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An Introduction to Local Indigenous People, History and Culture. KULIN Where do I live? An Introduction to Local Indigenous People, History and Culture. KULIN LANGUAGE GROUPS OF VICTORIA CONTENTS 03 About Tis Resource 04 Kulin Federation 08 Wurundjeri (Woi wurrung) 18 Bunurong (Boon wurrung) 29 Wathaurong (Watha wurrung) 37 Taungurong (Information Coming Soon) 38 Dja Dja Wurrung (Information Coming Soon) 2 ABOUT THIS RESOURCE Te ‘Where Do I Live?’ resources are designed to help For further information about Indigenous language you learn about the Indigenous custodians, culture, groups, including specific land boundaries or cultural language and history of the local area where you live, information, we recommend contacting your local highlighting that all Australians, Indigenous and Registered Aboriginal Party, visiting a local cultural centre non-Indigenous, are geographically connected by the or contacting your local council or state/territory land we live on. Understanding the cultural significance department of Aboriginal afairs. of the land you live on and the history that’s occurred We warmly invite feedback on our the ‘Where Do I there is one of the first steps you can take to end the Live?’ resources. If you’d like to contribute additional disconnect between Indigenous and non-Indigenous information, please don’t hesitate to contact our team Australians and contribute to a better shared future. [email protected] Te information presented in the ‘Where Do I Live?’ resources has been collated from publicly available online and published sources. Where available, we’ve sourced this content directly from materials published by members of the relevant Indigenous people group. We’ve provided references where possible, however, we recognise the information contained in the ‘Where Do I Live?’ resources may be contested and it doesn’t claim to be definitive. 3 KULIN FEDERATION INTRODUCTION Te Kulin federation is an alliance of five distinct but Prior to colonisation, Kulin groups traded resources, closely related Aboriginal language groups in south intermarried and shared a common kinship system and central Victoria. Today, many Kulin people living in and spiritual beliefs.¹ around Melbourne and central Victoria continue to practice and strengthen their culture. The Kulin language groups are: • WATHAURONG (Watha wurrung) of the western plains • WURUNDJERI (Woi wurrung) of the Yarra River catchment • BUNURONG (Boon wurrung) of the bays and south coast • TAUNGURUNG of the Goulburn River catchment • DJA DJA WURRUNG of the northwest region (Loddon River) “WURRUNG” Kulin languages share the word “wurrung”, meaning speech, tongue, lip or language. Each language group is referred to by its unique word for “no”, followed by wurrung. So Woi wurrung refers to the language in which woi means no, Boon wurrung is the language in which boon means no, etc. Te name ‘Kulin’ is derived from the term for human being, which is common to each of the Kulin languages. KULIN FEDERATION 4 KULIN FEDERATION LAND AND BOUNDARIES: Tis map provides a general indication of Kulin boundaries. they were boundaries intimately known to all the people However, as Boon wurrung people of the Bayside concerned, but that might vary from time to time. Lines area explain, drawn on maps that represent clan or language group boundaries as seen by European observers should be “Aboriginal ownership of country is a complex matter and regarded as approximate; they only reflect the situation at there is a tendency to want to place fixed boundaries the time of first contact between Koories* and Europeans, around the extent of traditional tribal territory. Tis probably without any surety that earlier times are also reflected. did not reflect the reality of traditional occupation. Te Language group boundaries were really social in nature boundaries of territory between the Woiwurrung and and cannot be accurately rendered on paper.”³ Boon wurrung for example, were probably very fluid with frequent contact occurring between them.”² *Koorie refers to the traditional inhabitants of modern day New South Wales and Victoria. Some Kulin people Historian, Gary Presland, expands on the complexities prefer the term Kulin rather Koorie, as it’s more accurate. surrounding Kulin land boundaries; Today, the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council makes “Te boundaries of these language group territories were decisions regarding Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs), likely indicated by landscape features… Tese boundaries who are the voice of Aboriginal people in the management were well known to members of the diferent groups and and protection of Aboriginal cultural heritage in Victoria. never lightly crossed. If you want to find out who the Traditional Owners of your locality are, the