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Optimization of Conditions for the Biological F1000Research 2018, 7:351 Last updated: 17 MAY 2019 RESEARCH ARTICLE RETRACTED: Optimization of conditions for the biological treatment of textile dyes using isolated soil bacteria [version 1; peer review: retracted] Shafkat Shamim Rahman 1,2, Fahim Ahmed Alif1, M. Mahboob Hossain1 1Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh 2United Surgical (BD) Ltd, Kadda, Gazipur, 1702, Bangladesh Retraction The article titled “Optimization of conditions for the biological treatment of textile dyes using isolated soil bacteria” ([version 1; referees: peer review discontinued]. F1000Research 2018, 7:351 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13757.1) by Shafkat Shamim Rahman and colleagues, has been retracted by F1000Research on grounds of misconduct by the first author. Following publication of the article, the editorial team at F1000Research were notified by Romana Siddique, from BRAC University, that the data presented in this paper significantly overlaps with the data in her recently published article : Siddique and Alif; ARRB, 22(5): 1-12, 2018; Article no.ARRB.38637; https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2018/38637. In response to our queries to the authors, the second and last author listed on this article, Fahim Ahmed Alif and M. Mahboob Hossain, have stated that they were not aware of the submission of this article to F1000Research, and did not agree to be authors. We have evidence which confirms their statement. After further investigation by the F1000Research team, and a separate investigation by BRAC University, it has become clear that Shafkat Shamim Rahman was not involved with the research presented in this paper, and that the decision to submit and publish the article was taken independently by him, and not his listed co-authors. BRAC University has confirmed that Shafkat Shamim Rahman is not currently based at their institution. First published: 21 Mar 2018, 7:351 ( Retracted v1 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13757.1) Latest published: 21 Mar 2018, 7:351 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13757.1) Abstract Background: In the 21st century, environmental pollution has been acknowledged as one of the major problems. The textile and dyeing industries contribute a major portion by discharging intensely complex effluent consisting of highly noxious azoic dyes. Methods: In this study, biological treatment using acclimatized microorganisms were employed in search of a cheap and eco-friendly substitute for color removal from textile waste. The microbial inocula were isolated from effluent soil samples and then applied to flasks containing azo dyes as the only source of carbon for decolorization. Results: Biochemical tests postulated predominance of Enterococcus and Page 1 of 11 F1000Research 2018, 7:351 Last updated: 17 MAY 2019 Results: Biochemical tests postulated predominance of Enterococcus and Bacillus bacterial strains. CO isolate or Bacillus farraginis emerged as the best decolorizer of Orange M2R dye, decolorizing 98% of the dye. BG isolate or Paenibacillus macerans showed maximum decolorization on Green GS dye that decolorized 97% of the dye. The optimum physiochemical condition for decolorization of OM2R and GGS dye was pH 7.0, 2% NaCl conc., 1% initial dye conc. and 37°C temperature by the selected isolates. Conclusions: The findings were validated and have the potential for bioremediation in textile waste effluent treatment plants. Keywords Azo dye; decolorization; Enterococcus; Bacillus; optimization Corresponding author: Shafkat Shamim Rahman ([email protected]) Author roles: Rahman SS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing; Alif FA: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources; Hossain MM: Conceptualization, Project Administration, Supervision Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2018 Rahman SS et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). How to cite this article: Rahman SS, Alif FA and Hossain MM. RETRACTED: Optimization of conditions for the biological treatment of textile dyes using isolated soil bacteria [version 1; peer review: retracted] F1000Research 2018, 7:351 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13757.1) First published: 21 Mar 2018, 7:351 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13757.1) Retracted: 12 Jun 2018 Page 2 of 11 Editorial note: F1000Research 2018, 7:351 Last updated: 17 MAY 2019 23rd May 2018 : Significant concerns have been raised about the overlap in the data presented in this paper, and that of another recently published article [Siddique and Alif; ARRB, 22(5): 1‐12, 2018; Article no.ARRB.38637; https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2018/38637]. In addition, the second and last author listed on this article, Fahim Ahmed Alif and