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2008 Sonrasi Avrupa'da Toplumsal Hareketler Ve

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2008 Sonrasi Avrupa'da Toplumsal Hareketler Ve T. C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE ULUSLAR ARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ 2008 SONRASI AVRUPA’DA TOPLUMSAL HAREKETLER VE SOL PARTİLER: YUNANİSTAN VE İSPANYA ÖRNEĞİ ONUR DEVRİM ÜÇBAŞ 2501160798 TEZ DANIŞMANI DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ERTAN EROL İSTANBUL - 2019 ÖZ 2008 SONRASI AVRUPA’DA TOPLUMSAL HAREKETLER VE SOL PARTİLER: YUNANİSTAN VE İSPANYA ÖRNEĞİ ONUR DEVRİM ÜÇBAŞ ABD’deki 2007 – 2008 ekonomik krizi ve bunu izleyen Avrupa borç krizi hem ABD’de hem de Avrupa’da önemli siyasal değişikliklere neden oldu. Farklı Avrupa ülkelerindeki kemer sıkma politikaları karşıtı hareketler, kendi hükümetlerine karşı mücadele ettiler. Var olan demokratik mekanizmaların eleştirisi ile ekonomik statükonun eleştirisi birlikte ilerledi. Bu çalışmanın amacı, toplumsal hareketler ile bazı siyasi partilerin –SYRIZA ve PODEMOS’un– arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. İlk olarak Avrupa’nın ikiz krizleri, temsil krizi ve ekonomik kriz kısaca açıklanmıştır. İkinci olarak, bu ülkelerdeki farklı toplumsal hareketler, meydan işgali hareketlerine vurgu yapılarak ele alınmıştır. Üçüncüsü, SYRIZA ve PODEMOS’un tarihsel gelişimi incelenmiştir. Son olarak SYRIZA ve PODEMOS’un siyasal programı, örgütlenme modeli ve toplumsal hareketlerle ilişkisi karşılaştırmalı bir yaklaşımla ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: SYRIZA, PODEMOS, Temsil Krizi, Ekonomik Kriz, Toplumsal Hareketler, İşgal Et iii ABSTRACT SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND LEFT-WING PARTIES IN EUROPE AFTER 2008: THE CASES OF GREECE AND SPAIN ONUR DEVRİM ÜÇBAŞ Economic crisis of 2007 – 2008 in US and subsequent European debt crisis led to important changes in both US and Europe. Anti-austerity movements in different European countries struggled against their governments. Criticism of existing democratic mechanisms and economic status quo went hand in hand. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between social movements and certain political parties; namely SYRIZA and PODEMOS in Greece and Spain respectively. First, the twin crisis of Europe; the representation crisis and the economic crisis is briefly described. Secondly, various social movements in these countries, with a special emphasis on square occupation movements, are examined. Thirdly, the historical development of SYRIZA and PODEMOS is analyzed. Finally, the relationship between these parties and social movements are studied with a comparative approach along with their political programmes and organization models. Keywords: SYRIZA, PODEMOS, Crisis of Representation, Economic Crisis, Social Movements, Occupy iv ÖNSÖZ 2012 yılı Avrupa’da kitle hareketlerinin uzun zamandır görülmemiş ölçüde ortaya çıktığı bir yıl oldu. Arap Devrimleri’yle gündeme gelen meydan işgalleri yöntemi, İspanya ve Yunanistan’da yüz binlerce kişinin hoşnutsuzluklarını ifade etmek için kullandığı bir araç oldu. Ancak İspanya ve Yunanistan’da ayırt edici olan kitle hareketlerinin büyüklüğü değil, bu hareketlerin kendilerine siyasal temsil alanında dolaylı da olsa yer açabilmeleriydi. Yunanistan’da SYRIZA Ocak 2015’te iktidara gelmiş, İspanya’da ise PODEMOS Aralık 2015’te %20,7 oy alarak üçüncü parti olmuştu. Tezimin amacı bu süreci anlayabilmek, bu