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Compositores Ingleses COMPOSITORES INGLESES 1.INTRODUCCIÓN Tal y como establece la regulación del Plan de Fomento del Plurilingüismo en Andalucía, los centros educativos que participen en Proyectos Bilingües deben adaptar el currículo incorporando aspectos relativos al país extranjero de que se trate así como elaborar los materiales didácticos necesarios para llevar a cabo dicho proyecto. A continuación proponemos una relación de compositores ingleses cuyo estudio puede ser integrado en los programas de la asignatura de Música de la ESO, en los centros que participen en estos proyectos en la modalidad de Inglés. Realizaremos una breve reseña biográfica junto con una serie de audiciones recomendadas y su discografía. 2.LOS COMPOSITORES 2.1. Thomas Tallis (1505-1585) Es considerado uno de los mejores compositores de su época. No se sabe mucho de sus primeros años, pero se piensa que fue niño de coro en alguna catedral donde probablemete adquirió sus conocimientos musicales y aprendió a tocar el órgano. Según los primeros datos de que disponemos, en 1532 era organista del priorato de Dover, puesto que abandonaría para trabajar en la iglesia de St Mary at Hill en Londres (1537- 38). El siguiente paso en su carrera fue a 30 kilómetros de Londres, en Walham, en la iglesia abacial de los agustinos, puesto que ocupó durante un tiempo muy breve, pues se hallaba en marcha la supresión de los monasterios ordenada por Enrique VIII. Desempeñará un nuevo trabajo en la Catedral de Canterbury y a los dos años será nombrado cantor de la Capilla Real trabajando como organista y compositor, puesto en el que permanecerá durante cuarenta años, hasta su muerte. Durante este tiempo prestó servicios a cuatro monarcas: Enrique VIII, Eduardo VI, María I e Isabel I, evitando siempre las controversias religiosas y manteniéndose al margen en los conflictos de la complicada época que le tocó vivir. Tallis contrajo matrimonio en 1552 con Joan, pero ésta falleció a los cuatro años. No tuvieron hijos. Falleció en Greenwich, a los 80 años y en su epitafio reza: “Murió como vivió, tranquilamente… ¡Oh! hombre afortunado” Su discípulo William Byrd le dedicó una elegía fúnebre titulada “Ye Sacred Muses”. Su producción musical es en su mayoría vocal, si bien se han conservado algunas piezas instrumentales para conjunto de violas y teclado (órgano y virginal). Entre sus obras destacamos: - 9 Salmos, a 4 voces, para el arzobispo Matthew Parker, publicados en 1567. El tercero de estos salmos,”Why fum’th in fight”, sirvió de inspiración al compositor Ralph Vaughan Williams para su obra “Fantasía sobre un tema de Thomas Tallis”. - Lamentations of Jeremiah, escritas en el estilo de los motetes, se encuentran entre sus mejores obras. - Spem in Alium, motete a 40 voces, considerado el culmen de su obra. Discografía recomendada: “Musique sacrée de la Renaissance” Varios compositores/ Varios artistas Sello Harmonia mundi “Thomas Tallis: Spem in Alium, Lamentations and more” Pro Cantione Antiqua Sello Regis “The Tallis Christmas Mass” The Tallis Scholars Sello Gimell 2.2. John Dowland (1563-1626) Poco se sabe de los primeros años de este gran laudista y compositor inglés. Estudió música desde temprana edad, pero no se tienen más datos de sus maestros o de su trayectoria inicial. Se sabe que en 1580 viajó a París y estuvo al servicio del embajador de Inglaterra en la corte francesa. Al parecer permaneció allí cuatro años y no es hasta 1588 cuando volvemos a tener datos sobre su trayectoria, cuando Dowland ya había adquirido cierta fama. De vuelta en Inglaterra se tiene constancia de que algunas de sus obras se interpretaron en la corte de Isabel I y que participó en algunos pasatiempos organizados para la reina. Por esta época ya se había casado, pero se desconoce el nombre de su esposa y todo lo relativo a ella. Sólo hay noticia cierta sobre la existencia de un hijo, llamado Robert, que fue músico y es conocido hoy día por su obra “A Musical Banquet”, donde recopila canciones de su padre y arreglos para laúd de obras de otros compositores. En 1594 murió uno de los laudistas de la reina y Dowland quiso optar a la vacante, pero no lo consiguió y decidió marcharse al extranjero. Comenzó su gira en Alemania y luego se dirigió a Italia donde fue invitado a tocar en la corte de los Médicis. De 1598 a 1603 fue laudista en la corte del rey Cristian IV de Dinamarca. En 1610, vuelve a quedar una vacante en la corte inglesa pero tampoco lo consigue y no será hasta 1612 cuando consiga una plaza de laudista creada para él en la corte de Jacobo I. La última constancia de su nombre como músico de la corte se tiene en 1625 en unos documentos relacionados con el funeral de Jacobo I, un año antes de su muerte acaecida en 1626. John Dowland es considerado, junto a Purcell y Britten, el