DOCSLIB.ORG

White Manhood in Louisiana During Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Arthur Wendel Stout Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
White Manhood in Louisiana During Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Arthur Wendel Stout Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2015 White Manhood in Louisiana During Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Arthur Wendel Stout Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Stout, Arthur Wendel, "White Manhood in Louisiana During Reconstruction, 1865-1877" (2015). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3681. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3681 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. WHITE MANHOOD IN LOUISIANA DURING RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1877 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Arthur Wendel Stout IV B.A., St. John’s College, 2003 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2007 December 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people helped make this dissertation possible. My advisor, Dr. Alecia P. Long gave me a lot of good advice and asked questions that helped me see historic familial relationships in different ways. Dr. Long was patient with the time I took to gather my thoughts coherently into the work presented here. Dr. Gaines M. Foster taught me a great deal about historiography and the spirit of our profession. Dr. David H. Culbert strengthened my understanding that the creation and presentation of images is almost as important as the underlying message. Dr. Aaron Sheehan-Dean was very generous with his comments and encouragement as a member of my committee. My undergraduate Tutors at St. John’s College helped me understand my debt to classical thought. I learned that meaningful concepts like “the good” and Justice are worth discussing even though they can be difficult to characterize. Philosophy is like history in that its strength lies in questioning, and certainty is often elusive. I must thank my family for their unwavering emotional and financial support. My mother, also a student of history, was always generous with her attention and energy. My Uncle John, retired professor of history, gave me unfailing encouragement and ideas. My fellow graduate students at Louisiana State University helped sharpen my thinking by discussing many of the ideas contained in this dissertation with me. Though their help was mostly informal they provided an intellectual milieu that allowed me to mature as a thinker. I would like to thank Yvonne Brown, Collin Garbarino, Matt Hernando, Marc Patenaude, Adam Pratt, Michael Robinson, Anne Ulentin, and Andrew Wegmann. ii Conservationists and librarians rendered me invaluable assistance during my research. The staff of Hill Memorial Library at Louisiana State University was free with their time to help me find useful sources. The staff of the Louisiana Research Collection at Tulane University always made me feel very welcome. Tulane’s libraries were busy reorganizing and rebuilding after the Katrina flood but my access to materials was never interrupted. The staff of Earl K. Long Library at the University of New Orleans helped me learn the computerized system for searching the Louisiana Supreme Court archives. The staff of the Historic New Orleans Collection in the French Quarter could not have been friendlier or more helpful. The staff of the New Orleans Public Library system was a valuable resource. My greatest joy from this dissertation has come from immersing myself in the wonderful manuscripts protected in these collections. It is all in good hands. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................v ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 ECONOMIC SECURITY ......................................................................23 2 TRUST BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE ......................................72 3 WEAK MEN AND RECKLESS WOMEN ........................................107 4 THE STATE BEFORE THE FAMILY ................................................164 5 THE NEED FOR MASCULINE AUTHORITY .................................190 6 REARING NEW MEN OF THE SOUTH .......................................... 222 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................247 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................258 VITA ...................................................................................................................269 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figures 1 Copes & Diboll advertisement .......................................................................36 2 Dr. Copes insurance advertisement. ................................................................41 3. Harlow J. Phelps advertisement ....................................................................49 4. Phelps & Rogers advertisement ....................................................................50 5. A Cotton Office in New Orleans by Edgar Degas .........................................51 6. Dr. Copes Bank President advertisement ......................................................66 7. Portrait of Laura Fair ..................................................................................123 8. Portrait of Alexander Crittenden .................................................................139 9. Pepperbox pistol ..........................................................................................141 10. Portrait of Senator James Henry Hammond ...............................................182 11. Portrait of Elizabeth Avery Meriwether ......................................................195 12. Portrait of John Bell Hood ..........................................................................205 13. French Opera House in New Orleans ..........................................................215 14. New Orleans Military School advertisements ..............................................242 v ABSTRACT Economic, political, and social