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The MURC Digest Vol3 Issue2.Jan2007prereleased W Ith NOTES 2

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The MURC Digest Vol3 Issue2.Jan2007prereleased W Ith NOTES 2 Volume 4, Issue 1 January 2008 JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY Mississippi Urban Research Center CRIME IN MISSISSIPPI: A Trend Line Analysis Dr. Melvin Davis, Executive Director Sam Mozee, Jr., Research Associate Amechi Bowser, Research Specialist Overview This issue of The MURC Digest presents an analysis of the data among and between the various jurisdictions of national, state and local crime statistics by the Jackson (e.g., national, state, and local) because there are many State University Mississippi Urban Research Center variables that affect the occurrence and reporting of crime undertaken to determine if crime in Mississippi has data that could lead to faulty assumptions and increased since the year 2000. In particular, this report conclusions. The years selected for examination were examines crime statistics for the city of Jackson and is based upon the most recent data available at the time of organized into the following sections: a discussion of the this writing. research methodology used to direct and guide the data collection and analysis aspects of this project, a brief Establishing a Context review of the literature regarding the reporting of crime on Crime - the word itself conjures up many images, a national level over the last 15 years, a review of but, exactly what is crime and how is it measured? Crime statewide and local crime data and finally, a conclusion can be defined in many ways. Some common definitions and policy implications section summarizing the major include: “an act committed or omitted in violation of a findings of this research study. The law forbidding or commanding it and overarching intent of this research for which punishment is imposed is to provide objective information upon conviction,”1 “all behaviors and to policymakers, the media, and acts for which society provides everyday citizens that will enable formally approved punishments”2 and them to be more informed “an act that violates a political, regarding public safety issues. religious, or moral command considered important in protecting the Research Methodology interests of the state or the welfare of its citizens or The research methodology used in preparing this subjects.”3 What can be summarized from the previous report consisted of an examination of crime data collected definitions is that a crime is generally viewed as being by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice negatively against the best interests of a given society and Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the Federal necessitates some type of punishment. While crime can Bureau of Investigations (FBI). These data sources are be grouped into many categories, this report used the two officially authorized by the U.S. Congress to perform major categories employed by the Bureau of Justice crime data collection, analysis, and reporting activities for Statistics for collecting crime data: property crimes the country. Due to significant differences in data (which include burglaries, larceny, motor vehicle theft) collection methodology and intent between the FBI and violent crimes (which include murder, non-negligent Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs) and the Bureau of Justice manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), assault).4 these two crime reporting instruments will be discussed in more detail. After collecting and analyzing data from the Just as there are many definitions of crime, there are previously mentioned sources, a simple trend line also many different issues associated with measuring comparison was used to note directional movement of the crime and determining what statistics are the most data - in most cases either increases or decreases. Caution appropriate. In an attempt to simplify these definitions should be used when analyzing and making comparisons and issues, this research report used statistics gathered and Continued on page 2 JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY Mississippi Urban Research Center compiled from the U.S. Department of Justice. This federal • Family conditions with respect to divorce and family agency has two primary units that gather and compile crime- togetherness. related data: the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and • Climate and weather. the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The FBI annually • Effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. compiles the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) which provide • Policies of other parts of the criminal justice system data collected from approximately17,000 city, county and (prosecutorial, judicial, correctional and probational). 6 state law enforcement agencies whose jurisdictions contain • Attitudes of residents toward crime. approximately 95 percent of the total U.S. population. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) publishes the findings of its Examination of Violent and Property Crime annual National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) of Trends: 1973-2005 approximately 80,000 people. The UCR measures crimes The U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice that are reported to law enforcement agencies across the Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics is the central repository nation; whereas, the NCVS measures crimes that people have for national crime statistics at the federal level. For the experienced, whether or not reported to police. While it is purposes of this report, data collected from the FBI’s beyond the scope of this research project to fully examine the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) will be used. The years for differences between these two measures, it must be examination (1973-2005) were selected based upon data and mentioned that these two measures do not always present the analysis previously compiled and formatted by the Bureau of same picture of the nation’s crime situation over a given time Justice Statistics. Crime statistics on the city of Jackson period. In fact, they can sometimes present a very different view of crime rates and trends. The reader is asked to keep this very important point in mind when reviewing the data and narratives presented in this research report. However, taken collectively, these two programs present a very comprehensive view of the crime situation at both the national and local levels.5 Influencing Factors Just as there are varying factors used in the compilation of the two major national crime measures, there are also were available and formatted beginning with the year 1985. many factors that have considerable influence on the reporting and occurrence of crime. Some of these factors Crime statistics focusing on applicable national, state, include: and local crime components are presented. A short summary discussion follows each geographic data presentation. • Population density and degree of urbanization (big Several graphs are included to help the reader better visualize city growth). the data presented in this report by showing directional • Variations in the makeup of the population, movement in crime rates over several years. particularly where youths are most concentrated. • Stability of the population-residents' tendencies to Summary of National Trends move around (mobility), commuting patterns, and Based upon statistics reported by the U.S. Department of length of time residing in the area (transient factors). Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice • Types and condition of transportation and highway systems available. Statistics for the period of 1993-2005, violent crimes in the • Economic conditions, including average income, United States declined by approximately 58 percent and poverty and job availability. property crimes declined by approximately 48 percent. Also, • Cultural conditions, such as educational, recreational during this time period, the number of adults in correctional and religious characteristics. populations (jails) increased, as did direct expenditures for major criminal justice functions (e.g., police, corrections, judicial). Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report data The MURC Digest is published by the Jackson State University Mississippi Urban Research Center, JSU Box 17309, Jackson, Mississippi 39217; covering the time period 2005-2006 show a slight increase in Telephone: (601) 979-4100; Fax: (601) 368-2021; Web site: www.murc.org. violent crime of 1.3 percent and a slight decrease in property The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily 7 reflect those of the Center, Jackson State University or the Mississippi crime of 2.9 percent. Institutions of Higher Learning. What is important for the reader to gather from the data Dr. Melvin Davis: Executive Editor presented is that nationally, for the time period in question, Pamela McCoy: Editor Sabrina Howard: Graphic Artist there were significant decreases in the number and types of major crimes reported. Page 2 JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY Mississippi Urban Research Center Reported Crime in United States -Total Crime rate per 100,000 population Violent crime Property crime Murder and nonnegligent Motor Year Population Violent manslaughter Forcible Robbery Aggravated Property Burglary Larceny- vehicle Crime rate rate rape rate rate assault rate crime rate rate theft rate theft rate 1973 209,851,000 417.4 9.4 24.5 183.1 200.5 3,737.0 1,222.5 2,071.9 442.6 1974 211,392,000 461.1 9.8 26.2 209.3 215.8 4,389.3 1,437.7 2,489.5 462.2 1975 213,124,000 487.8 9.6 26.3 220.8 231.1 4,810.7 1,532.1 2,804.8 473.7 1976 214,659,000 467.8 8.7 26.6 199.3 233.2 4,819.5 1,448.2 2,921.3 450.0 1977 216,332,000 475.9 8.8 29.4 190.7 247.0 4,601.7 1,419.8 2,729.9 451.9 1978 218,059,000
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