.,. reach a vote today. I cannot tell the 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1713 distinguished Senator from Massachu­ would justify the President's nominat­ any valid reasons for the proposed re­ setts at the moment. ing General Vandenberg, or the Chief or appointment of General Vandenberg to I will say to my good friend from Staff of any Service, fol'. an additional the Senate Armed Services Committee, I Massachusetts that I shall be very happy term. If General Vandenberg is without shall most willingly consider them. I to give all possible information on the any question of doubt the best qualified shall remain, however, unal_terably op­ subject to him and to the Senate. As Air Force officer to be the Chief of Staff, posed to continuing the term of any he knows, I have always endeavored to he ought "to remain as the Chief of Staff. Chief of Staff on the stated reason that do so. If the-Air Force is without other officers such an extension will permit him to I wish to state further that the dis­ who are qualified to be the Air Force serve until he is required to retire for tinguished Senator has been very help­ Chief of Staff, then General Vandenberg age. ful in working out unanimous-consent ought to remain as the Chief of Staff. If we adopt that course for one Chief agreements. He served in the capacity of The Congress gave considered thought of Staff, we are likely to do it for other minority leader in the last session during to the legislative provision that Chiefs Chiefs of Staff, and I can think of no the illness of our good friend, the late of Staff for the several services should course of action which would more cer­ Senator from Nebraska, Mr. Wherry. I be appointed for stated periods of time. tainly lead to military stagnation and want to take this opportunity to thank It was recognized that a limited period national grief if not disaster if carried him for his cooperation in helping ex­ of service for a Chief of Staff was a good to its logical conclusions. pedite legislation. thing for the service concerned. It was thought unwise to provide an unlimited period of service. The mere limitation THE INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS MINERAL LEASES ON CERTAIN SUB­ of the length of service for a Chief of CONFERENCE MERGED LANDS Staff was an encouragement to excel­ Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, on The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair lence in the lower echelons from which several previous occasions, I brought the lays before the Senate the unfinished future Chiefs of Staff are selected. activities of the International Materials business, which is the motion of the What the President has suggested is Conference to the attention of the Sen­ Senator from Arizona [Mr. McFARLAND] that any future Chief of Staff, for ariy ate and I have requested that the State that the Senate proceed to the consid­ service, will serve in that capacity from Department clarify its position and the eration of Senate Joint Resolution 20. the time he is first appointed until the position of our country with respect to The Senate resumed the consideration officer retires for age. this organization. of the motion of Mr. McFARLAND that The President has said that he does Now we have a detailed confirmation of the Senate proceed to the consideration not wish General Vandenberg to serve a~ the statements I made about the In­ of Senate Joint Resolution 20, to pro­ in a suburdinate command before he ternational Materials Conference and a vide for the continuation of operations reaches retirement. With one stroke of clearer insight into it as a result of a under certain mineral leases issued b1 the pen, the President would violate and s_peech delivered by Mr. Edmund Getzin, the respective States covering submerged bypass a score of established and his­ nonferrous metals branch, Office of Ma­ lands of the Continental Shelf, to en­ toric precedents. Not only have heads terials Policy, of our State Department, courage the continued development of of services returned to so-called subor­ before the American Institute of Mining such leases, to provide for the protec­ dinate positions but they have done so and Metallurgical Engineers at their an­ tion of the interests of the United States with resulting benefit to the branch of nual meeting in New York February 19, in the oil and gas deposits of said lands, their service. 1952. and for other purposes. It is not proper, in my view, the world I should like to analyze Mr. Getzin's re­ being what it is today, to refer to other marks which were apparently written PROPOSED RENOMINATION OF GEN. HOYT echelons of the Air Force as being subor­ before my disclosures of the Interna­ S. VANDENBERG AS CHIEF OF STAFF OF dinate commands. It would not be pos­ tional Materials Conference on the fioor Affi FORCE sible, for example, to fill a more impor­ of the Senate. His remarks, which he tant assignment than that of Command­ made as an official representative of the Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, the junior ing General of the Strategic Air Force. Senator from Washington read in the State Department are extremely reveal­ press of yesterday that the President of I well remember when the adminis­ ing and deserve careful attention. the United States intends to renominate tration prevailed upon the Congress to It will be recalled that I have said that Gen. Hoyt s. Vandenberg to serve an change the law so that a 5-star general the International Materials Conference extra 14 months as Air Force Chief of officer might serve in the capacity in­ was established by the joint action of our Staff. tended for a civilian as Secretary of De­ State Department, the Government of I know General Vandenberg to be a fense by the National Security Act of France, and the Government of the courageous, gallant, and. intelligent Air 1947. This gentleman served but a United Kingdom, and that this action Force officer, but, as a member of the limited period of time. Many of us felt was a result of Prime Minister Attlee's Senate Armed Services Committee, I that his work would have been more ade­ visit to the United States, during which have no intention of supporting the pro­ quately performed had his successor, a he pleaded for an increased share of the posed extension of 14 months as Chief of civilian, been appointed when the Con­ world's materials at a price which Britain Staff on the reasons of justification as gress was told that an indispensable could afford to pay. off Pred by the President. .man was available. The State Department spokesman con­ White House press secretary, Joseph I am among thpse who hold the mili­ firmed this fact when he told the min­ Short, in announcing the President's in­ tary competence and intelligence of our ing engineers that-- If tention, explained why General Vanden­ general officers in high regard. our Prime Minister Attlee and President Tru­ berg was getting the bob-tailed reap- . services do not possess many general man, during the former's visit to Washing­ pointment. "The President," Mr. Short officers who are prepared and qualified ton in December 1950, reached a t!::ntative said, "wants to make sure that General to become Chiefs of Staff at a moment's agreement upon plans for an ad hoc inter­ Vandenberg has an opportunity to round notice, then the Nation faces the future governmental organization specifically de­ out his full 30 years of military service without any real preparedness worthy signed to handle raw material problems. as Chief of Staff. The President does of the name. But I am convinced, that These plans were then discussed with the however able a particular Chief of Staff Government of France. On January 12, 1951, not wish General Vandenberg to be in a the three governments issued a joint state­ subordinate command before he reaches niay be today, he can be replaced by any ment reporting their agreement. • * • retirement." of a number of others who will bring This was the start of the Internationr..l Ma­ The President's reason for nominat­ only progress and improvement to the terials Conference. branch of his service. ing the present Chief of Staff to serve an So here we have it in black and white: additional 14 months, after his regular 4- I am willing to consider the reappoint­ year term expires on April 30, 1952, is ment of General Vandenberg on the Prime Minister Attlee and President Tru­ about as meaningless and inconsequen­ argument that the Air Force would suf­ man concocted the International Ma­ tial as any reason I have ever heard. fer if it did not continue to benefit from terials Conference. There is but one of two reasons, or a his leadership. The President has said I previously told the Senate that the combination of both reasons, which no such thing, If the President offers International Materials Conference is a 1714 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3 super government and operates as a gi­ rather than contributions to the defense . everywhere outside of the U. S. S. R. and gantic raw-materials cartel in restraint effort, are the basis of adjusting these al­ its satellites. I now read what the State of international trade. In New York, locations. Department says about end-use Qontrol: the State Department said: Defense of the Nation cannot be u8ed Direct end-use control measures vary To date seven standing committees have to justify the International Materials greatly according to the economic condi­ been formed. They are virtually autono­ Conference. In fact, the State Depart­ tions of each country. In countries main­ mous bodies free to consider any aspect of ment statement to the mining engineers taining controls on foreign exchange or im­ the problem of world shortages in the com­ included the fallowing quotation: ports and exports, such controls tend to form modities concerned. a type of end-use control. Many countries, The problem of properly screening military including the producing countries, -intro­ Again; this confirms my statement. requirements is one that has also been diffi­ duced direct control measures covering spe­ I have said that the powers of the De­ cult to cope with. No standard method of cific commodities which are of concern to calculating military requirements has been the International Materials Conference. fense Production Act have been usurped developed. Reliance must therefore be placed in order to implement the so-called vol­ on other criteria such as the relative propor­ Here we have an international body untary allocations of the International tion of military requirements to total re­ which is undertaking in time of compar­ Materials Conference. The State De­ quirements and upon budgetary figures for ative peace, to ·determine what shall be partment expert had this to say on that military expenditure. These criteria, while not accurate, do serve as a rough check. made and how it shall be made all over subject: the world. If that is not world plan­ The United States can adequately imple­ I have said that the International Ma­ ning then I do not know what a planned men t . the