ISLAM, POLITICS AND CHANGE The Indonesian Experience after the Fall of Suharto Edited by Kees van Dijk and Nico J.G. Kaptein Islam, Politics and Change lucis series ‘debates on islam and society’ Leiden University Press At present important debates about Islam and society take place both in the West and in the Muslim world itself. Academics have considerable expertise on many of the key issues in these debates, which they would like to make available to a larger audience. In its turn, current scholarly research on Islam and Muslim societies is to a certain extent influenced by debates in society. Leiden University has a long tradition in the study of Islam and Muslim societies, past and present, both from a philological and historical perspective and from a social science approach. Its scholars work in an international context, maintaining close ties with colleagues worldwide. The peer reviewed LUCIS series aims at disseminating knowledge on Islam and Muslim societies produced by scholars working at or invited by Leiden University as a contribution to contemporary debates in society. Editors: Léon Buskens Petra Sijpesteijn Editorial board: Maurits Berger Nico J.G. Kaptein Jan Michiel Otto Nikolaos van Dam Baudouin Dupret (Rabat) Marie-Claire Foblets (Leuven) Amalia Zomeño (Madrid) Other titles in this series: David Crawford, Bart Deseyn, Nostalgia for the Present. Ethnography and Photography in a Moroccan Berber Village, 2014. Maurits S. Berger (editor), Applying Shariaʿa in the West. Facts, Fears and the Future of Islamic Rules on Family Relations in the West, 2013. Petra M. Sijpesteijn, Why Arabic?, 2012. Jan Michiel Otto, Hannah Mason (editors), Delicate Debates on Islam. Policymakers and Academics Speaking with Each Other, 2011. Islam, Politics and Change The Indonesian Experience after the Fall of Suharto Edited by Kees van Dijk and Nico J.G. Kaptein Leiden University Press The authors and editors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Islam Research Programme – Jakarta, funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The views presented in this volume represent those of the authors and are in no way attributable to the IRP Office of the Ministry. Cover design: Tarek Atrissi Design Cover illustration: Kzenon/Shutterstock (Image id: 226902868) Lay out: TAT Zetwerk isbn 978 90 8728 238 7 e-isbn 978 94 0060 231 1 (e-pdf) e-isbn 978 94 0060 232 8 (e-pub) nur 692, 717 © Kees van Dijk, Nico J.G. Kaptein / Leiden University Press, 2016 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. This book is distributed in North America by the University of Chicago Press (www.press.uchicago.edu). Contents List of Tables and Figures 9 List of Illustrations 11 Introduction 13 Kees van Dijk and Nico J.G. Kaptein Part 1: Islamic Political Parties and Socio-Religious Organisations 21 Kees van Dijk A Study of the Internal Dynamics of the Prosperous Justice Party and Jamaah Tarbiyah 29 Ahmad-Norma Permata Introduction 29 Historical Developments and Institutional Settings 40 Ideology, Organisation, Factionalism 47 Democratic Participation 61 Conclusion 74 Appendix 77 The Mosque as the Religious Sphere: Looking at the Conflict over the Al Muttaqun Mosque 79 Syaifudin Zuhri Introduction 79 The pks’ View of the Centrality of the Mosque 82 The pks in Klaten 86 Disputes over Al Muttaqun Mosque 88 The Conflict between the pks and Muhammadiyah in Pram- banan Reaches its Climax 94 Conclusion 100 6 islam, politics and change Enforcing Religious Freedom in Indonesia: Muslim Elites and the Ahmadiyah Controversy after the 2011 Cikeusik Clash 103 Bastiaan Scherpen Introduction 103 Muslims, Minorities and Democracy 103 The State 106 Voices of Islam in Civil Society 115 Conclusion 127 Part 2: Sharia-Based Legislation and the Legal Position of Women and Children 133 Kees van Dijk Sharia-Based Laws: The Legal Position of Women and Children in Banten and West Java 137 Euis Nurlaelawati Introduction 137 Women in Indonesia’s National Statutory and Local Regulations 139 Women at Religious Courts: Judges’ Legal Discretion 143 Sharia-Based Local Regulations: Jilbab Requirement in Cianjur 153 The Relevance of Sharia-Based Laws in Indonesia to Interna- tional Treaties: Some Voices and a Critical Analysis 155 Conclusion 164 The Islamic Court of Bulukumba and Women’s Access to Divorce and Post-Divorce Rights 167 Stijn van Huis Introduction 167 Bulukumba, its Islamic Court and its Sharia Byelaws 168 The Islamic Court of Bulukumba and Women’s Divorce Rights 174 The Islamic Court of Bulukumba and Women’s Post-Divorce Rights 183 Conclusion 191 Women in Local Politics: The Byelaw on Prostitution in Bantul 195 Muhammad Latif Fauzi Introduction 195 From the Cepuri Pilgrim to Sexual Favours 197 contents 7 The Making of a Prostitution Byelaw 202 Contestation over the Meaning of Prostitution 205 Prostitution and Criminalisation of Women 207 Conclusion 214 Appendix 214 Part 3: Sharia and Counterculture in Aceh 217 Kees van Dijk Neo-Sufism, Shariatism, and Ulama Politics: Abuya Shaykh Amran Waly and the Tauhid-Tasawuf Movement in Aceh 221 Moch Nur Ichwan Introduction 221 Shariatism and Sufism: Never-Ending Struggle? 