iki partinin nasıl görece kısa bir sürede böylesi büyük bir kamuoyu desteği kazanmadığını kavrayabilmektir. Tezimi yazarken bana yol gösteren ve ilgisini eksik etmeyen hocalarım Yusuf Doğan Çetinkaya ve Ertan Erol’a teşekkürü borç bilirim. Başta düşündüğümden daha uzun ve zorlu geçen tez sürecinde, ailemin her zaman hissettiğim desteği olmasaydı başarılı olamazdım. Bu yüzden annem Sevinç Üçbaş ve babam Tevfik Kemali Üçbaş’a en içten sevgilerimi ve teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Hem yüksek lisans başvurusu yapmam konusunda bana verdiği cesaret, hem de sonrasındaki değerli önerileri için Begüm Zorlu’ya, kısa bir konuşmada bile kafamdaki soruları aydınlatan Kevin Ovenden’a ve deneyimlerini benimle paylaşan Yunanistan Sosyalist İşçi Partisi (SEK) üyelerine teşekkür ederim. Bir ülke üzerine yazarken o ülkeyi görmenin, orada yaşayanlarla konuşmanın çalışmaya ne kadar çok şey kattığını, Atina’ya gidip Yunan eylemcilerle ve SYRIZA üyeleriyle konuştuktan sonra anladım. Bunu mümkün kılan Meltem Oral’a müteşekkirim. Özdeş Özbay çalışmanın farklı aşamalarında fikirlerimi ve araştırmanın yapısını netleştirmemi sağladı. Berk Efe Altınal ve Doğan Kansız bana her zaman destek oldular. Son olarak, varlığından güç aldığım, tez yazım sürecinde hep yanımda olan Hilmiye Atasoy’a minnettarım. Onur Devrim Üçbaş İstanbul, 2019 v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ …………………………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………..……iv ÖNSÖZ ………………………………...……………………………………………v KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ …………………………..…………………………viii GİRİŞ ………………………………………………………………………………..1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM AVRUPA’NIN İKİZ KRİZLERİ: TEMSİL KRİZİ VE 2008 EKONOMİK KRİZİ 1.1. Temsil krizi ve etkileri ………………………………………………………3 1.2. 2008 Ekonomik krizinin ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi …………………………..5 1.3. Krizin Yunanistan ve İspanya’ya etkileri …………………………...………5 1.3.1. Yunanistan ……………………………………………...…………….5 1.3.2. İspanya ……………………………………………………………..…9 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM YUNANİSTAN VE İSPANYA’DA TOPLUMSAL HAREKETLER 2.1. Kemer sıkma politikalarına karşı mücadele ve işçi hareketi…………….…10 2.1.1. Yunanistan…………………………………………………………...10 2.1.2. İspanya…………………………………………………………….…19 2.2. Gençlik hareketleri …………………………………………………………29 2.2.1 Yunanistan …………………………………………………….……..29 2.2.2 İspanya ……………………………………………………………….39 2.3. Meydan işgali hareketleri ………………………………………………….42 vi 2.3.1 Yunanistan ……………………………………………..…………….43 2.3.2 İspanya…………………………………………………..……………54 2.4. Taban İnisiyatifleri………………………………………………………….84 2.4.1Yunanistan……………………….……………………………...……..84 2.4.2 İspanya……………………………….………………………………..91 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM SYRIZA VE PODEMOS NASIL GELİŞTİ? 3.1. Partilere güvensizlik ve ana akım partilerin çöküşü …………………...…107 3.1.1. Yunanistan ……………………………………………………...….107 3.1.2. İspanya …………………………………………………………..…109 3.2. SYRIZA…………………………………………….……………………..111 3.3. PODEMOS ……………………………………………………………….132 3.4. Tepki oylarının diğer adresleri: Chrysí Avgí ve Ciudadanos …………….146 3.4.1 Chrysí Avgí …………………………………………...…………….146 3.4.2 Ciudadanos …………………………………………………………156 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM KARŞILAŞTIRMALI OLARAK SYRIZA VE PODEMOS 4.1. Siyasal program ve ideoloji …………………………………………..…..162 4.2. Örgütlenme modeli ve parti içi demokrasi …………………………...…..174 4.3. Hareket ve parti ilişkisi: Bağlantı kurma stratejileri ………………….