allocations of commodities like terials Conference is socialistic; and I economy looks like. copper and zinc through the administration still think so. It adheres to the Marxist Furthermore, Mr. President, the Inter­ of domestic allocations. philosophy: From each according to his national Materials Conference has more This statement leaves little doubt that ability, and to each according to his ambitious plans for the future. Let me the laws passed by the Congress to meet need. Let me read a few random state­ again quote from the State Department domestic defense problems have been ments from that address, which was speech: used for a completely unauthorized pur­ written by the State Department, to il­ If the allocation work of tne committees pose. lustrate this socialistic thinking: is judged successful by participating coun­ In my remarks to the Senate, I pornt­ Without the International Materials Con­ tries there is no. reason why more ambitious ed out that there was nothing voluntary ference, acquisition of essential goods in a programs relating to conservation, develop­ about the International Materials Con­ sellers' market would continue to be deter­ ment and prices should not be considered. ference so far as American users of these mined by the bargaining power of consum­ DRISCOLL, for the United States of America, and it tural purposes and further that there are Governor. other vacant and unimproved lands in this shows that the Senate has finally caught Mr. President, the Governor's letter up with the phony so-called bipartisan coun ty which could be taken and used for the same purposes without damaging any· was accompanied by a copy of a memo­ administration program. one or causing any undue hardship; and randum from the director of the division Mr. FERGUSON. The British have Whereas the Federal Government and its of fish and game. Since this memoran­ been able to use the sterling bloc to per­ War and Navy Departments have previously dum throws further light on the dangers fect their cartel system. taken large areas of said municipalities: of current trends in the acquisition of Mr. MALONE. That is correct. It is Now, therefore, be it lands for public use at the Federal level. a form of piracy. R esolved by the Board of Chosen Free­ I ask that the memorandum be incor­ Mr. FERGUSON. I do not want to use holders of the County of Ocean as foUous: porated in the body of the RECORD at this that particular term. 1. That the Federal Government, War De· point in my remarks. Mr. MALONE. I shall use it and take: partment, and all other interested Federal agencies, be, and they are hereby respect· There being no objection, the mem­ full responsibility. fully requested, to take as little land as orandum was ordered to be printed in Mr. FERGUSON. The sterling bloc possible in our county and to desist from the RECORD, as follows: has been used as a part and parcel of taking valuable farm land and improved STATE OF NEW JERSEY, control to enable them to have a cartel, properties, particularly in Plumsted Town­ DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME, and to determine when goods will be f:hip and Jackson Township, Ocean County, N. J. . February 26, 1952. shipped and whether a certain amount From A. H. Underhill, director. of goods will be shipped. 2. That the clerk of this board shall forth· To Governor Driscoll. Mr. MALONE. And then they can fix With send a certified copy of this resolution (Attention Russell E. Watson, Jr.) the price of money exchange for im­ to the War Department and to Hon. JAMES C. As you know, both the Army and the Air AucHrNCLoss, our Congressman, and to our Force are anxious to expand the holdings ports; they can fix another exchange Unit ed States Senators, the Honorable AL· price for exports and even a different at Fort Dix and McGuire Air Base so that EXANDER SMITH and the Honorable ROBERT c. they will have more land available for train­ exchange price for each commodity. HENDRICKSON. ing troops and for increasing the scope of They can completely control imports the air fields at the air base. and exports in any sterling bloc member Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, while we are on the subject of the expan­ At the recent hearing held at Fort Dix, country not only from the sterling bloc farm representatives and others vigorously areas but from any other country deal­ sion of our Federal Government at the opposed any expansion which would remove ing in sterling currency. They can pro­ expense of State and local governments, agricultural land from production. mote trade, or prevent trade, or regulate I should like to direct the attention of During the hearing, Mr. Thomas Young, the amount of trade together with any the Senate to a letter which I received representing Secretary of the Army Fran k profit or loss which they may wish to last Friday from the Governor of New Pace, and some of the Army officers present, accompany such transactions. Jersey. I should like to read, the letter, suggested the possibility of expanding the Mr. FERGUSON. That is why I say it Mr. President, because it treats so forci­ Dix holdings eastward through Archer's Cor­ bly with a matter which expanding agen. ners and Cassville, thence sout h to the ls a part of the cartel system. United States naval holdings at Lakehurst. Mr. MALONE. In other words, we, cies of our Federal Government com­ This would take in the Colliers Mills public the great United States of America, has pletely disregard-local needs: hunting and fishing grounds, the new Lake fallen under the spell of the sterling bloc. STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Success project, and the add_itional land OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, downstream from Lake Success which the Tren ton , F ebruary 27, 1952. J:)ivision of Fish and Game has been nego­ GOVERNMENT EXPANSION Hon. ROBERT c. HENDRICKSON, tiating to purchase. Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, Senate Office Bui lding, The Division of Fish and Game has spent Washington, D. C. between $50,000 and $75,000 on the develop­ fn Governm~nt these days when expan.. · DEAR BoB: In today's mail I received a ment and management of this area, and it sion at the Federal level tr~reatens the report from the director of the division of is now being extem·ively utilized by fisher­ very existence of local government, the fish and game in our department of con­ men, gunners, and other citizens of the State resolution which I send to the desk for servation and economic development.·. Be• seeking recreation in the outdoors. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1717 During the last hunting season, better considerable feeling that its considera­ knows, Congress must act before any­ than 10,000 man-days were spent by licensed tion should be postponed until after thing can be done. gunners on the area, and during the fishing­ picnicking season, four to five times this there has been a determination of the Mr. McFARLAND. I wish to say to number utilized th!s tract. motion now pending to take up the tide­ the distinguished Senator from Louisi­ In view of New Jersey's expanding indus­ lands oil bill . instead of the Hawaiian ana, so far as I personally am concerned, tries, int ensive farming, and increasing statehood bill. that I am trying, in the Policy Commit­ suburbanization, I feel it is imperative that Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I tee, to work out a program which will the State maintain as much land as possible may say that I am hopeful that we may result in these subjects being consid­ for outdoor recreation. The health and well­ be able to fix a time for a vote on my ered, but if my suggestions are opposed, being of our citizens demands that, with the here, and there is undue delay, some bills present pace of modern living, they have an motion which will not entail any de1ay opportunity for relaxation. at all, and that the Senate may then cannot be considered. We might as well As a former infantry officer and as an proceed with the other matter. face that prospect. I do not know which American citizen I arr.. vitally concerned that I hope an agreement may be worked bills may not be taken up, because it will our soldiers be adequately trained for battle. out sometime today. be for the Senate to decide which meas­ However, I do not feel that the Army is at -Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will the ures will be considered. But if we can­ p::esent utilizing to the. fullest the acreage Senator yield? not make motions and bring up bills in which they now control at Fort Dix, and I Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. an orderly manner or without being op­ further feel that there are many States in posed, and if we have delays of 2 or 3 t.ht. South and West which offer the Army Mr. LONG. I should like to ask the better facilities for extensive field training distingui : ~. ed majority leader if there is days when we could have debate upon than does little New Jersey, which is now not a faint possibility, or even a prob­ them, naturally in the end that is going the second most densely populated State in ability, that if tidelands legislation is to be reflected in the amount of work the Union. not passed some time very soon, the the Senate does. If you share my views in this matter, I Senate may not have a chance to act on Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, would appreciate your using any influence that subject during this session. will the Senator yield? you can to prevent the expansion of Fort Mr. McFARLAND. I may say to the Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. Dix in "1.llY direction, and certainly to pre­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. The Senator has vent its swallowing up this outstanding con­ Senator from Louisiana that I have servation project. yielded to those who are interested in just given notice that he intends to bring A. H. UNDERHILL, the submerged lands bill in their de­ up th~ Japanese Treaty tomorrow. · Director. sire to bring it before the Senate. I have Mr.McFARLAND. Yes. felt that we could make more progress Mr. SALTONSTALL. I have had an Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, opportunity to talk with the distin­ I shall not at this time dwell longer on on the statehood bills by taking up some­ thing else, and then considering the sit­ guished Senator from Calif.ornia [Mr. this subject, but I wish to emphasize the KNowLAND] and one or two other Sena­ fact that these trends are dangerous. uation which confronts the Senate. It was for that reason that I made the tors within the last minute or two. I The Government is becoming wasteful in have a strong feeling, and a hope that the use of lands, as it is in the expendi­ motion that the Senate consider the submerged lands bill. is shared by other Senators on this side ture of the taxpayers' hard-earned of the aisle, that there will be a definite money. Nothing could lead more quickly The distinguished Senator from New Jersey [Mr. SMITH] has now entered a understanding, which will be