landscapes changed for white men in Louisiana after the Civil War. Suffering displacement, business interruption, property confiscation, and lower social and political standing vis-à-vis the former slaves, white men’s standing in every realm seemed diminished, including their core identity as men. It was important to them and to their families for white men to regain a sense of competence as men. Using letters, diaries, and court cases involving white people with strong connections to Louisiana during the Reconstruction era, this dissertation analyzes the gendered problems that white men and their families sought to resolve. Newspaper articles, literature, and public entertainment are examined to suggest some of the ways which gendered anxieties made themselves known. While some men and women yearned for a return of the dominant, conventionally successful men who had epitomized the antebellum ideal, many white men and women were pragmatic about men’s more limited potential in the postbellum environment. Some traditional concepts of masculinity remained unshaken, but weaknesses emerged in other areas where masculine vulnerabilities were uncovered. vi INTRODUCTION Between 1862 and 1877, white men and women of every social strata in Louisiana experienced anxiety about the inability of white males to maintain economic and social status. Some distress originated with white men’s loss of control over the freedmen. Only one quarter of white men had ever owned slaves, but poor white men were also affected because they now competed with freedmen for jobs in a post war economy in shambles. The former Confederates were also hurt by punitive measures imposed by Louisiana’s Reconstruction government. Many white men returned from war wounded, body parts amputated. At home they found changing dynamics within their own marriages that challenged their antebellum authority as head and master. In the public sector or behind closed doors, white men could not find a place to be proud of themselves. They faced a crisis of efficacy that sometimes threatened to starve their families, or at the very least cost them the respect and deference of their wives and children. Their troubles began with the war, but the circumstances of postbellum peace brought gendered challenges that threatened the very core of their identity as Southern men.1 Antebellum men had examples of their forefathers to follow, and cultural knowledge guided by decades of experience. But the economy of the South changed so fundamentally that familiar patterns of life and employment no longer worked, or even existed. Southern women embraced their independence and abilities more openly during the war, encouraging them after the war to seek more active roles in marriage and in 1 Manhood has meant different things over time. For the white men of the Reconstruction South it can be broadly understood
Load more

Recommended publications
  • William Jennings Bryan and His Opposition to American Imperialism in the Commoner
    The Uncommon Commoner: William Jennings Bryan and his Opposition to American Imperialism in The Commoner by Dante Joseph Basista Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2019 The Uncommon Commoner: William Jennings Bryan and his Opposition to American Imperialism in The Commoner Dante Joseph Basista I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Dante Basista, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Donna DeBlasio, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Dean of Graduate Studies Date ABSTRACT This is a study of the correspondence and published writings of three-time Democratic Presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan in relation to his role in the anti-imperialist movement that opposed the US acquisition of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico following the Spanish-American War. Historians have disagreed over whether Bryan was genuine in his opposition to an American empire in the 1900 presidential election and have overlooked the period following the election in which Bryan’s editorials opposing imperialism were a major part of his weekly newspaper, The Commoner. The argument is made that Bryan was authentic in his opposition to imperialism in the 1900 presidential election, as proven by his attention to the issue in the two years following his election loss.
    [Show full text]
  • The Staff of the Office of the Attorney General State of Mississippi 2007 a Message from Attorney General Jim Hood
    THE STAFF OF THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL STATE OF MISSISSIPPI 2007 A MESSAGE FROM ATTORNEY GENERAL JIM HOOD Dear Fellow Mississippians: It is with a great sense of accomplishment that I present to you our annual report for FY2007. This report encompasses the crux of the work we have accomplished during my fourth year in office. Our investigative labors and increased manpower have yielded a record number of Home Repair Fraud arrests over the past year. I hope you will especially take time to review all of the good things coming from our Consumer Protection Division. It is the heart of what we do every day, working to serve you, the citizens of our state. This fiscal year, we opened the doors to the Mississippi Cyber Crime Fusion Center, the first facility of its kind nationwide. The center houses federal, state and local law enforcement agencies dedicated to fighting internet crime. We must be diligent and progressive in our efforts to reduce this escalating area of criminal activity. It is at the forefront of my agenda during the next four years. New to the Attorney General’s Office is the Domestic Violence Division, a resource for law enforcement, prosecutors, judges and all other individuals or entities providing services to domestic violence victims within the State of Mississippi. This division brings a cohesiveness to the state’s efforts in fighting domestic violence, for which Mississippi ranks 2nd in the nation. I am proud to report to you that during the fiscal year, we retrieved almost $27 Million of embezzled and misused funds owed to the state.