RAPs map may assist you. Visit It would be a mistake, however, to think of these http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/images/Aboriginal_Afairs/VAHC/ boundaries as fixed. In the traditional situation there statewide%20appointed%20raps-sw-24dec13.pdf may well have been some flexibility as to their location; KULIN FEDERATION 5 KULIN FEDERATION KULIN KINSHIP KULIN SPIRITUALITY Traditionally, each Kulin language group was divided Te five Kulin groups share belief in the spiritual creator into multiple clans, made up of several family groups Bunjil the eagle, who is believed to have shaped and (see below). moulded the natural landscape and provided the plants and animals. Bunjil also established the laws and bonds Kulin language groups share a common kinship system, that connect people to their Country.5 Another significant based on moieties. In moiety structured societies, the spiritual being in Kulin culture is Waa, who takes the form world (including people, knowledge and the environment) of a crow/raven.6 is split into halves. Each half is a mirror of the other, and to understand the whole universe these two halves must come together. Te Kulin moieties are Waa and Bunjil. Each Kulin clan falls into one of these categories. Individuals inherit their father’s moiety, which traditionally determined their behaviour, relationships and potential marriage partners. Individuals couldn’t marry someone of the same moiety, leading to a vast and intricate network of relationships between the Kulin groups. Marriage also imposed a mutual obligation on each clan to provide access to resources, resulting in reciprocal sharing of resources and assisted healthy land management.4 KULIN ALLIANCE WOI WURRUNG BUNURONG WATHAURUNG TAUNGURUNG DJADJAWURRUNG (WURUNDJER) (BOON WURRUNG) (WATHA WURRUNG) BURINYUNG-BULLUK MAYONE-BULLUK NGARUK-WILLAM YALLOCK-WILLAM YALUKIT-WILLAM YOWENGERRE (WAA) (BUNJIL) (BUNJIL) (BUNJIL) (BUNJIL) (BUNJIL) FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT FAMILY-BASED UNIT (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) (15-20 PEOPLE) KULIN FEDERATION 6 KULIN FEDERATION REFERENCES 1 Presland, G. 2008, “Kulin”, eMelbourne - The 4 Barwick, D. 1984, “Mapping the Past: an Atlas of Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online, School of Historical Victorian Clans 1835-1904. Part 1”, in Aboriginal and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, History, Vol. 8 (2), pg. 106 http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00214b.htm 5 Chappell, L., Haines, C., Oliver, K., Roberts D. and http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00814b.htm Wilson, S. 2010, Leaders for Geelong Indigenous 2 Bayside City Council, Bayside’s Statement of Cultural Heritage Trail, pg. 8 Commitment to Indigenous Australians http://www.committeeforgeelong.com.au/media/10458/ www.bayside.vic.gov.au/caring_for_bayside/indigenous_ 2008-2010_indigenous_cultural_heritage_trail.pdf bayside_statement.htm 6 Presland, G. 2008, “Boon Wurrung”, eMelbourne 3 Presland, G. 2010, First People: Te Eastern Kulin - Te Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online, School of of Melbourne, Port Phillip and Central Victoria, Historical and Philosophical Studies, University Museum Victoria Publishing, Melbourne, pg. 16 of Melbourne, http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00214b.htm KULIN FEDERATION 7 WURUNDJERI (WOI WURRUNG) 09 Who are Wurundjeri people? 09 Wurundjeri Today 10 Land 10 Culture 11 Kinship 12 Language 12 First Contact 13 Frontier Violence 13 Batman Treaty 14 Missions and Reserves 15 Cultural Centres 16 References KULIN LANGUAGE GROUPS OF VICTORIA WURUNDJERI (WOI WURRUNG) WHO ARE WURUNDJERI WURUNDJERI TODAY PEOPLE? Wurundjeri people are the direct descendants of the Despite the impacts of colonisation, the Wurundjeri original custodians of modern-day Melbourne. The community remains strong and vibrant today. Many Wurundjeri clan is one of four clans that make up Wurundjeri people continue to practise Wurundjeri the Woi wurrung language group. However, the term culture, perform ceremonies and pass on knowledge ‘Wurundjeri’ is often used to refer to all Woi to younger generations.8 wurrung people.7 Te Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Woi wurrung people belong to the Kulin Federation, Heritage Council (Wurundjeri Council) is at the centre which is made up of five distinct but closely related of a lot of this cultural activity. Te Wurundjeri Council language groups. Te other groups are Bunurong (Boon provides cultural heritage services, land management, wurrung) of the bays and south coast, Taungurung of cultural practices for events, education and training, the Goulburn River catchment, Wathaurung (Watha language and naming services and cultural consultancy. wurrung)
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