agreeable to complete socialism than to have our to all Senators, as to when there will be Government control an excess of public motion to reconsider the vote by which the Alaska statehood bill was recom­ a vote on the pending motion. lands, or to put in "hock" lands neces­ Mr. McFARLAND. I share that hope. sary to a wholesome community life. Llitted. Mr. SALTONSTALL. Otherwise, I am I may say in all frankness that if a long confident there will be resistance to debate on the question of Hawaiian bringing up other measures before the JAP~ESE PEACE TREATY-LEGISLATIVE statehood ensues, it may mean that the PROGRAM pending question is decided. submerged lands bill may never be taken Mr. McFARLAND. As I have said, I Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, the up. But that is nothing new. It has am trying to expedite the consideration distinguished acting minority leader been pending for several years. of work to be done by the Senate, but I [Mr. SALTONSTALL] has asked me about It is considered by many to be im­ am not going to be held responsible if, a program for the Senate. The admin­ portant to develop oil that lies off the because of delays and resistance, some istration is anxious that the Japanese coasts, and I am willing to have the bill of the legislation which has been planned Peace Treaty be considered and acted brought before the Senate. is not enacted. upon -as soon as possible. This is very Mr. LONG. Mr. President, I am sure Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will important, because the Japanese have that the Senator from Arizona realizes, the Senator yield? cooperated with us in the making of however, and there is evidence or testi­ Mr. McFARLAND. . I yield to the Sen­ agreements for use of bases in Japan. mony before the Committee on Interior ator from Texas. It is important that the United St.ates and Insular Affairs, of which the Sen­ Mr. CONNALLY. I may say that the Senate manifest friendship for the people ator is a member, to the effect that pending bill on the tidelands matter is of Japan by voting upon this treaty at thousands of people are out of work, and not a bill in the interest of the three an early date. many businesses have gone bankrupt, affected States alone. It is a bill in the Sometime ago I announced that before while waiting for something to be done interest of the entire United States. It the Japanese and the other treaties were about the tidelands oi! question. is based upon the theory that tidelands called up, -at least 1 day's notice would Furthermore, there is perhaps as production ought to go on and oil should be given. r have talked with the dis­ much as &. hundred million dollars' worth be produced, processed, and manufac­ tinguished chairman of the Committee of equipment tied up, simply set aside, tured, for that matter. So it is not on Foreign Relations [Mr. CoNNALL Y]. awaiting the time when Congress will necessarily a measure affecting only the and it is agreeable with him that the act on this matter. Ocean-going ships three individual States which are in­ Japanese treaty be brought up for con­ which are designed for drilling, voyages, volved. sideration in the Senate tomorrow. with supplies, equipment, and all types If the bill comes before the Senate Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. Pre::; ident, of things needed for drilling in the sub­ undoubtedly amendments will be offered. will the Senator yield for a question? merged oil lands, are simply tied up, But the idea of ref using to take up the Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. lying idle at their docks. bill on the motion of the majority leaper Mr. SALTONSTALL. I have conferred People who have gone into the busi­ because of a desire to act on statehood with but a few Senators on this side of ness of supplying these enterprises have for Hawaii is, to my mind, absolutely the aisle, but I do know there is a strong had to close their businesses, seek em­ preposterous. Do we think more of Ha­ feeling on this side, as the Senator him­ ployment elsewhere, or move away. wa.ii than we do of the interests of all self knows, that the Hawaiian statehood Congress should act upon this question the people of the United States? Do bill be considered. at some time. I am sure the Senator we think more of Hawaii than of the I believe that if the Senator from Ari­ from Arizona realizes the situation and people of the three affected States? zona moves to bring up the Japanese would like to see Congress speak and act It seems to me that the Senate should treaty tomorrow, there may be a very on the question, because, as the Senator act on the motion of the Senator from 1718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3 Arizona to take up the tidelands oil bill, is apparently in a position where even to vote on it today. All we ask is that and dispose of it. Then it can return the motion of the majority leader can­ the Senate have an opportunity to vote to the Hawaiian statehood bill, if it so not reach a vote. I think that is a rather on that question. desires. It seeems to me that the regu... ludicrous situation. All we have asked It seems to me that i1' that question lar and constitutional method of pro­ for during the past several days, since could be voted upon, then the able Sen­ cedure in the Senate with regard to th'e vote on the Alaskan statehood bill, ator from Louisiana-if the Senate de­ these measures is being impeded, ob­ has been that the Senate have the right sired to bring the tidelands legislation structed, and .hindered. and privilege to express ·itself. So far, before it-would, of course, have ample l\!r. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will because of the rules of the Senate and time and opportunity to discuss the mer­ the Sena tor yield? the procedures, we have not be:m able its of the tidelands legislation. Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. to reach a vote. As soon as we can reach But v1hy not let the Senate function, Mr. K~OWLAND. I wish to make a a vote, I think the Senate can make its instead of causing continuous delay, · so few remarks, in view of the statement voice heard. that we cannot even reach a vote on the by the distinguished senior Senator from Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will the motion of the majorit.t leader? That Texas. Senator yield for a question? has been the only point raised by the I happen to represent one of the M . KNOWLAND. I am glad to yield. Senator from California. States which is vitally interested in tide­ Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, we lands legislation. I do not happen to have the floor, have I not? have a very unusual situation before us. favor the bill which was reported from The PRESIDING OFFICER .waii. If he S6 Members, representing 48 States of State of Louisiana. All I have main­ gets the Hawaiian bill up he will then the un:on, is supposed to, or necessarily tained for sever~! days is that the ma­ consider the tidefands bill. does, abdicate its responsibility into the jority leader, representing the majority I want to say, Mr. .President, in reply hands of the majority leadership or into party, has made a motion to bring up to some remarks the Senator from Cali· the hands of the majority policy com­ the tidelands legislation. We were ready fornia has made, that I am not an advo­ mittee. I think that is a very funda­ to vote on that motion on the afternoon cate of the tidelands bill as it was re­ mental proposition. when the Alaskan statehood bill was re­ ported to the Senate. I am for some­ On the issue of statehood, I believe committed to the committee. We were thing that will restore to the Stat es their that the 96 Members of the Senate have ready to vote on it the following day. title in the tidelands, which the Supreme the right to make known their views. We were ready to hold a session on Fri· Court has overruled and forcibly taken The on_y thing ·I have been objecting to day, if that had been the determination from these States. The matter of legis­ for several days is that this great body of the majority leader. We are willing lation in that respect is still up to Con- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE gress. Congress has a right to say what As I said a moment ago, I am not satis­ Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I will happen to the tidelands. If the tide­ fied with the tidelands bill as it is pre­ wish t-0 state that I certainly agree with lands bill is brought up for consideration sented now in the Senate. The Senate the distinguished Senator from Califor­ amendments to it will be offered. I have has the power to amend that bill. It has nia that the Senate does not have to a number of amendments I intend to of­ the power to modify that bill. It has vote on bringing up a bill merely because f er to the tidelands bill. I shall off er the power to restore title to the tidelands I make a motion to consider it. The re­ them at the proper time. to the people of California, Texas, Loui­ sponsibility of carrying forward the work Mr. President, it is astounding to me siana, and all the other States. of the Senate in an orderly manner must that Senators who profess to be in favor I believe that the interests of all the fall on someone, and on some group. of tidelands legislation-Senators whose people of the United States ought to be That happens to be the responsibility of States are vitally interested in the sub­ superior t-0 the claims of the people of our side of .the aisle at this time. In ject-should subordinate the tidelands Hawaii and its contiguous territories, in­ the Eightieth Congress I conceded that question to the interests of Hawaii. cluding the State of California. Cali­ the responsibility was on the other side Whether for political reasons or other­ fornia ought not to occupy a different of the aisle. I was genuinely willing to wise, I cannot understand how patriotic position than any other State in the go along with them on matters of pro­ Americans who say they want to do Union. cedure. The Hawaiian statehood bill something for all the people of the I am sorry that the eminent Senator was not even reported to the Senate at United States can have a preference for from California cannot conduct debate that time. It was partly with my vote Hawaii. on the fioor of the Senate without get­ that it has been reported now so that Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will ting heated and making remarks about we might have an opportunity to discuss the Senator yield? the Senator from Texas. The Senator it on the fioor. Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. from Texas has as much right to the I recognize the factual situation as it Mr. KNOWLAND. I wish to say to fioor of the Senate as has the Senator faces us in the Senate, and in view of it the Senator from Texas that I very much from California. The Senator from I have made a motion to take up the tide­ resent his statement. I am as interested Texas is trying to represent not only lands bill. I felt that that would expe­ in the problems of my State as the able the people of Texas but all the people dite the work of the Senate. It would Senator from Texas is interested in the of the United States. I have no com­ give us time to study the question of problems of his State. My State has as mission in my pocket in behalf of any statehood for Hawaii and determine vital an interest in tidelands as does the foreign dependency or any foreign prov­ what should be done· I believe that the State of Texas. However, the people in ince or territory. I am representing the two statehood bills should go together. Hawaii, if the Senator from Texas does people of Texas and, in a large sense, all I do not know that I would be in favor not know it, are just as much American the people of the United States. I am voting for statehood for either of the citizens as are the Senator from Texas not on the brief for Hawaii or any other Territories without voting it for the other and the Senator from California. province out in the Pacific Ocean. I as well, because the same questions are I am surprised that the Senator from have a brief for the people of my State involved. While it is the privilege of the Texas should get up on the fioor of the · and for all the people of the United Senate to do whatever it wants to do, if Senate and question the American citi­ States. Senators refuse to cooperate with me in zenship of the 500,000 voiceless people of I am sorry that this language will not bringing· bills before the Senate I do not Hawaii, or that he should question the suit the eminent Senator from Cali­ think they can expect me to help them motives of any Senator. fornia. I have been in the Senate sev­ very much when it comes to bringing up There is not a single vote in the whole eral yearn. I know what this procedure bills in which they are interested· Territory of Hawaii for the Senator from is. I know that the custom is to follow I have tried to be fair. I have tried California, who, like the Senator from the majority leadership in the matter of to bring up bills on the fioor, regardless Texas, must stand for reelection this bringing up bills, and not give it into the of whether or not I favored them. But I year. The fact that neither of the Ter­ hands of a little clique which has a am saying that those who wish to hav·e ritories has a vote in the Senate does selfish motive at heart; some little clique the tidelands bill considered have that not place any less obligation upon those which will not let us do anything else opportunity now. I do not say they will of us who are interested in bringing up if we do not do what it says we must not have an opportunity to have that bill other matters before the Senate. do. In effect it says, "You will either considered in the future. However, I am Mr. CONNALLY. ~·President, the bring up the Hawail bill and pass it or not going to take· the responsibility of Senator from California shows by his you will not get any other legislation on assuring that it will be taken up in the heat his tender affection for Hawaii, over the statute books." future, after having given them that a bill that affects all the people of the Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will the opportunity once. United States. Senator yield? I have had to sacrifice some of my Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will th~ Senator yield for a question? Mr. CONNALLY. I was about to con­ views in order to bring myself to move Mr. CONNALLY. Not now. I shall clude my remarks, but I yield. that the Senate consider the bill. In the be glad to yield in a minute. Mr. LONG. As a matter of fact, the committee ! ·voted t - report the bill, even The Senator from California says that same group that wants to bring up the though I myself was not entirely satisfied the people of Hawaii are already citi­ Hawaii bill just had their way in getting with it. zens. If they are already citizens, we do up the Alaska bill. The Alaska bill lost Now the motion to consider the bill not need a bill which will make them· by one vote. Now they want to bring up has bee·n made. The Senate can do as it citizens. They are not voting citizens. Alaska again, and they are trying to keep pleases in regard to that motion. As has Fifteen percent of them are not citizens. us from taking up other matters that the been stated, I have found that the Com­ He says that every one of them is a good Senate should act on; at least, that the mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs American; that the people of Hawaii are Senator from Louisiana would like to see was not able to prepare a bill which was as good citizens as are the Senator from acted on. entirely satisfactory to all concerned. Texas and the Senator from California. Mr. CONNALLY. They hope to get up Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ If he wants to classify himself in that the Hawaii bill and then they will go dent, will the Senator from Arizona yield category, he may do so, but I do not want out and try to recruit support for Alaska to me? to classify myself in that category. I and bring the Alaska bill up again. I The PRESIDING OFFICER.da.y. the continut:d development of such leases now in the Senate. The Senate has the pow- ,, Mr. KNOVvLA..."1\lD. They are citizens; er t~ amend that bill. It has the power to and, as the able Senator from South to provide for the protection of the in~ modify that bill. It has the power to re- terests of the United States in the oil and store title to the tidelands to the people of Dakota has pointed out, they have made gas depos·ts of said lands, and for other California, Texas, Louisiana, and all the other their contribut:on to the Nation in three purposes. states. great wars and have even ma.de heavier Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, be­ I believe that the interests of all the sacri:l'ices i:i the Korean war, percent­ cause some question was raised on the people of the United States ought to be agewise, than have the otl).er people of superior to the claims of the people of Hawaii the United states. floor of the Senate a while ago as to what and its contiguous territories, includin~ the Mr. CASE. By reason of those sacri- had been said, I have before me the notes State of California. California ought not to as they have just come from the Official occupy a different position than any other fices and those contributians they are en­ Reporters, with no editing whatever on state in the Union. titled to defense on the fbnr of the Sen- the part of either speaker. Appearing on ! am sorry that the eminent senator from ate when their hon~r or the quality of folio 134.-S of the report~r's not~s is the California cannot conduct debate on the their citizenship seems to be impunged. following, picking up the reading in the floor of the Senate without getting hzated Mr. Kl~OWLAND. I thiri..k that there remarks of the Senator fror.1 Tex~s [Mr. and making remarks about tee Senator from is at least a moral obligatinn upon a part Texas. The Senator from Texas has as much of us who are here, when Hawaii is not CONNALLY]: right to the floor of the Senate as has the Mr. President, it is astounding to me that Senator from California. The Senator from represented in this Chamber. Senators who profess to be in favor of tide­ Texas is trying to represent not only the Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, will lands legislation-Senators whose States are people of Texas, but all the people of the the Senator yield for a question? vitally interested in the subject--should United States. I have no commission in my Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield. subordinate the tidelands question to the pocket in behalf of any foreign dependency Mr. SMATHERS. Does not the Sen- interests of Hawaii. Whether for political or any foreign province or territory. ator from California agree, however, that 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1725 despite the fact that technically they Lehman Moody Smith, N. J. Gillette Long Robertson Long Mundt Smith,N.C. Hayden Magnuson Russell are the rema!"ks which were made, what Magnuson Murray Sparkman. Hendrickson Malone Saltonstall the Senator from Texas [Mr. CONNALLY] Malone Nixon Stennis · Hennings Martin Schoeppel was trying to point out was that as be­ Martin O'Conor Th ye Hill · Maybank Smathers Maybank O'Mahoney Tobey Hoey McCarran Smith, Maine tween a bill which would grant statehood McCarran Pastore Underwood Holland McCarthy Smith, N. J. to Hawaii and the tidelands bill because McCarthy Robertson Watkins Humphrey McClellan Smith,N.C. the tidelands bill had to do with oil and McClellan Russell Wiley Hunt McFarland Sparkman McFarland Ss.ltonstall Williams I ves McMahon SLennis because oil is essential to our national McMahon Schoeppel Young Jenner Millikin Thye defense, at this moment the Senator from Millikin Smathers Johnson, Colo. Monroney Tobey Texas thought it was beneficial to all the Monroney Smith, Maine Johnson, Tex. Moody Underwood Johnston, 8. C. Mundt Watkins people .)f the United States to consider Mr. JOHNSON of '!'exas. I announce Kem Murray Wiley the tidela~1ds issue rather than to be that the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. Kilgore Nixon Williams debating the question of whether the BENTON], the Senator from Georgia [Mr. Knowland O'Ccnor Young Senate should take up the Hawaii state­ Langer O'Mahoney GEORGE], the Senator from Rhode Island Lehman Pastore hood bill? [Mr. GREEN], the Senators from Ten­ Mr. KNOWLAND. I will say to the nessee [Mr. KEFAUVER and Mr. MC­ The VICE PRESIDENT. A quorum is Senator from Florida that I have no in­ KELLAR], the Senator from Oklahoma present. . The question is on agreeing to · tention of trying to interpret what the [Mr. KERR], anci the Senator from West the motion of the senior Senator from Senator from Texa,j [Mr. CONNALLY] had Virginia [Mr. NEELY] are absent on of­ California [Mr. KNOWLAND] to lay on the in mind. Let tt..e RECORD speak for it­ ficial business. table the motion of the junior Senator from Arizona [Mr. McFARLAND] that the self. Those of us who sat on the floor The S~nator from New Mexico [Mr. of the Senate heard what he said and CHAVEZ] is absent by leave of the Senate. Senate proceed to the consideration of we know what impression was made Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce Senate Joint Resolution 20. The ques­ upon us. that the Senator from Vermont [Mr. tion is not Jebatable. The yeas and Some question had been raised as to AIKEN], the Senator from Maine [Mr. m~.ys have been ordered, and the clerk whether he had said what it was pur­ BREWSTER], the Senator from New will call the roll. ported he had said. So that there would Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES], the Genators The legislative clerk proceeded to call be no quest~o~ . about it I have on my from Nebraska [Mr. BUTLER and Mr. the roll. own respons1b11Ity read the transcript of SEATON], the Senator from Iowa [Mr. Mr. KILGORE n at issue, and which have nothing he is against the amendment, and, if not, sidered to be germane. It is germane. at all to do with oil. I wish