    [Show full text]
  • National History Bowl National Championships Playoff Round 5
    National History Bowl National Championships Playoff Round 5 Round: Supergroup Group Room: Reader: Scorekeep: Team Names, including letter designation if needed, go in the large boxes to the right. TU# Bonus Bonus Points Cumulative Score Bonus Points Cumulative Score 1 Quarter 1 2 Tossups Only 3 4 Put a "10" in the 5 column of the team 6 that answers correctly. 7 Otherwise leave box 8 blank. 9 10 1 Quarter 2 2 Tossups and bonuses 3 Put "10" in the team's 4 column. Otherwise, 5 leave box blank. 6 For bonuses, put "0" or 7 Substitutions allowed between Qtrs all "10" in the bonus 8 column. 9 10 Quarter 3 points points 60 sec. rds - trailing team Lightning Lightning goes first. 10 pts each. Bounceback Bounceback 20 pt bonus for sweep! Total Total 1 Quarter 4 2 Tossups worth 30, 20, or 3 10 points each 4 Put the appropriate 5 number in the column of 6 the team that answers 7 correctly. Otherwise leave 8 box blank. 9 10 Tiebreakers 1 Tiebreak questions Tie Breaker (Sudden are only used 2 have no point value Victory) to determine winner! 3 at all! Final Score NHBB Nationals Bowl 2017-2018 Bowl Playoff Packet 5 Bowl Playoff Packet 5 First Quarter (1) This meeting affirmed the excommunication of Philip the Amorous of France, who had claimed that his wife Bertha was too fat and scandalously remarried Bertrade of Montfort. This meeting was prompted by Byzantine envoys to the Council of Piacenza earlier the same year. Robert the Monk claimed that the audience erupted into cries of \God wills it!" after a speech at this meeting called for the conquest of the Holy Land.
    [Show full text]
  • GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
    NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Plantation Progressive on the Federal Bench: Law, Politics, and the Life of Judge Henry D
    Alabama Law Scholarly Commons Working Papers Faculty Scholarship 3-10-2008 Plantation Progressive on the Federal Bench: Law, Politics, and the Life of Judge Henry D. Clayton Paul Pruitt University of Alabama - School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.ua.edu/fac_working_papers Recommended Citation Paul Pruitt, Plantation Progressive on the Federal Bench: Law, Politics, and the Life of Judge Henry D. Clayton, (2008). Available at: https://scholarship.law.ua.edu/fac_working_papers/624 This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Alabama Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Alabama Law Scholarly Commons. THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA SCHOOL OF LAW Plantation Progressive on the Federal Bench: Law, Politics, and the Life of Judge Henry D. Clayton Paul M. Pruitt, Jr. Revised from Southern Studies, Volume XIV (Fall-Winter 2007), 85-139 This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1104005 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1104005 1 Plantation Progressive on the Federal Bench: Law, Politics, and the Life of Judge Henry D. Clayton* Note: This is a lightly revised version of an article previously published in Southern Studies, XIV (Fall-Winter 2007), 85-139. I. Preface From the fall of 1901 to the spring of 1914, Thomas Goode Jones was judge of Alabama’s Middle and Northern districts.1 A former governor, Jones had been a well- known figure in Alabama before receiving judicial appointment from President Theodore Roosevelt.
    [Show full text]
  • V. List of References
    LIST OF REFERENCES General Gambling Information Abt, V., Smith, J., and Christiansen, E. The Business of International Gaming Institute, University of Nevada, Las Risk: Commercial Gambling in Mainstream America. Vegas. The Gaming Industry: Introduction and Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas (1985). Perspectives. New York: John Wiley & Sons (1996). Minnesota Planning. Minnesota Gambling 1993. St. Paul, Blakey, G. and Kurland, H. Development of the Federal MN: Minnesota Planning (May 1993). Law of Gambling. Cornell Law Review, 63:923 (1978). Kusyszyn, Igor. “The Psychology of Gambling,” Annals of Brenner, R. and Brenner, G. Gambling and Speculation: A the American Academy of Political and Social Science Theory, a History and a Future of Some Human Decisions. 474:133-145 (July 1984). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press (1990). Public Agenda. Gambling: Is it a Problem? What Should Christiansen, E. The United States Gross Annual Wager. We Do? An Issue Book for National Issues Forums. International Gaming & Wagering Business. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company (1998) Cozic, C. and Winters, P. (eds.) Gambling. San Diego, Rose, I. Gambling and the Law. Los Angeles: Gambling CA: Greenhaven Press (1995). Times (1986). Davis, Bertha. Gambling in America: A Growth Industry. Rose, I. The Impact of American Laws on Foreign Legal An Impact Book. New York: Franklin Watts (1992). Gambling, New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law, 8(1):129-166 (1986). Detlefsen, Robert R. Wagers of Sin. Reason, pp. 24-30 (December 1997). Rose, I. The Rise and Fall of the Third Wave: Gambling Will Be Outlawed in Forty Years. In Eadington (ed.) Detlefsen, Robert R.
