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School of Humanities Language Education for Refugees and Migrants School of Humanities Language Education for Refugees and Migrants Postgraduate Dissertation The ‘other’ in Naguib Mahfouz’s The Thief and the Dogs Eleni Toumazou Supervisor: Theodora Zampaki Patras, Greece, June 2019 Theses / Dissertations remain the intellectual property of students (“authors/creators”), but in the context of open access policy they grant to the HOU a non-exclusive license to use the right of reproduction, customisation, public lending, presentation to an audience and digital dissemination thereof internationally, in electronic form and by any means for teaching and research purposes, for no fee and throughout the duration of intellectual property rights. Free access to the full text for studying and reading does not in any way mean that the author/creator shall allocate his/her intellectual property rights, nor shall he/she allow the reproduction, republication, copy, storage, sale, commercial use, transmission, distribution, publication, execution, downloading, uploading, translating, modifying in any way, of any part or summary of the dissertation, without the explicit prior written consent of the author/creator. Creators retain all their moral and property rights. The ‘other’ in Naguib Mahfouz’s The Thief and the Dogs Eleni Toumazou Supervising Committee Supervisor: Co-Supervisor: Theodora Zampaki Christina Maligkoudi Hellenic Open University Hellenic Open University Patras, Greece, June 2019 Eleni Toumazou, The 'other' in Naguib Mahfouz's The Thief and the Dogs. Acknowledgments and Dedication I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor and tutor, Theodora Zampaki for her help and guidance through the creation of this thesis. And of course, I dedicate this to my parents for kindly supporting me during my Masters’ program. Postgraduate Dissertation iv Eleni Toumazou, The 'other' in Naguib Mahfouz's The Thief and the Dogs. Abstract Τhe novel The Thief and the Dogs, by the Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz, is considered an innovative addition to the writer’s works for several reasons. First and foremost, this novel is differentiated from the writer’s prior works since it is based on a narrative technique that was used by Mahfouz for the first time; the stream of consciousness. Moreover, the subject of the novel is distinctly different from the writer’s earlier work. The novel was first published in Arabic as Al-Liss wa al-Kilab in 1961 and then translated in English in 1984. Mahfouz was nominated with the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988, being the first Egyptian to be awarded with this Nobel Prize. Mahfouz is also known as the father of modern Arabic literature and many of his works deal with Egyptian nationalism and the ancient history, the socio-political conditions in his country, approaching as well issues regarding religion and concerns around the human existence. The Thief and the Dogs, is a novel about identity crisis and self questioning that characterized the majority of the Egyptian intellectual at this time. Through this psychological novel Mahfouz abstains from realistic elements and embraces impressionism and the stream of consciousness technique, which as mentioned above he uses for his first time in one of his works. This research will be an exploration into the importance of the stream of consciousness technique in The Thief and the Dogs, in an attempt to define the terms alienation and otherness and connect them to the notion of identity. Through this perception, it will become apparent that the above notions are tightly interwoven, extremely fluid and forever changing. Particularly, this research will focus on a textual analysis of the The Thief and the Dogs novel by Naguib Mahfouz, a process which will also be elaborated with references to relevant literature. This novel is an enriched sample of the above mentioned narrative themes and enables the process of text analysis as well as it enables conclusions to derive that support the present research paper. The notion of identity and its constant transformation in the novel, along with the feeling of otherness and alienation the main character experiences will be explored, under the scope of the stream of consciousness technique. This will help to the better understanding as well as to the correlation of the notions mentioned. Postgraduate Dissertation v Eleni Toumazou, The 'other' in Naguib Mahfouz's The Thief and the Dogs. Keywords Identity, otherness, alienation, The Thief and the Dogs novel, the stream of consciousness Postgraduate Dissertation vi Eleni Toumazou, The 'other' in Naguib Mahfouz's The Thief and the Dogs. Περίληψη Η νουβέλα The Thief and the