to make by the distinguished minority leader or But it would not be subject to any limi­ that clear, so that the Senate can pass any Senafor whom he may designate. tation. intelligently upon this question. · Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, Several Senators addressed the Chair. Several Senators addressed the Chair. will the Senator from Arizona yield? The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. Senator from Arizona yield; and if so, to Senator from Arizona yield; and, if so, Mr. O'MAHONEY. I desire to ask the whom? to whom? Senator from Arizona if it is his inten­ Mr. McFARLAND. I yield first to the Mr. McFARLAND. I yield to the Sen­ tion to include in the unanimous-con­ Senator from Florida. ator from Louisiana. sent agreement an amendment which Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I cer­ Mr. LONG. Mr. President, to make might be offered to strike out all after tainly hope the distinguished majority sure that the RECORD does not completely the enacting clause and substitute what leader will not insist upon his suggestion mislead the public with respect to this is known as the quitclaim bill, a bill at t his time. So far as I am concerned, proposed legislation, as the press seems which passed the House of Representa­ I shall have no objection to a reasonable to have done, I should like to correct tives, surrendering all Federal title to the limitation upon debate when the various the erroneous statement made here that Continental Shelf, because if it is his points of view, of which there are sev­ the bill which will be offered by some intention to have that included in .the eral in respect to this matter, have been Senators as a substitute for the pending unanimous-consent agreement, -I know discussed at sutlicient length to have the bill, would give away all title to the from what has been told me by Members RECORD disclose what is really behind the Continental Shelf. on this side of the aisle consent would proposed legislation. I believe we should understand that not be given. If the Senator will draw At the same time, since the Senator the House bill provides that lands within h is unanimous-consent request in such from Wyoming has mentioned one of the original boundaries of certain States fashion as to exclude that amendment the so-called quitclaim bills, but not the should belong to those States. I have from the limitation on debate, I think other, I think the RECORD should atlirm­ made some study of this matter, and there would be much greater chance of atively show at this time that there i~ h ave found that that would amount to obtaining consent. another quitclaim bill, which does not 4 percent of the submerged land which Mr. McFARLAND. With that sug­ extend to the Continental Shelf, but only would be subject to the paramount power gestion, Mr. President, I do exclude it. to the constitutional limits of the severa1. of the Federal Government. Mr. SALTONSTALL and Mr. KNOW­ maritime States. The latter bill has It was further suggested in the pro­ LAND addressed the Chair. been introduced by 35 Senators and is posed legislation that as to lands in the 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1729 sea beyond that point, the States should Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, will lay at the door of anyone. However, the have a .37% percent interest in mineral the ·senator from Arizona yield in order fact remains that there has been delay. royalties, just as inland States have re­ that I ·may finish my statement? I was merely trying to make an appeal ceived a 37 % percent royalty interest Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. to the Senate to go ahead and dispose in the Federal lands within the jurisdic­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. I wish to make of the legislation which is now pending tion of those States. clear to the Senator from Florida, and before the Senate, so that we can pro­ It seems to me that we should stop to all others who may w'.lSh to offer ceed with something else. misleading the public abmit this ques­ amendments to this bill which would Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, will tion. So far as I can determine with change its nature, that Ifeel there should the Senator yield? respect to the matter in my State, the be a complete opportunity for them to Mr. McFARLAND. I now yield to the Federal GQvernment would continue to explain the merits of such proposals, and Senator from Arkansas, who bas been receive the lion's share of revenue from there should be a complete opportunity on his feet for some time. oil and gas production in the Gulf of for the opponents to explain their op­ Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, I Mexico, even if the House bi11 were position. As to all other matters we can wish to ask the majority leader if, in passed. So I think it is time we stopped probably get a limitation of debate. contemplating the making of a unani­ misleading the public into thinking that Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the mous-consent agreement, he has ta.ken all the revenue derived from submerged Senator from Arizona yield? into account the fact that we have a re­ lands would be turned over to the Fed­ Mr. McFARLAND. I yield to the Sen­ organization plan before us, with re­ eral Government. ator from New York, who has been on spect to which there is a deadline, and As a matter of fact, two-thirds of his feet for some time. upon which the Senate must act before the submerged land belongi:lg to the Mr. LEHl\fAN. I wish to a...~ciate midnight on the 14tt:. of this month. I United States is located around Aiaska. myself with the remarks made by the am not sure, but I ~hould like to address Nobody thought of mentioning that distinguished Senator from Wyoming. I a parliamentary inquiry t.o the Chair. when the matter of submerged l:mds was think ample time should be allowed to The VICE PRESIDENT. The Sena­ first discussed. As a matter of fact, after discuss the all-important quitclaim tor will state it. the discovery of oil and gas in the sub­ amendment in whatever form it may Mr. McCLELLAN. In the event a merged lands along the shores of Cali­ take. Certain.Jy there should be no dis­ unanimous com:ent agreement were en­ fornia, some Federal advocates were so position to shut ofi reasonable debate. tered into with respect to the pending anxious to get that oil that they refused I wish to say one more word. In view measure, to vote at a certain time, or to of the allegations made by tbe distin­ to think of the other factors involved. begin voting on amendments at a cer~ So, Mr. President, I think we should guished majority leader to the e1Iect that ta.in time, with a limited time for dis­ not lose sight of the fact that the Fed­ a great deal of time has been wasted eussion. would a privileged matter such eral Government would retain control upon the Alaska and Hawaii statehood as a reorganization plan, or a resolution bilis, I wish to have the RECORD made over more than 90 percent of submerged disapproving a reorganization plan, be lands, even if the so-called quitclaim clear. privileged to the extent that it might set bills were passed. The dele.y has not been the result of any efforts or any steps taken by the aside the unanimous consent agreement? Mr. McFARLAND. I yield to the Sen­ proponents of tbe measure. Them has The VICE PRESIDENT. The law and ator from Wyoming. been no disposition whatsoever to de­ the rules provide that a reorganization Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, I lay action. The Alaskan and Hawaiian plan is a privileged matter. It may be merely desire to say to the Senator from bills are the result '>f definite pledges taken up at any time, without displac­ Florida [Mr. HOLLAND] that when I spoke contained in the platforms of both the ing the unfinished business, and when of the quitclaim bill, I had in mind the Demccratic and Republican Parties, the consideration of the reorganization bill which he and 34 other Senators spon­ pledges by which I consider myself plan is concluded the unfinished business sored, as well as the bill which passed bound, and by which I believe a great automatically comes back before the the House of Representatives. Per­ many of my associates in the Senate Senate. haps my language was inadequate to con­ consider the1ru:elves bound. Mr. MCCLELLAN. I thought that was vey that idea. I was merely advising The Al&Ska.n statehood bill came up correct; but in view of the fact that the the Senator from Arizona that, in my for consideration, but WP were estopped time is limited and we are trying to proc~ opinion, it would be possible to secure from voting on it. We were estopped ess that plan and get it to the floor of unanimous consent ·to limit debate rea­ from registering our viewpoint and our the Senate. I thought that Iact should be sonably upon S. J. Res. 20, with amend­ des're to .grant statehood to Alaska, in taken into account before any unani­ ments relating thereto, but not upon accordance with pledges made, and in mous consent agreement is entered into. amendments which wou'd in effect sub­ ac~ordance with the Views of a very sub­ Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the stitute another measure for it. I believe stantial portion of the membership of Senator from Arizona yield? we will make better speed in that way. the Senate. :V~. McFARLAND. I yield. Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, wi:ll I do not believe that the delay has been Mr. HILL. I will cooperate with the the Senator yield? the fault of the proponents of the bills. majority leader in any way I can. How­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair So far as I am concerned, I shall use ever, there is an amendment to the joint would like to suggest to the Senate that every e:ff ort within my power to bring resolution which is sponsored by 19 Sen­ the Senator from Arizona has made a up those bills again just as promptly as ators. It is the so-called oil-for-educa­ request for unanimous consent. possible, in order to redeem what I eon­ tion amendment. We shall certainly Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, re­ sider to be pledges by the two parties. want the time properly to present that Eerving the right to object--- pledges in which I participated, and on amendment. I do not believe that it Mr. McFARLAND. Senators have a which I ran for election to the Senate will require any great amount of time. right to object. I think this colloquy is on at least three occasions. I wish to Certainly we have no disposition unduly wholesome and may expedite the proce­ h& ve the RECORD show my feelings, to delay consideration of this proposed dure. which I believe are shared by a sub­ legislation, but we shall wish time ade­ stantial number -0f my colleagues in the quately and properly to present that Several Sena tors addressed the Chair. amendment. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair Senate. I do not believe that it is fair to say that the fault for any delay, if Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will would like to suggest that Senators can there was delay, is attributable to the ef­ the Senator from Arizona yield? proceed only ii the Senator from Ari­ fort of the proponents of the bills. Mr. McFARLAND. I yield to the Sen­ zona yields. Quite the opposite. We have tried ill ator from California. Mr. McFARLAND. I ask unanimous every way to expedite action on those Mr. KNOWLAND. I should like to ex­ consent to yield to Senators who wish to two bills. press to the Senator from Arizona the speak on the subject before the Senate. Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, so hope that if and when the unanimous The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ far as any delay is concerned, I was not consent agreement is propounded, it will j€ction, it is so ordered. trying to place responsibility for the de- include some kL"ld of limitation on all 1730 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 3 amendments. Otherwise we shall have Mr. KEM. Mr. President, will the eration, we are not extended such coop­ no limitation on the joint resolution or Senator yield? eration. any of the amendments. I think it Mr. McFARLAND. I yield to the Sen­ Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I would be futile to have a unanimous con­ a tor from Missouri. should like to say to my good friend the sent agreement with respect to the so­ Mr. KEM. Mr. President, I have been Senator from Missouri that I am not a called quitclaim amendment, and then very much interested in what the Sen­ member of the Foreign Relations Com­ leave the situation wide open for filibus­ ator from Arizona has had to say about mittee. I regret that I am unable to ter or other purposes in connection with "reasonableness" in the conduct of the help him in that regard, because I am other amendments. I think there business of the Senate. I agree largely not a member of the committee. I have should be adequate time for debate on with what he has had to say. I think it wanted to be a member of the commit­ all amendments. Whatever time is is in the public interest that we proceed tee on a few occasions, but I have always agreed upon, I do not believe that one with due regard to the rights and in­ yielded to other Senators. If I had been question should be left completely open terests of others. a member of the comm:ttee of course I while limitations are enforced with re­ Mr. McFARLAND. I thank the Sen­ might be quite willing to be helpful. spect to everything else. ator from Missouri. Mr. KEM. I notice that the Senator SENATE JOINT RE£0LUTION 20 VALIDATES LEASES Mr. KEM. I ask the Senator from from Texas, the chairman of the Com­ DUT GOVERNMENT RETAINS LANDS Arizona if he does not feel that the same mittee on Foreign Relations, is on the Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, will the rules and principles should be applied floor. I wonder if he would elucidate his Senator yield? to the conduct of the business of the Sen­ view as to whether cooperation is a one­ Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. ate that is pending in the committees of way str.eet or a two-way street. Mr. MALONE. I should like to say the Senate? Mr. CONNALLY. That is a generality to the distinguished Senator from Ari­ Mr. McFARLAND. I think so. How­ which the Senator from Texas does not zona, the majority leader, that it seems ever, I do not control the committees. care to deny or affirm. It depends on to me to be a very inappropriate time to Mr. KEM. I invite the attention of what one is trying to be cooperative ask for a limitation of debate on some.:. the Senator to a certain case which I about. If one is trying to cooperate in thing with respect to which I am sure have in mind. I am very glad that the the consideration of a bill, that is one the Senate as a whole is entirely igno­ Senator from Texas [Mr. CONNALLY], thing; if he wants to cooperate in the rant, that is to say, ignorant of what the chairman of the Senate Committee on passing of a bill, that is another thing. Committee on Interior and Insular Af­ Foreign Relations, is present today. I shall be glad to hear the Senator from fairs has reported to the Senate. On December 6, 1950, at the time Prime l\!issouri at some time in the committee I note that there are many Senators Minister Attlee was in Washington for a if he wants to come before it. who would deed these lands outright to conference with the President of the Mr. KEM. I am very glad to have the the States and many who would retain United States, a resolution was submit­ Senator's assurance. I thank him for the lands in Government ownership. ted to obtain a full report on the results his courtesy, which is not unusual. I This particular mea::mre, Senate Joint of the conferences, with r~spect to any should like to be heard at the earliest Resolution 20, is neither fish nor fowl. agreements which were made at that possibility. It woulC: retain the o•vnership of the time by the President and the Prime Mr. CONNALLY. That will be a long lands in the Government, and validates Minister of Great Britain. That resolu­ time, I am afraid. the leases already made by the separate tion was referred to the Senate Commit­ Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, will States to the companies, so that the oil tee on Foreign Relations, and was the Senator yield? would be gone, but the United States promptly pigeonholed. It has net been Mr. McFARLAND. I yield to the Sen­ would retain the land. heard from since. ator from Florida. I have never l:eard anyone argue for On January 14, 1952, the Senator from Mr. KEM. Mr. President, will the Sen­ such a theory, except the committee Nebraska [Mr. BUTLER] submitted a ator from Arizona yield further? which propo.sed it as an interim bill. similar resolution, for the same purpose, l'.1r. HOLLAND. I shall be glad to Even most of the committeemen denied at the time of the visit of Mr. Churchill defer to the Senator from Missouri. that they would vote for it on the floor to Washington, and dming his confer­ Mr. McFARLAND. I yield first to the of the Senate. ences with the President of the United Senator from Missouri. It seems to me that it might be advan­ States. That resolution was also re­ Mr. KEM. Mr. President, that state.. tageous to hear a little debate on the ferred to the Senate Committee on F01:­ ment of the Senator from Texas is an Senate joint resolution which validates eign Rela.tions, and was not heard from example of what I had in mind. When all of the leases made by the State to the again. I make inquiry as to whether coopera­ com:i:;anies, but allows the Government On JanuaTy 14, .1952, I submitted to tion is a one-way street or a two-way to retain ownership of the lands. the Senate a resolution calling for an street, the S;mator from Texas assures Two members of the committee voted investigation of certain phases cf the me that I will be given an opportunity agains reporting this masterpiece of policy of the State Department. That to be heard, but at the same time he adds contradiction to the Senate floor. The resolution was referred to the Senate that it will be a long time before I am junior Senator from Nevada was one of Committee on Foreign Relations. It has heard. those. not since been heard from. I have asked Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I Why we should ask for a limitation of for an opportunity to appear before that thank the Senator from Arizona. First debate on the first day, befo-e there has committee to present my views in con­ I wish to commend as strongly as I can been any debate and b8fore the Senate nection with those resolutions. That the Senator from Arizona for insisting understands what is before it is entirely opportunity has not been accorded me. upon his motion. I believe that the re­ beyond me. So, Mr. President, I s~1ould like to say to sponsibility of leadership which rests Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, in the Senator from Ar:.zona, as I have said upon his shoulders fully justified his view of what has been said, I shall not to him on other occasions, that many of insisting upon it. I am glad that the at this time press the request for a us on this side of the aisle feel that the motion has prevailed. unanimous-consent agreem~mt limiting Senat~r from Arizona and some of his I think that a matter so momentous debate. It is evident that it would be c::>lleaeues on the other side of the aisle as the tidelands question, which many objected to. However, I wanted the want to operate while we cooperate; in of us have been trying. to get up for con­ Senate to begin thinking about the sub­ othe;.· words, he asks us on many occa­ sideration for 5 % years, at least ever ject, be~ause I wish to expedite consid­ sions to extend to him cooperation in since I have been a Member of this body, eration of -it. furthering the business of the Senate. justifies consideration by the Senate at Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, will the but when we have some ideas which we this time. Senator yield? think are for the good of the Nation or \Vith reference to the proposed unani­ Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. in the public interest, on which we would mous-consent request, I may say to the Mr. MALONE. The Senator need like to have some measure of coopera­ distinguished majority leader that I hs.ve no fear that Senators have not been tion on his side of the aisle, such as an hope he will not renew his request for thinking about the subject. opportunity to present ideas for consid- a unanimous-consent agreement until 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1731 after £.ach of the four or five major points mind the question of when he intends State where in any case such boundary as of view have had a chance to be ex­ to bring up the Japanese peace treaty. it existed at the time such State became a member of the Union, or as heretofore or plained with reasonable clarity on the Mr. McFARLAND. The Senator from hereafter approved by Congress, extends sea­ floor of the Senate. New Jersey [Mr. SMITHJ left his sickbed ward (or into the Great Lakes or Gulf of Of course, there is pending Senate to come to the floor today. He is very Mexico) beyond three geographical miles, Joint Resolution 20 of which the Senator much interested in the Japanese Peace and (2) all filled-in, made, or reclaimed lands from Wyom·ng, the chairman of the Treaty. After I made the announce­ which formerly were lands beneath navigable Committee on Interior and Insular Af­ ment, I understood that he felt he was waters, as herein defined; the term 'bound­ fairs, will be an able exponent. Un­ not prepared to proceed today, and as a aries' includes the seaward boundaries of a State or its boundaries in the Gulf of Mex­ douhtedly there will also be other Sena­ courtesy to him we should wait for a day · ico or any of the Great Lakes as they existed tors who will wish to support the joint or two until he can be here. at the time such State became a member resclut·on. Mr. SALTONSTALL. Will the Senator of the Union, or as heretofore or hereafter There is