…..181 SONUÇ …………………………………………………...……………...……….201 KAYNAKÇA …………………………………………………………….………205 vii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ 15M : 15 Mayıs Hareketi AA/MOC : Alternativa Antimilitarista/Movimiento de Objecion de Concienca (Antimilitarist Alternatif / Vicdani Ret Hareketi) AB : Avrupa Birliği ADEDY : Anotati Diikisis Enoseon Dimosion Ypallilon (Kamu Çalışanları Federasyonu) AfD : Alternative für Deutschland (Almanya için Alternatif) AK : Antieksousiastiki Kinisi (Anti-Otoriter Hareket) ALDE : Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (Avrupa için Liberaller ve Demokratlar İttifakı) ANEL : Anexartitoi Ellines (Bağımsız Yunanlar) ANTARSYA : Antikapitalistiki Aristeri Synergasia gia tin Anatropi (Devrim için Antikapitalist Sol Koordinasyon) ASOEE : Anotati Scholi Oikonomikon kai Emborikon Epistimon (Atina Ekonomi ve İşletme Üniversitesi) ASP : Avrupa Sol Partisi viii ATTAC : Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières et pour l'Action Citoyenne (Yurttaşlara Yardım için Mali İşlemlerin Vergilendirilmesi Derneği) BNG : Bloque Nacionalista Galego (Galiçya Milliyetçi Bloğu) CCOO : Comisiones Obreras (İşçi Komisyonları) CEPS : La Fundación Centro de Estudios Políticos y Sociales (Siyasal ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi Vakfı) CGT : Confederación General del Trabajo (Genel Emek Konfederasyonu) CIS : Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Sosyolojik Araştırmalar Enstitüsü) CiU : Convergència i Unió (Yönelim ve Birlik) DIMAR : Dimokratiki Aristera (Demokratik Sol) DRY : Democracia Real Ya (Gerçek Demokrasi Şimdi) EAJ-PNV : Partido Nacionalista Vasco (Bask Milliyetçi Partisi) EAM : Ethnikó Apeleftherotikó Métopo (Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi) EAR : Elliniki Aristera (Yunan Solu) EDA : Eniéa Dimokratikí Aristerá (Birleşik Demokratik Sol) ix EDES : Ethnikós Dimokratikós Ellinikós Sýndesmos (Ulusal Cumhuriyetçi Yunan Birliği) ELAS : Ellinikós Laïkós Apeleftherotikós Stratós (Yunan Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu) ERC : Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Katalonya Cumhuriyetçi Solu) ERE : Expediente de regulación de empleo (İstihdam Düzenleme Kayıtları) ERT : Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (Yunan Radyo Televizyonu) ETA : Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Bask Yurdu ve Özgürlük) GSEE : Geniki Synomospondia Ergaton Ellados (Yunan İşçilerinin Genel Konfederasyonu) GSYİH : Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hâsıla IA : Izquierda Anticapitalista (Antikapitalist Sol) ILP : Iniciativa Legislativa Popular (Halkın Yasal Girişimi) IMF : International Monetary Fund (Uluslararası Para Fonu) IU : Izquierda Unida (Birleşik Sol) JSF : Juventud Sin Futuro (Geleceksiz Gençlik) KNE : Kommounistiki Neolea Elladas (Yunanistan Komünist Gençliği) x KKE : Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas (Yunanistan Komünist Partisi) LAOS : Laikós Orthódoxos Synagermós (Ortodoks Halk Hareketi) LGBT : Lesbian, Gay, Bisexuel, Transgender (Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel, Transseksüel) M5S : Movimento 5 Stelle (5 Yıldız Hareketi) NAR : Neo Aristero Revma (Yeni Sol Akım) NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Kuzey Atlantik Anlaşması Örgütü) ND : Nea Demokratia (Yeni Demokrasi Partisi) OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü) PAH : Plataforma de Afectados
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