Dogs, του Αιγύπτιου συγγραφέα Naguib Mahfouz, θεωρείται μία καινοτόμα προσθήκη στη δουλειά του για ποικίλους λόγους. Πρώτα και κύρια, αυτή η νουβέλα διαφοροποιείται από τις προηγούμενες του συγγραφέα καθώς βασίζεται σε μία αφηγηματική τεχνική που χρησιμοποιείται από τον Mahfouz για πρώτη φορά: τον εσωτερικό μονόλογο. Επιπλέον, και το περιεχόμενο της νουβέλας είναι αισθητά διαφοροποιημένο από την προηγούμενη δουλειά του συγγραφέα. Η νουβέλα εκδόθηκε αρχικά στα Αραβικά, με τίτλο Al-Liss wa al-Kilab το 1961 και αργότερα μεταφράστηκε στα Αγγλικά, το 1984. Ο Mahfouz βραβεύτηκε με το Βραβείο Νόμπελ Λογοτεχνίας το 1988, ως ο πρώτος Αιγύπτιος που είχε ως τότε τιμηθεί με το συγκεκριμένο Βραβείο Νόμπελ. Ο Mahfouz είναι επίσης γνωστός ως πατέρας της μοντέρνας Αραβικής λογοτεχνίας και πολλά από τα έργα του θίγουν ασχολούνται με τον Αιγυπτιακό εθνικισμό και την αρχαία ιστορία, την κοινωνικοπολιτική κατάσταση της πατρίδας του προσεγγίζοντας επίσης ζητήματα σχετικά με τη θρησκεία και την αναζήτηση γύρω από την ανθρώπινη ύπαρξη. Το The Thief and the Dogs, είναι μία νουβέλα για την κρίση της ταυτότητας και τον εσωτερικό στοχασμό, στοιχεία τα οποία χαρακτήριζαν την πλειοψηφία των λογίων Αιγύπτιων της εποχής. Μέσα από αυτό το ψυχολογικό μυθιστόρημα, ο Mahfouz αποποιείται των ρεαλιστικών στοιχείων και αγκαλιάζει τον ιμπρεσιονισμό και τον εσωτερικό μονόλογο που όπως προαναφέρεται χρησιμοποιεί για πρώτη φορά σε ένα από τα έργα του. Αυτή η εργασία θα αποτελέσει αναζήτηση στην σημαντικότητα της αφηγηματικής τεχνικής του εσωτερικού μονολόγου στο The Thief and the Dogs, ως ένα εγχείρημα για τον προσδιορισμό των εννοιών αποξένωση και ετερότητα και τη σύνδεση τους με την έννοια της ταυτότητας. Μέσα από αυτή την οπτική, θα γίνει εμφανές ότι οι παραπάνω έννοιες είναι άρρηκτα συνδεδεμένες, ισχυρά ρευστές και συνεχώς μεταβαλλόμενες. Ειδικότερα, η παρούσα εργασία θα επικεντρωθεί στην ανάλυση κειμένου της νουβέλας The Thief and the Dogs novel του Naguib Mahfouz, μία διαδικασία που θα ενισχυθεί επιπλέον με αναφορές σε σχετική βιβλιογραφία. Το μυθιστόρημα αυτό είναι ένα πλούσιο δείγμα των αφηγηματικών τεχνικών που αναφέρθηκαν και διευκολύνει τη διαδικασία της ανάλυσης κειμένου καθώς και την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων που θα υποστηρίξουν την Postgraduate Dissertation vii Eleni Toumazou, The 'other' in Naguib Mahfouz's The Thief and the Dogs. παρούσα έρευνα. Η έννοια της ταυτότητας και η συνεχής μετατροπή ενδιαμέσου του μυθιστορήματος, σε συνδυασμό με το συναίσθημα της αποξένωσης και διαφορετικότητας που βιώνει ο κεντρικός χαρακτήρας θα ερευνηθούν υπό τη σκοπιά της αφηγηματικής τεχνικής του εσωτερικού μονολόγου. Αυτή η διαδικασία θα βοηθήσει στην καλύτερη κατανόηση και στο συσχετισμό των παραπάνω εννοιών. Λέξεις – Κλειδιά Ταυτότητα, ετερότητα, αποξένωση, η νουβέλα The Thief and the Dogs, εσωτερικός μονόλογος Postgraduate Dissertation viii Eleni Toumazou, The 'other' in Naguib Mahfouz's The Thief and the Dogs. Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................. v Περίληψη.............................................................................................................................vii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...1 1. About the writer and the novel .......................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 About Naguib Maahfouz ...................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 About The Thief and the Dogs ............................................................................. 8 2. Studying the Notions of Identity and Defining the Other ............................................... 15 2.1. The theme of identity in Mahfouz’s novels ............. ……………………………15 2.1.1 Otherness and Alienation in Literature and the novels of Mahfouz……………21 3. A text analysis; notions of otherness and alienation in the novel……………................28 3.1 Detachement, Hatred and Long Lost Love……………………………………………28 3.2 Said through the eyes of the "others"…………………………………………………30 3.3 The wise Sheikh……………………………………….………………………………30 3.4 Nur's prison and refuge………………………………………………………………..32 3.5 Alienation expressed in the surroundings……………………………..………………33 3.6 Said's identity and view of himself……………..……………………………………..34 3.7 Said's nightmares……………………………………………………………………...36 3.8 The impact of the socio-political situation on Said’s identity and feelings ………….37 3.9 Existential struggles, rejection and death in the novel…………………………. ……38 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...43 References ........................................................................................................................... 45 Postgraduate Dissertation ix Eleni Toumazou, The 'other' in Naguib Mahfouz's The Thief and the
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