    [Show full text]
  • Party Women and the Rhetorical Foundations of Political Womanhood
    “A New Woman in Old Fashioned Times”: Party Women and the Rhetorical Foundations of Political Womanhood A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Emily Ann Berg Paup IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, Advisor December 2012 © Emily Ann Berg Paup 2012 i Acknowledgments My favorite childhood author, Louis May Alcott, once wrote: “We all have our own life to pursue, our own kind of dream to be weaving, and we all have the power to make wishes come true, as long as we keep believing.” These words have guided me through much of my life as I have found a love of learning, a passion for teaching, and an appreciation for women who paved the way so that I might celebrate my successes. I would like to acknowledge those who have aided in my journey, helped to keep me believing, and molded me into the scholar that I am today. I need to begin by acknowledging those who led me to want to pursue a career in higher education in the first place. Dr. Bonnie Jefferson’s The Rhetorical Tradition was the first class that I walked into during my undergraduate years at Boston College. She made me fall in love with the history of U.S. public discourse and the study of rhetorical criticism. Ever since the fall of 2002, Bonnie has been a trusted colleague and friend who showed me what a passion for learning and teaching looked like. Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW ORLEANS NOSTALGIA Remembering New Orleans History, Culture and Traditions by Ned Hémard
    NEW ORLEANS NOSTALGIA Remembering New Orleans History, Culture and Traditions By Ned Hémard Lost The Presidency and Lost At Love Thomas Jefferson almost lost the presidency in 1800 to Aaron Burr. Each candidate received seventy-three electoral votes. The tie had to be resolved in the House of Representatives. One vote broke the deadlock and made Jefferson our third chief executive. One of those votes that made the difference was that of William Charles Cole Claiborne, a native of Virginia elected to represent Tennessee in the U.S. House in 1796 and again in 1798. Jefferson rewarded him by appointing him governor of the Territory of Mississippi in 1801. After the Louisiana Purchase, he governed Louisiana until becoming its first elected governor upon statehood in 1812. Incredibly, Claiborne’s deciding vote was probably illegitimate. Born in 1775, he did not meet the constitutional age requirement of twenty-five years for election to the House until the last year of his second term. He is still the youngest member ever elected to that body. Yet had he not cast that vote, Jefferson may not have purchased Louisiana and there would have been no Louisiana for Claiborne to govern. Claiborne may not have married into an aristocratic Creole family or been around for the Battle of New Orleans. And there’d be no Claiborne Avenue. But this is a story of another extremely close election. Samuel Jones Tilden (1814-1886) was a New York-born corporate attorney with many railroads as clients. A successful legal practice and a talent for wise investments made him a rich man.
    [Show full text]
  • Slave Traders and Planters in the Expanding South: Entrepreneurial Strategies, Business Networks, and Western Migration in the Atlantic World, 1787-1859
    SLAVE TRADERS AND PLANTERS IN THE EXPANDING SOUTH: ENTREPRENEURIAL STRATEGIES, BUSINESS NETWORKS, AND WESTERN MIGRATION IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1787-1859 Tomoko Yagyu A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by Advisor: Peter A. Coclanis Reader: William L. Barney Reader: Paul W. Rhode Reader: W. Fitzhugh Brundage Reader: Lisa Lindsay © 2006 Tomoko Yagyu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Tomoko Yagyu: Slave Traders and Planters in the Expanding South: Entrepreneurial Strategies, Business Networks, and Western Migration in the Atlantic World, 1787-1859 (Under the direction of Peter A. Coclanis) This study attempts to analyze the economic effects of the domestic slave trade and the slave traders on the American South in a broader Atlantic context. In so doing, it interprets the trade as a sophisticated business and traders as speculative, entrepreneurial businessmen. The majority of southern planters were involved in the slave trade and relied on it to balance their financial security. They evaluated their slaves in cash terms, and made strategic decisions regarding buying and selling their property to enhance the overall productivity of their plantations in the long run. Slave traders acquired business skills in the same manner as did merchants in other trades, utilizing new forms of financial options in order to maximize their profit and taking advantage of the market revolution in transportation and communication methods in the same ways that contemporary northern entrepreneurs did. They were capable of making rational moves according to the signals of global commodity markets and financial movements.