222 Syeikh Amran Waly and Majelis Pengkajian Tauhid Tasawuf (mptt) 231 Some Aspects of Amran Waly’s Teachings 234 Fatwa against Amran Waly and His Movement 241 The mptt’s Ulama Meeting of 2010: Sharia Ulama’s Intervention 242 Political Alliance: Struggle for Existence 243 Conclusion 245 Cultural Resistance to Shariatism in Aceh 247 Reza Idria Introduction 247 Sharia for a Decade: A View from Within 250 Resistance to Sharia: An Overview 254 Sharia and Cultural Resistance: Voices from Below 257 Challenging Arabisation through Arab Films 258 Punk: Resistance to Sharia from the Street 261 Concluding Remarks 267 Images of Violence and Piety in Aceh 269 David Kloos Introduction 269 Violence and Religion as Defining Aspects of Acehnese History 273 Global Jihad, or ‘Money and Guns’? 278 From Indra Patra to ‘Crazy Aceh’: A Brief Genealogy of Struggle 284 Conclusion 290 8 islam, politics and change Bibliography 295 Glossary 313 About the Authors 323 Index 327 List of Tables and Figures table pks Involvement in local governments implementing Sharia regulations 77 table Results of the National and Bantul Elections in 2004 and 2009 214 table Prostitution actions in the Bantul court (2007–2011) 215 figure Sub-division of Indonesian Muslim Brotherhood 35 figure Female mps (2009–2014) and candidates (2009) in the Indonesian Parliament 55 figure Organisational structure of the pks 58 List of Illustrations pdi-p poster in the streets of Jakarta showing Megawati Soekarnoputri in 2000 23 pdi-p poster in the streets of Jakarta showing Megawati Soekarnoputri in 2002 25 Cover of vcd used for campaigning by the pks in the run up to the 2004 general elections 54 The present al Muttaqun mosque, Prambanan, Klaten, Central Java (by courtesy of pcm Prambanan) 92 Amien Rais speaking at cornerstone-laying ceremony for the recon- struction of the tk aba Ngangkruk building (by courtesy of pcm Prambanan) 97 The head office of the Nahdlatul Ulama in Jakarta 117 Circuit court hearing conducted by the Islamic court of Tangerang (by courtesy of Islamic court of Tangerang) 164 Islamic Court of Justice, Bulukumba 173 Waiting in front of the courtroom, Bulukumba 184 Sanctuary of Cepuri, 28km south from Yogyakarta 198 Sacred rocks inside sanctuary of Cepuri 201 Amran Waly (3rd from right) with Shaykh Muhammad Fadil Al- Jaelani (4th from right) and the Wali Nanggroe of Aceh (2nd from right) during “Muzakarah Tauhid Tasawuf” 2014 (by courtesy of Harian Aceh) 245 Hills around Jantho where the confrontation with alleged terrorists took place 271 All photographs are by the authors, unless stated otherwise. Introduction Kees van Dijk and Nico J.G. Kaptein Islam in Indonesia has long been praised for its tolerance, at home and abroad, by the general public and in academic circles, and by politicians and heads of state. Among the aspects highlighted are the incorporation of rituals and beliefs that, strictly speaking, do not conform to Islam, and the willingness of Indonesian Muslims to accept in their midst Christians, other non-Muslims, and fellow Muslims who are considered heretics by mainstream Islam. However, this image of tolerance has been challenged in the last ten to 15 years by armed confrontations, if not civil wars, in the Moluccas, Lombok, Poso on Celebes, and Banjarmasin on Borneo, in which religion was one of the motivating factors; by mob violence perpetrated by local Muslims and Islamic vigilante groups of which the fpi (Front Pembela Islam, Front of the Defenders of Islam) is the best known; and by the emergence of terrorist organisations. Initially, terrorism in Indonesia was the work of Jemaah Islamiyah (Islamic Community), a group made up of Indonesians and Malaysians who had close links with al-Qaeda and Islamic insurgents in the Philippines; inspired, if not headed, by one of Indonesia’s most radical clerics, Abu Bakar Baʾasyir, Jemaah Islamiyah was responsible for bombing outrages on Bali (12 October 2002) and other terrorist attacks in the early years of this century. Most of its former leaders and members have now been killed, jailed or executed. Recent reports suggest that Jemaah Islamiyah has been replaced by a number of smaller terrorist groups, less capable of building large bombs like the ones used in Bali, but also, in the absence of one mother organisation, more difficult for the authorities to detect and round up. The ugly side of Islamic radicalism has also come to the fore in the, at times, violent protests by local Muslims against the presence of Christian churches and ordinary houses where congregations meet, and, to a lesser extent, against Chinese temples, often leading to such places being closed down or regular services being discontinued.