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African American Women, Mississippi, and the History of Crime and Punishment in Parchman Prison, 1890-1980

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African American Women, Mississippi, and the History of Crime and Punishment in Parchman Prison, 1890-1980 University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2015 Please Don't Forget About Me: African American Women, Mississippi, And The History Of Crime And Punishment In Parchman Prison, 1890-1980 Telisha Dionne Bailey University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Bailey, Telisha Dionne, "Please Don't Forget About Me: African American Women, Mississippi, And The History Of Crime And Punishment In Parchman Prison, 1890-1980" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 640. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/640 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “PLEASE DON'T FORGET ABOUT ME”: AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, MISSISSIPPI, AND THE HISTORY OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN PARCHMAN PRISON, 1890-1980 A Dissertation Presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in the Department of History The University of Mississippi Telisha Dionne Bailey August 2015 Copyright © Telisha Dionne Bailey, August 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Despite the vast amount of research covering incarcerated men in the southern prison system from the beginning of the nineteenth century to present, the incarceration of women has gone almost unexamined. As the forgotten offender, historians, criminologist, and others interested in Mississippi carceral studies have failed to include a historical study that focuses on the incarceration of African American women in Mississippi. To date, there are two major historical works that explore Mississippi penology and its notorious Parchman Penitentiary. David Oshinsky’s, Worse Than Slavery and William Banks Taylor’s, Down on Parchman Farm , are the two pivotal historical works that examine the history of Parchman penitentiary, however, these works mainly focus on telling the story of incarcerated men. While sparingly including imprisoned women in their analysis, what goes overlooked are the women that spent years behind the walls of Parchman enduring the same hardships and exploitations as incarcerated men. To fully understand the penal system and the history of crime and punishment in Mississippi, it is imperative that the narrative is inclusive of all those individuals, especially African American women, who endured the states’ most notorious prisons, Parchman penitentiary. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the GREATEST and most inspirational women in my life: Carol J. Hawkins, Jessica Alice Foster, Alice Foster, Nellie Belle Bailey, Mary Ann Foster, Betty Bailey Irvin, and Louis Turner. I hope that you all are proud of me. Thank you! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people have played a vital role in the success of this project. First, I wish to thank the Arch Dalrymple III Department of History at the University of Mississippi for molding me into the historian I have become and for helping me realize my full potential as a scholar. I especially appreciate the invaluable guidance provided by my dissertation director, Dr. Ted Ownby. The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without Dr. Ownby who worked with me for just over a year and pushed and encouraged me to complete this work. I sincerely thank you from the bottom of my heart! You remained steadfast in your commitment to see me be successful and I really appreciate your dedication to this project. Our many conversations and numerous draft revisions have aided in my development as a historian. I must also acknowledge the guidance, patience, encouragement, motivation, and support of my other committee members: Drs. Charles Ross, Charles Regan Wilson, and Kirk Johnson. Thank you all for believing in me and my project! I would like to thank Dr. Joseph Ward who encouraged me to pursue my doctorate and has remained steadfast in his support. In addition, I would like to acknowledge and show my respect and gratitude to Dr. Elizabeth Payne who began this journey with me and assured me that a historical study on incarcerated women in the Mississippi penal system was possible. I thank you for your dedication to the early stages of my dissertation work. I would graciously like to thank the History department and Graduate School who provided fellowships and teaching assistantships to promote my professional and intellectual growth. iv During the research phase, the staffs at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History and the University of Mississippi Archives and Special Collections were extremely kind and helpful. I would like to especially the extraordinary men and women whom I interviewed for this project. I thoroughly enjoyed our conversations and I learned so much from all of you. Without your participation and brutal honesty, this dissertation would not have been possible. I truly thank you! Countless individuals have influenced not only the direction of this project, but also my graduate career; but a few deserve special mention. As a student at the University of Mississippi, I had the opportunity to work closely with several women who have become mentors to me during my academic career. I first met Dr. Nancy Bercaw, whose work piqued my interest and prompted me to question the scarcity of scholarship on African American women, as a second year Master’s student. Her work captivated me. After taking two independent study courses with Dr. Bercaw, I knew that my work must focus on the void of African American women in historical research in some capacity. Thank you, Dr. Bercaw, for exposing me to a different side of American history, one that was inclusive of everyone, even the marginalized groups. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Erin Chapman, a great mentor and friend, who challenged me to become a better writer and scholar. I would also like to thank Dr. Angela Hornsby-Gutting for believing in me from the beginning and telling me that I could do this! I am forever indebted to two women who have remained steadfast in their support of my success over the last two years. First, I would like to thank Dr. Shenette Garrett-Scott who began working with me prior to coming to the University of Mississippi as a professor. Whether reading and editing a very rough version of the dissertation to helping me apply for postdocs, Dr. Garrett-Scott was a true blessing to me during a rough period when I needed the most guidance. v Thank you Dr. Garrett-Scott for believing in me, motivating me, pushing me, and caring for me and my success. Your dedication to me, my work, and my success will never be forgotten and I only hope that I am one day able to be what you are to me to my own graduate students. I would also like to thank Dr. Sue Grayzel for all of her encouragement and dedication to me not only as a graduate student but as a young scholar. Thank you for supporting me, always lending an open ear, and continuously telling me how important my work is to the field. You are a great mentor and I am forever thankful for our friendship. I would like to thank Dr. Kirsten Dellinger for being such a great supporter of my work and always encouraging me to be steadfast in completing my degree. Your kind words always lifted my spirits. Dr. Barbara Combs, WOW, what can I say. You are an inspiration. Thank you for blazing a path for me as I work toward earing both a PhD and a JD! Thank you for always pushing me and telling me that I was going to complete the dissertation. You ROCK! Dr. Michael Namorato, thank you for always believing in me. You were such a blessing to me during my graduate studies. I learned so much from you being a teaching assistant and I am happy that our working relationship turned into a friendship. I always look forward to our lunches and conversations over food that we should not be eating. Thank you for staying by my side and encouraging me. Dr. Deidra Cooper-Owens, thank you for encouraging me to finish and for reading and providing me with invaluable feedback on Chapter three of dissertation. I would also like to thank Drs: Jeffrey Watt, Marc Lerner, Ethel Scurlock, Maurice Hobson, Jeff Jackson, and Patrick Alexander for being such great supporters of my work. To the staff at the University of Mississippi Graduate School, thank you for your support. Ms. Michelle Dixon, what else can I say but THANK YOU! I met you on my very first trip to Oxford and the campus and you were just as encouraging then as you are now. Thank you for vi always being there for me whether I just dropped by your office to talk or when I was stressed and needed someone to talk to. Thank you! Your friendship means so much to me and even after I leave, I will always drop you a line or a call to laugh and catch up. Ms. Candace Oswalt, thank you for helping me during this graduation process. Thank you for always helping me and doing things for me that you receive no recognition for. You are awesome! Dr. Christy Wyandt, Dr. John Kiss, and Ms. Tameka Smith, thank you for your encouragement and support. I would like to also thank individuals outside of the graduate school who were instrumental in my success. Mr. Jeffrey Boyce, thank you for being such a great boss at the archives and for reading chapters and providing feedback. Thank you for your friendship. Ms. Shirley Joyner, thank you for always supporting and encouraging me. I am indebted to my family for their support.
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