M. Mahboob Hossain have stated that they were not aware of the submission of this article to F1000Research, and did not agree to be authors. We are currently investigating this and have suspended all peer review activity in the meantime. RETRACTED Page 3 of 11 F1000Research 2018, 7:351 Last updated: 17 MAY 2019 Abbreviations Biological treatment, in the form of bacterial degradation, has OM2R - Orange M2R; GGS - Green GS; NaCl - sodium chlo- been mainly applied in the removal of azo dyes16,17, which ride; NaOCl - sodium hypochlorite; WAO - wet air oxidation; generally is resistant to aerobic degradation18,19. However, its SM - salt media; NA - nutrient agar; O.D. - optical density; degradation was observed in anaerobic conditions, but aromatic MR - methyl red; VP - Voges Proskauer; MIU - Motility Indole amines are formed as a final product, which can be toxic, muta- Urease Test; ml - milliliter; g/L - gram per liter. genic and carcinogenic20. Under these anaerobic conditions, it is not possible to degrade the aromatic amines formed, which Introduction in turn are only degraded in an aerobic environment. Thus, to Industrialization has expanded in every corner of the globe in achieve a complete degradation of azo dyes a method that com- the 21st-century and the textile industry has emerged as a lead- bines anaerobic treatment of the dyes with the mineralization of ing sector. It uses thousands of tons of synthetic dyes (azo) aromatic amines under aerobic conditions should be applied21,22. annually1. A large portion of those goes into water bodies This research aimed to identify effective dye degrading bacte- untreated2. Carcinogenic and recalcitrant molecules present ria from effluent soil samples and optimize the physiochemical in the dye penetrate into the ecosystem and harm every mem- condition for their optimum growth23. ber of the system3. Humans use the polluted water directly for daily necessities which may result in diseases such as cancer, Methods new genetic mutations or changes in the DNA etc. becoming Soil sample and azo dye collection an epidemic. Four soil samples (A: 23°56′52.6″N, 90°15′32.6″E; B: 23°47′41.7″N, 90°15′34.1″E; C: 23°46′54.0″N, 90°20′05.3″E; The textile industry in Bangladesh accounts for 45% of all D: 23°56′52.8″N, 90°16′01.2″E) were aseptically collected industrial employment and contributes 5% to the total national from a textile effluent disposal area, in Savar, Hemayetpur and income4. The industry employs nearly 4 million people, mostly Aminbazar in June 2015. Sterile plastic containers were used to women5. Despite the significant economic contribution, it has carry the soil samples. The samples were stored at Microbiol- brought with it a range of environmental problems, mostly ogy and Biotechnology Research Laboratory under Dpt. of MNS, pollution of water resources. The textile industry consumes BRAC University in sterile plastic bags at 4°C (to keep the micro- large quantities of water for various processes and discharges organism viable) for later use24. Commercially available azo dyes equally large volumes of wastewaters containing a variety of (Meera Dyestuff Industries, India) were collected from Mitford pollutants and coloring agents such as the azo dye6,7. dye market in Dhaka. It is estimated that over 2,80,000 tons of textile dyes are Inoculation in dye-containing media, isolation and discharged in industrial effluent every year, worldwide. There- screening fore, pollution from these discharges contaminated with dyestuff One gram of each of the soil (effluent) samples (A, B, C, D) is becoming alarming8,9. This sector is placed as a major source were taken to prepare a homogenous suspension. The suspen- of water pollution in Bangladesh10. sion of each sample was individually applied to sixteen 1% dye containing (eight Orange M2R - OM2R and eight Green GS Textile wastewater is highly colored, resulting in the blocking - GGS) SM broth media (glucose - 10 g/L; #G8270, dipotas- of the majority of sunlight, thereby retarding the growth of sium phosphate - 0.6 g/L; #1551128 USP, peptone - 10 g/L; aquatic animals and plants; it also contains the dissolved toxic #P7750, monopotassium phosphate - 1.9 g/L; #1551139 substance and carcinogens11,12. The serious damage of pol- USP, magnesium sulfate - 1 g/L; #M2643, yeast extract - 1 g/L; lution is caused mainly due to the durability of the dyes in #Y1625, pH: 6.0 - 6.4; Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) wastewater13. Azo dyes are widely known coloring agents to detect the dye degrading capability. 1% solution of OM2R used in industries and hence commonly released in the and GGS was made by adding 0.5g of dye into the 50ml dis- environment14. The dye wastewaters are extremely toxic to both tilled water. After 5 days, each conical flask was compared aquatic fauna and flora, crop plants, and human beings15.
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