    [Show full text]
  • Albert E. Myles (662) 324­2419
    1112 Oriole Drive Starkville, MS 39759 Albert E. Myles (662) 324­2419 EDUCATION Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics with a minor in General Economics, Mississippi State University, December 1984. M.A. in Food and Resource Economics with a minor in Agricultural Marketing, University of Florida, December 1980. B.S. in Agricultural Economics, Alcorn State University, May 1978. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Member of the Mississippi Association of County Agricultural Agents (MACAA) Member of the MACAA Board of Directors President of MACAA Policy Committee (2007) Member of the newly formed National Association of Community Development Professionals (NACDEP) Member of the Southern Association of Agricultural Economics Member of Tri­State Planning Group Member of Hall of Learning 4­H Club Member of Mississippi Volunteer Leaders Association Member of the Community Development Society Professional Workers Agricultural Workers Conference (PWAC) Member of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association Member of the Academy of Economic and Finance. Duties in the association include: chair workshop sessions and present papers. Member of the Southwestern Economics Association. Duties include chairing workshop sessions and presenting papers. Member Mississippi Agricultural Economics Association PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT Participated in a 1­hour session titled “Classroom Management” hosted by the Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) at MSU, October 2007. Participated in a 1­day Bureau of the Census 2000 Training Course 2, 2003. Participated in a 1­day Agri­Tourism Training Course 2, 2003. Participated in a 3­day National Training Course on Business Retention and Expansion (BR&E) and received, 2003 certification as a BR&E Consultant, October 2002. Participated in a 5­day Community Development Institute Course, September 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 AUP & ELS Cotton Loss Adjustment Standards Handbook
    AUP & ELS COTTON LOSS United States Department of Agriculture ADJUSTMENT STANDARDS HANDBOOK Federal Crop Insurance Corporation FCIC-25090 (12-2018) 2020 and Succeeding Crop FCIC-25090-1 (11-2019) Years RISK MANAGEMENT AGENCY KANSAS CITY, MO 64133 TITLE: AUP & ELS COTTON LOSS NUMBER: 25090-1 ADJUSTMENT STANDARDS HANDBOOK EFFECTIVE DATE: 2020 and Succeeding ISSUE DATE: November 26, 2019 Crop Years SUBJECT: OPI: Product Administration and Standards Division Provides procedures and instructions for APPROVED: administering the AUP & ELS Cotton crop insurance program. /s/ Richard H. Flournoy Deputy Administrator for Product Management REASON FOR ISSUANCE Major changes: See changes or additions in text which have been highlighted. Three stars (***) identify information that has been removed. 1. Paragraph 13, item (1)(a), added note about cottonseed being a food/feed product and that any portion of a cotton boll exposed to flood water is considered adulterated. Item (1)(b) removed “Otherwise make no entry.” 2. Exhibit 4, item 35, added reference to paragraph 13 when a Federal or State agency orders destruction. 3. Exhibit 4, item 40(1), added additional instruction and reference to paragraph 13 when a Federal or State agency orders destruction. 4. Exhibit 4, Narrative Instructions, item k, added documentation when a Federal or State agency orders destruction. 5. Exhibit 4, item 65, added reference to paragraph 13 when a Federal or State agency orders destruction. 6. Exhibit 9A, added “AUP” for consistency. 7. Exhibit 10B, updates to tables (clarifications)
    [Show full text]
  • A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History at the Cabildo
    A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History at the Cabildo Chapter 1 Introduction This book is the result of research conducted for an exhibition on Louisiana history prepared by the Louisiana State Museum and presented within the walls of the historic Spanish Cabildo, constructed in the 1790s. All the words written for the exhibition script would not fit on those walls, however, so these pages augment that text. The exhibition presents a chronological and thematic view of Louisiana history from early contact between American Indians and Europeans through the era of Reconstruction. One of the main themes is the long history of ethnic and racial diversity that shaped Louisiana. Thus, the exhibition—and this book—are heavily social and economic, rather than political, in their subject matter. They incorporate the findings of the "new" social history to examine the everyday lives of "common folk" rather than concentrate solely upon the historical markers of "great white men." In this work I chose a topical, rather than a chronological, approach to Louisiana's history. Each chapter focuses on a particular subject such as recreation and leisure, disease and death, ethnicity and race, or education. In addition, individual chapters look at three major events in Louisiana history: the Battle of New Orleans, the Civil War, and Reconstruction. Organization by topic allows the reader to peruse the entire work or look in depth only at subjects of special interest. For readers interested in learning even more about a particular topic, a list of additional readings follows each chapter. Before we journey into the social and economic past of Louisiana, let us look briefly at the state's political history.
    [Show full text]