the so-called Walters bill, from Arizona give us any assurance that approved by the Congress, or as extended which comes from the House of Repre­ he will not call up the Japanese Peace or confirmed pursuant to section 4 hereof; sentat·ves, and it has the impetus of Treaty before Thursday, or perhaps Fri­ " ( b) The term 'coast line' means the line passage tnere by a very heavy vote. day, of this week, so that the Senator of ordinary low water along that portion of the coast which is in direct contact w·th the I understand that both Senators from from New Jersey [Mr. SMITHJ may be­ open sea and the line marking the seaward Texas and both Senators from Louisiana gin his discussion on. Monday of next limit of inland waters, which include all have a material interest in pressing that week. estuaries, ports, harbors, bays, channels, particular bill. I believe they are en­ Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, we straits, historic bays, and sounds, and all titled to be heard on it. cannot agree that the treaty go over un­ other bodies of water which join the With reference to the measure which til Monday. We do not know what will open sea; I mentioned a while ago, the quitclaim " ( c) The terms 'grantees' and 'lessees' in­ happen before Monday. clude (without limiting the generality there­ bill, which goes out to the constitutional Mr. McFARLAND. I shall try to con­ of) all political subdivisions, municipalities, limits of the States, and which 35 Sen­ sult with the Sena.tor from New J ersey public and private corporations, and other ators have sponsored, among ·whom I and work out something satisfactory- to persons holding grants or leases from a State, am one, I feel that those Senators are everyone. or its predecessor sovereign, to lands beneath entit_ed to be heard also. navigable waters if such grants or leases were There is also the measure which was issued in accordance with the constitution, referred to by the distinguished Sena­ MINERAL LEASES ON CERTAIN SUB­ statutes, and decisions of the courts of the State in which such lands are situated, or of tor from Alabama [Mr. HILL], in which MERGED LANDS-AMENDMENTS its predecessor sovereign: Provided, however, he and other Senators propose to give Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, on That nothing herein shall be construed as away a very vital heritage of marit"me behalf of myself and my colle2.gue the conferring upon said grantees or lessees any Sta-:es for a mess of educat·onal pot­ junior Sena._tor from Texas [Mr. JoHN­ greater rights or interests other than are de­ tage. I be ieve that they too are en­ soNJ, I submit amenciments in the na­ scribed herein and in their respective grants titled to be heard to the length that it ture of a substitute intended to be pro­ from the State, or its predecessor sovereign; is necessary in order to fully under­ posed by us jointly to the joint resolu­ " ( d) · The term 'natural resources' shall in­ be clude, without limiting the generality there­ stood. tion

VI. FACTS APPLIED TO THE LAW minerals, etc., both within the said tract gen-Tidelands at mouth of Columbia Admittedly, no:::ie of the cases anteceding of land upon the main, and also. within said River); Mobile Transp. Co. v. Mobile (187 U. United States of America ·v. State of Cali ­ islands and seas adjoining, etc. S. 479, 482) (Alabama-Mobile River); United fornia (332 u. S. 19 ( 1D47)) dealt with lands 3. The Plymouth Colonial Charter, Novem­ States v. Mission Rock Co. (189 U. S. 391, 404 within the open waters of the sea, but em­ ber 16, 1620, granting all territories through­ (California-submerged lands and tidelands braced in the boundaries of a State. Yet, the out the mainland with all the seas, rivers, in San Francisco Bay) . rule of the common law, having taken roots islands, ports, both within the same tract Greenleaf Lbr. Co. v. Garrison (237 U. S. here in this country, was inseparable and of land upon the m ain; also within the said 251, 269) (Virginia-Elizabeth River); The indivisible. No inland-water rule existed to islands and seas adjoining. Abby Dodge (223 U. S. 166) (Florida-Sponge follow, any more than a coastal-water prin­ 4. Charter of Massachusetts Bay, 1691, de­ beds in Gulf of Mexico); Port of Seattle v. fining the boundary "throughout all the Oregon and Washington R . R. Co. (255 U. S. ciple. main land from sea to sea, together also The ~uur eme Court of the United States 56, 63) (Washington-Port of Seattle); Borax referred"" to the "sett!ed law of this Court" with all soils, royalties upon the main and Consolidated v. City of Los Angeles (296 U.S. in numerous decisions. An d it stated a also within the isla nds and seas adjoining." 10, 15, 16) (California-tidelands, San Pedro sin"'le principle of the common law of Eng­ 5. Grant to the Council of Plymouth, con­ Bay); United States v. O'Donnell (303 U. S. land, "firmly established in this country" firmed April 1639, granting "all and singular 501, 519) (California-Sa n Francisco Bay). prerogatives, royalties, as well by the sea as (Massachusetts v. New York (U. S. 65, 89 by lan d within the said province and coast 2. Navigable rivers (1926)) . . st: Clair v. Lovingston (90 U. S. 49) (Illi­ The Court in all cases h ad no alternative of same and within the seas belonging or adjacent to them." nois-Mississippi River); Barney v. Keokuk exceut to state the one broad rule. To have 6. New Hampshire Grant, confirmed April (94 U. S. 324) (Iowa-Mississippi River); repeated that rule in some 52 decisions, mere Shivley v. Bowlby (151 U.S. 1) (Oregon-Co­ dicta was not pronounced. To say that this 22, 1635, exception conveying "the seas and islands lying within any 100 miles of any lumbia River) ; St. Anthony v. Boar d (168 rule is irrelevant to the inarginal sea is the part of said coast of country aforesaid, to­ U. S. 349 ) (Minnesota-Mississippi River); same as to urge that the constitutional rig~t gether with all the firm lands, soils, waters. Scott v. L atlig (227 U. s. 229) (Idaho-Snake of the Fe'eeral Government to cont~ol na_v1- fish, royalt ies, both within the said tracts River); Donnelly v. United States (228 U. S. gation applies only to certain ~ases m which of lands upon the main and also with the 243) (California-Klamath River); Okla­ specif.c navigable waters are ~nvolved. islands and seas adjoining." homa v. T exas (258 U. S. 574) (Oklahoma­ The enunciation of the rule m such a vast Red River); United States v. Utah (283 U. S. number of i;ases was at least, judicial d ic­ 7. Charter grant to Lord Baltimore for Province of Maryland, June 30, 1632, con­ 54) (Utah-Colorado River). tum. veying "all that part of the peninsula In Taylor v. Taylor (40 S. W. 2d. 393, 395): 3. Great Lakes lying between the ocean on the east and Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Illinois (146 1C::2 Tenn. 482, the court said : . . . the Bay of Chesapeake on the west, from "Statement in opinion on pomt even inci­ Watkins· Point to the main ocean on the U. S. 387) (Illinois-shores and beds of Lake dentally involved, where appare:itly made east, the islands which have been or shall Michigan); Massachusetts v. New York (271 with consideration and purpose is at least U. S. 65) (New York-submerged lands, Lake be formed within the sea within 10 marine 'jujicial dictum' and is entitled to weight." leagues from the shore; with all ports, har­ Ontario). And in Perfection Tire and Rubber Co. v. bors, bays, and straits belonging to the re­ 4. Inland lakes K ellogg-Mccay Equipment Co. (187 N. W: 32, gion or i:::lands aforesaid (within 10 marine Hardin v. Jordan (140 U.S. 371) (Illinois­ 35· 194 Iowa 573) and in Ch ase v. American leagues from shore) ; and all soil, with the tnland lake); McGilvra v. Ross (215 U. S. 70) cdrtage Company (186 N. W. 598, 176 Wisc. 1i3hings in the sea, with all prerogatives. (Washington-nontidal lakes); United Stat es 235) it was held that- .. royalties, as well by sea as by land within v. Holt State Bank (~70 U. S. 49) (Minne­ "The binding force of a dec1s10n is coexten­ the limits aforesaid." sota-inland lakes); United States v. Oregon sive with the facts on which it is founded, 8. Georgia Charter, June 9, 1732, conveying (295 U. S. 1) (Oregon-inland lakes and and if correlated subject matter is under "all the precints of land within the said channels). dlscuss:on and decided, such decision is. D:ot boundaries, with the islands on the sea lying 5. Bays and sounds mere obiter dictum and is at least judicial opposite to the eastern coast of mid lands, dictum." within 20 leagues of the same, together with Louisiana v. Mississippi (202 U. S. 1) The great weight of judicial dictum is a all the soils, gulfs and bays, mines, waters. (Channel, Breton Sound, leading to Chan­ factor that leads to the formulation of a fishings, royalties, in any sod belonging or delier islands); Manchester v. Massachusetts principle of law; after the judicial dictum is appertaining." (139 U. S. 240) (Massachusetts-Buzzard's reported over and over again in :iui;rierou s The Treaty of Independence with the Brit­ Bay). decisions, it becomes a settled prmc1ple of ish Crown, April 11, 1783, referred to in Har­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, law. T he repetition formulates the prin­ court v. Gaillard as "the most solemn of ciple. all international acts," acknowledged the will the Senator from Arizona permit me It was held in United States v. Guaranty United States, naming the Thirteen Original to ask him a question? T rust Company (33 F. 2d 533, 537 (1929), States by names, to be free, sovereign, and Mr. McFARLAND. Certainly. affd., 2ao u. s. 478 (1930)) that- independent States; that he treated with Mr. SALTONSTALL. So that there "Reannouncement of a doctrine repeatedly them as such, and relinquished unto them over a period of more than a _hundred years may be certainty and so that there may all claims to the government, proprietary. be no misunderstanding, will the Senator serves to establish it, not only as to the con­ and territorial rights of the same, and every sistent views of the Court but as a rule of part thereof. And in article 2, agreed upon say for the RECORD what he stated to me p roperty upon which practical transactions and declared t!le boundaries of the said a moment ago, that no effort will be made bave been and are being based." United States, or tbe origina l Coastal States. to obtain a unanimous-consent agree­ In the c~se of Screws v. United States (325 on the east by a line to be drawn along the ment on the tidelands bill tomorrow? A u. s. 91 (1945)) the Court referred to "the rivers that fall into the ocean, "comprehend­ number of Senators have asked me that governing rule of law in thi~ import~nt ing all islands within 20 leagues of any part question. field" as transcending the particular pomt of the shores of the United States." involved in the controversy: Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, the "Dicta, while not binding in themsel_ves, ll. UNITED STATt:S SUPRE:!.'4E COURT CASES RECOG­ exoressions made on the Senate fioor may become finally a part of the recognized NIZING STATE