mejor compositor de canciones de Inglaterra. Obras: - Piezas para laúd, que incluyen versiones de canciones populares de la época y danzas como pavanas, gallardas, alemandas, etc. - Libros de canciones: “The first booke” (1597) “The second booke” (1600) “The third and the last booke of songs” (1603) “A Pilgrimes Solace” (1612) - “Lachrymae or seaven teares” (1604), para conjunto instrumental (laúd, violas o violines, a 5 partes). Discografía recomendada: “Dowland: Consort Music” Rose Consort of Viols Sello Naxos “Dowland: Lachrimae” The Parley of Instruments Sello Hyperion “Dowland: The Collected Works “ The Consort of Musicke Sello L’Oiseau-Lyre “Dowland: Ayres” Gérard Lesne-Ensemble Orlando Gibbons Sello Näive 2.3. Henry Purcell (1659-1695) Henry Purcell nació en Londres en el seno de una familia de músicos. Su padre era cantante y fue maestro de la abadía de Westminster y su tío fue músico en la corte de Carlos II. Siendo niño formó parte del coro de la Capilla Real. Estudió primero con Henry Cooke y más tarde con Pelham Humfrey. En 1677 sucedió a Matthew Locke como compositor de la orquesta de “Violines del Rey” y en 1679 fue nombrado organista de la abadía de Westminster. Dos años después, Purcell se había casado y era organista en la Capilla Real. A partir de entonces adquirió gran fama y se convirtió en un compositor muy solicitado. Entre sus obras encontramos trabajos de todos los géneros, pero su obra maestra es sin duda la ópera “Dido y Eneas” (1689). También escribió varias semióperas en las que se alternan diálogos hablados con partes cantadas e instrumentales (“El Rey Arturo” y “La Reina de las hadas” entre otras). Murió en Londres el 21 de noviembre de 1695 y fue enterrado en la abadía de Westminster. Obras: - Fantasías - 12 Sonatas en trío - 10 Sonatas a cuatro partes - Anthems - 24 Odas - Música para el funeral de la reina María II - “Dido y Eneas”, ópera - “La reina de las hadas”, ”El Rey Arturo”, ”Diocleciano”, ”La reina india”, ”La Tempestad”, semióperas Discografía recomendada: “Dido y Eneas” The English Concert-Trevor Pinnock Anne Sophie von Otter-Stephen Varcoe-Lynne Dawson-Nigel Rogers Sello Archiv “The Fairy Queen”, Orchestal Suite Le Concert des Nations-Jordi Savall Sello Astrée “Odes” The English Concert-Choir of the English Concert-Trevor Pinnock Sello Deutsche Grammophon “Fantazias” London Baroque Sello Bis 2.4. William Boyce (1711-1779) Es uno de los compositores más importantes del siglo XVIII inglés. Nació en Londres, en 1711, siendo el cuarto y último hijo del ebanista John Boyce y Elisabeth. A los doce años fue niño de coro de la catedral de San Pablo, donde estudió con Charles King. Más tarde siguió sus estudios con Maurice Greene, compositor y organista en San Pablo. A los 24 años fue nombrado organista en la capilla Oxford Chapel y trabajaba en varias escuelas como profesor de clave. Su oído empezó a fallar siendo muy joven y acabó casi completamente sordo, pero ésto no le apartó de sus estudios y no le impidió ocupar el puesto de compositor de la Capilla Real en 1736. En 1748 se casó con Hannah. Tuvieron una hija y un hijo que fue contrabajista famoso en las orquestas de Londres. En 1749 fue nombrado organista de All Hallows y cuando en 1755 murió el que fuera su maestro, Greene, ocupó su puesto de Master of the King’s Music (Director de la Orquesta del Rey) llegando a ser, tres años más tarde organista de la Chapele Royal. Cuando su sordera fue en aumento se retiró a Kensington Gore, donde preparó la edición de “Cathedral Music”, a partir de una colección de manuscritos que le había legado Greene, importante antología de la música religiosa británica desde el siglo XVI al XVIII. Boyce murió de gota a los 67 años y fue enterrado en la Catedral de San Pablo. Compuso numerosas obras de todos los géneros, que exponemos a continuación: - 60 Anthems, de distinto género - 50 Odas - 12 Oberturas - 8 Sinfonías - 12 Sonatas en trío - Arias, dúos, cantatas - Música incidental para obras de Shakespeare (La Tempestad, Romeo y Julieta, Cymbeline, Cuento de Invierno…) - Serenata Solomon - 12 voluntaries para órgano Discografía recomendada: “Boyce: 8 Symphonies” The English Concert-Trevor Pinnock Sello Archiv “Boyce: Complete Trio Sonatas” Collegium Musicum 90-Simon Standage Sello Chandos “Boyce: 12 Overtures, Concerti grossi” Cantilena-Adrian Shepherd Sello Collect “Boyce: Ode for St Cecilia’s Day” Hanover Band-Oxford College Choir Sello ASV-Gaudeamus 2.5. Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) Nació en 1872, en el seno de una familia acomodada. Estudió en el Royal College of Music de Londres, en Berlín con Max Bruch y en París con Maurice Ravel. Fue profesor en el Royal College of Music en 1919 y un año después recibió el título de Doctor Honoris Causa por la Universidad de Oxford.
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