OWNERSHIP OF LANDS BENEATH clearly showed that Senators . want to law of the land" (Corpus Juris, vol. 15, p. ALL NAVIGABLE WATERS WITHIN THE STATE'S have a little time to determine how much 953). BORDERS debate they think should be given to In United States v. Mission Rock Compan y 1. Salt water and t i delands the pending legislation, and, in order to (189 u. s. 391 (1903)), involving tidelands Pollard's Lessee v. Hagan (3 How. (44 U.S.) ownership, the Court said: give them time, I shall wait at least 1 212, 229, 230) (Alabama-Mobile Bay); Good­ day, perhaps 2 days, before I renew my "The decisions cover a period of many title v. K i bbe (9 How. (50 U. S.) 471, 478) years and have become a rule of property (Alabama-shore of a navigable river); Smith request. and the foundation of many titles." v. Maryland (18 How. (59 U. S.) 71, 74) Mr. SALTONSTALL. I thank the (Maryland-soil beneath low water mark in Senator. APPENDIXES Chesapeake Bay); Numford v. Wardwel~ (6 Wall. (73 U. s. 423, 435, 436) (Califorma­ I. COLONIAL CHARITIES AND TREATIES navigable waters and soils under same): SHORTAGE OF FARM LABOR-APPEAL TO British Crown charters Weber v. Board of Harbor Commrs. (18 Wail. DIRECTOR OF SELECTIVE SERVICE 1. First North Carolina Charter, March 25. (85 U. S.) 57, 65, 66) (California-sho:;:e and 15"l4 : "Conveying all the soils of such lands, arms of the sea); Mccready v. V irginia (94 Mr. SCHOEPPEL. Mr. President, will with th3 rights, royalties, franchises, and U. S. 391, 394, 395) (Virginia-oyster beds in the Senator yield? jurisdictions as well marine as other, within tidewaters); San Francisco v. Le Roy (138 Mr. McFARLAND. I yield to the dis­ the said lands, or countries, or the seas there­ U. S. 656) (670-672) (California tidelands in tingufohed Senator from Kansas. unto adjoining." San Francisco Bay). 2. The Virginia Charter, March 9, 1611, an­ Knight v. U. S. Land Assn. (142 U. S. 161) Mr. SCHOEPPEL. I desire to say to nexing all islands within 300 leagues of the (183, 201) (California-San Francisco Bay); the distinguished majority leader that I coast, conveying the soils, lands, grounds, Shively v. Bowlby (152 U.S. 1). (57, 58) (Ore- appreciate this opportunity. 1740 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 3 Mr. President, a few da.ys ago the Sen­ service quotas, working harmoniously, as dispatch to the general inviting his com­ ator from Kansas received a telegram he does, with the military authorities, ment and today have received the fol­ from Merrill J. Langfitt, farm service may see his way clear to permit a greater lowing response: director. of radio station KMA, Shenan­ fiexibillty in regard. to the deferment of Congressman STERLING CoLE: doah, Iowa. In the telegram he said: farm laborers. I thought this question of Congressman LEROY JOHNSON: I h ave sent the following telegram to sufiicient importance to bring it to the In response to your request for my views Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, Director of Selective attention of the Senate. on universal military training, there are of Service: I thank the majority leader for his record many statements I have made in the "We have watched the farm labor situation past that ex::iphasize the importance both courtesy in yielding to me so that I could to the country and to the youth of a thorough become increasingly critical in recent make this statement. months. Midwestern boys skilled in opera­ early training in modern military practices, tion farm equipment and caring for livestock organization, and techniques. While I bas­ ically believ~ that this kind of service is an are being drafted by the hundreds. There RECESS is no labor supply to replace them. Many obligation that every citizen owes the Nation, farmers are being left alone with '24-0 to 4'00 Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I I also believe that in reverse the provision of acres of cropia:nd and large Iivestock pro­ move th-at the Senate stand in recess training opportunity is an obligation that grams. It is physically impossible f-or th.em until 12 o'-clock noon tomorrow. the Nation owes to the individual. Every one to continue their operations. We frequently The motion was agreed to; and ur wars bas, at its beginning, given us assist in pla<:i..ng farm labor at our radio sta­ reason to regret tbe consequences of commit­ o'clock and 48 minutes p. m.> the Senate ting to emergency action units and individ­ tion, but th~re is none to place now. This took a recess until tomorrow, Tuesda-y, uals that have been denied opportunity for situation is becoming absolutely critical in Maireh 4, 1952, at 12 o'clock mertdian. this area. It appears to be more !Serious than achieving complete competence. during World War II. We have no ax to Because of these convictions I regard the grind. Just trying to give you fair appraisal question as one of utmGSt gravi~ for all of situation." of our citirens; it is the problem of fitting together a scbeme which will meet the vital I would appreciate your comments. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES requirements of nation and individual alike Mr. President, I want to say to the MONDAY, MARCH 3, 1952 and doing it in such a w2y as to occasion Senate that the gentleman from Iowa the least possible damage to the Nation's pro­ The House met at 12 o'clock noon. ductivity and general progress and the leas~ is probably putting his finger on a very impediment to the young man's personal troublesome situation which is develop­ The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, career. So long as any major threat to peace ing throughout all the agricultural areas. D. D., ofiered the following prayer: remains in the world I earnestly support this Radio station KMA has been pretty O Eternal God, our shelter and principle. - close to the ~gricultural interests <>f the strength, Thou art ever near to protect DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER. State of Iowa; and Iowa, as we all know, us in times of pei·il and always ready to is one of the great agricultural Stetes. guide when the way seems shadowY and PAUL HOFFMAN ENDORSES UMT The complaint made by Mr. Langfitt is irrevocably dark. r..ot confined to that State. · The same Grant that during this week we may Mr. JOHNSON: Mr. Speaker, I ask situation exists with respec"- to the State bring our wills more comp1etely into har­ unanimous consent to extend my re­ of Kansas. I have received a number of mony with Thy divine .spirit in order mar.lG> at this point in the REcor.n. letters from other States, and a large that our frail and finite lives may have The SPEAKER. Is there objection to volume of mail from my own State on unity and 1mcpose, confidence, and the request of the gentleman from this subject. courage. california? I recognize that under the Selective May we daily give ourrelves wholly and There was no objection. Service System there is, through the local unreservedly to Thy leading. Cleam:e Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Speaker, I do and State draft boards, an opportunity us of all unrighteousness and make us not know of a man in the United states to present the necessity for deferment worthy of our blessings. who is more respected than Paul Hoff­ here and there, under certain conditions. H-ear us in Christ's name. Amen. man, who now happens to reside in Cali­ At the same time I f-eel that somewhere fornia. No man has a better grasp and down the line it is going to be up to the The Journal of the proceedings of understanding of the tension which the Director of the Selective Service Sys­ F'ir:id.ay, February 2J, 1952, was read and free wor1d, a;nd the United States in par­ tem who, of course, is Gen. Lewis B. approved. ticular, is subjected to by the Soviets. Her.Shey, to come to some kind of under­ He knows the imperative need for alert­ in standing, even if on1y in a temporary SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED ness safeguarding our security situa­ way, in order that this mattel· may re­ tion today and in the years to come. He ceive serious consideration. Mr. SUTTON asked and. was given learned it the hard way in his job as We are moving into the -spring season pennission to address the House for 30 ECA Director. He performed a master­ in au sections of our country, and the sit­ minutes tcday, following the legislative ful job in the rehabilitation of the dev­ uation in many instances iB becoming business of the day and any other special astated countries of Europe. orders heretofore entel'ed. quite acute. I have letters ~n my file, as It is most gratifying to us who believe I presume other Senators have letters in univer.sal military training as a means from the agricultural sectins of the VIEWS OF GENERAL EISENHOWER ON of making ourselves secure in the future States they represent, wherein we are UNIVERSAL MILITARY TRAINING that Mr. Hoffman has endorsed our being told of the sale of farms belonging e1forts. Mr. COLE of N.ew York. Mr. Speaker, This is his statement: to farmer.s, some of whom perhaps have I ask unanimous consent to extend my sons in Korea. In some instances the As long as the threat of communism re­ remarks at this point in the RECORD. farms which were sold belonged to men quires us to maintain a strong Defense Es­ who had already contributed to the war The SPEAKER. Is there objection to tablishment, the soundest method for pro­ the request -of the gentleman from New efi'ort, and who, because of their age, viding manpower for the national defense were no longer able to continue farming York? is through universal military training. It provides not only the equitable sharing of operations. :If .sales under such cir­ There was no objection. Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Speaker, the responsibi1ity for military service but cumstances are multiplied a few thou­ also the means by which defense costs can sand times throughout the great agri­ on last Thursday at the end of the day's debate on UMT, my colleague the gentle­ be reduced to a point that will protect our cultural sect·ons, the result will be very economy against dangerous strain. detrimental. man from California [Mr. JOHNSON] and It is my hope that the present tension will I were discussing the apparent apathetic disappear and, of course, when it does, the I feel that the radio editor of Sta­ attitude of the Members toward the mili­ has size of our Defense Establishment should be tion KM.A. Shenandoah. Iowa, put tary-training program. Accordingly, we subjected to review by Congress. his finger on a very troublesome situa­ determined to solicit the views of the one tion. 1 am hopeful that a satisfactory man in the world who more than any program may be worked out, perhaps other has the individual and official re· THE CONSENT CALENDAR even on a temporary basis, for the next sponsi.bility of stemming the Kremlin in The SPEAKER. This is Consent entire crop year whereby Gen. Lewis B. its westward aggression, General Eisen­ Calendar day. The Clerk will call the Hershey, in charge of the selective~ hower. That ev.ening we sent a joint :first bill on the calendar.